大學(xué)英語四六級(jí)作文解析：議論文的思路與練習(xí)

1、大學(xué)英語四六級(jí)作文解析：議論文的思路與練習(xí)議論文的思路與練習(xí)（1） 議論文又稱論說文，是一種既常見又十分重要的文體。在四級(jí)作文考試中運(yùn)用得最多。議論文通常采用擺事實(shí)講道理的方式，圍繞著某一個(gè)有爭議的觀點(diǎn)展開論證，陳述各種理由，表明作者立場(chǎng)、闡明作者觀點(diǎn)看法。在文章中要明確地表明贊成什么、反對(duì)什么，用詞不能模棱兩可，必須明確肯定。議論文的三要素是論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和論證，其中論點(diǎn)要鮮明，論據(jù)要合理、恰當(dāng)、充分，論證過程要邏輯嚴(yán)密。 關(guān)于記敘文的思路打開，我這里推薦幾種方法： 1. 生活化細(xì)節(jié)聯(lián)想法 針對(duì)大多數(shù)相對(duì)抽象不好下手的作文題目，我們可以先把作文題同自身聯(lián)系到一起，把抽象、概括的作文題細(xì)化到自己身

2、邊，先打開一個(gè)突破口，再順藤摸瓜，進(jìn)行發(fā)散式聯(lián)想。請(qǐng)看例子： What are your opinions about the advantages and disadvantages of fast food? 題目的主體是快餐，方向?yàn)槔滋帯Ｏ炔灰紤]快餐是好是壞，而應(yīng)該先考慮你身邊的、你知道的快餐究竟有哪些，這些快餐給你或你的家人帶來了哪些影響。請(qǐng)看一位同學(xué)記錄下來的思路。請(qǐng)注意其跳躍性。 遍地都是麥當(dāng)勞、肯德基、永和豆?jié){、餛飩、油條。 每次老爸不在家時(shí)，我吃雞腿漢堡，快，省事、省時(shí)間。不用買菜，切菜，做菜，蒸飯，洗碗，擦桌子。 不過還是老爸做的飯好吃，吃麥當(dāng)勞吃不飽。為什么呢？油少，沒

3、營養(yǎng)！ 永和24小時(shí)，但東西賊貴，晚上避風(fēng)的好地方，粥還行，油條，爛！ 麥當(dāng)勞小孩多，因?yàn)橥婢叨?，電視上有很多他們的廣告，小孩又哭又笑，學(xué)雞叫的那個(gè)廣告特傻，兒童樂園。 還是太貴。在美國，垃圾食品，到了中國，特火！洋貨？老爸不愛吃漢堡，因有奶酪。不符合中國人的口味，農(nóng)民就不喜歡，中國有8億農(nóng)民 （為了方便大家閱讀，我們?cè)阡浫霑r(shí)加入了一半字?jǐn)?shù)） 大家不妨問問自己兩個(gè)問題： 上面的東西不夠?qū)?20字嗎？ 上面的東西用英文表達(dá)難嗎？ 答案是否定的。試想，有了這個(gè)思路，無論怎么寫，從哪一個(gè)方面寫，我們都不缺觀點(diǎn)和支持觀點(diǎn)的細(xì)節(jié)性論據(jù)。 寫下你對(duì)下列題目在生活中的聯(lián)想（中英文混寫） 1) Harmful

4、ness of Fake Commodities 2) the Influence of the Internet 2. 逆向思維聯(lián)想法 有一些題目從正面不好羅列素材，總結(jié)觀點(diǎn)，我們可以從命題的對(duì)立面去思考問題，這樣往往可以達(dá)到意想不到的收獲。如果問題是一個(gè)東西有什么樣的好處，也許這個(gè)東西是日常生活中常見的東西，我們?cè)缫褜?duì)其失去了敏感，這個(gè)時(shí)候不妨想一想如果失去了這個(gè)東西，我們的生活會(huì)受到哪些影響。試舉一例： In 1995, an Englishman killed a burglar who broke into his house. He was sentenced. Do you th

5、ink he should be sentenced? How can we protect our property? 文章的關(guān)鍵在于How can we protect our properties？（我們?nèi)绾伪Ｗo(hù)自己的財(cái)產(chǎn)？）對(duì)于大多數(shù)同學(xué)來講，對(duì)財(cái)產(chǎn)的概念還不清楚，談何保護(hù)措施？于是，從反面破題，從我們周圍的盜竊想起，請(qǐng)看一位同學(xué)的草稿： 前兩天，丟了錢包，bus上，小偷走了，才有人告訴我，社會(huì)公德真有問題。 學(xué)校的7臺(tái)電腦CPU丟了，小偷從窗戶爬進(jìn)去的。學(xué)校3年都不修，宿舍經(jīng)常丟鞋、丟衣服。 家里與房地產(chǎn)開發(fā)公司打官司，合同有問題。 警察現(xiàn)在都不管事，出了問題才來，沒出問題，懶得理你

6、，防患于未然。 （為了方便閱讀，我們把草稿上的英語譯成了漢語） 有了上面的幾個(gè)問題，綜合分析保護(hù)個(gè)人財(cái)產(chǎn)的措施也就不難得出了，個(gè)人、單位、社會(huì)、國家都應(yīng)采取相應(yīng)的措施，而論證過程可以從草稿中總結(jié)說理，也可以按照草稿上的思路舉反例論證。 總之，在拓展思維時(shí)，一定要避免定向的、大而空的思維模式，應(yīng)盡量把作文題目大處化小，小處化細(xì)，細(xì)處才可見真情。 從事物的反面考慮下列題目，寫下浮現(xiàn)在你腦海中的詞句： 1) Advantages of a Harmonious Family 2) The importance of fresh drinking water 四、議論文的思路與練習(xí)（2） 分類思考法

7、為了盡快地幫助同學(xué)們?cè)诒M可能短的時(shí)間里熟悉四級(jí)作文的命題思路，以及在短時(shí)間內(nèi)能夠找到合適的論述理由，我們通過分析歷年四級(jí)考試真題并研究了命題方向，在此基礎(chǔ)上總結(jié)了四級(jí)作文通用的十大思考方向，很多題目要求考生分析某一現(xiàn)象發(fā)生原因或可能產(chǎn)生的影響，我們不妨從以下十個(gè)方向進(jìn)行思考，打開思路： 1) 方便：convenient, convenience 相關(guān)話題：computer, internet，出外吃飯，電話，城市生活，例如： The Internet is far more convenient and efficient than the written word or other conv

8、entional means of conveying meaning. Advertisements can bring convenience to peoples lives. Modern means of transportation make it very convenient for people to travel far or near, thus saving a lot of time and energy. 2) 效率：efficient, efficiently, efficiency 相關(guān)話題：計(jì)算機(jī)和高科技（high-tech devices）減輕了體力勞動(dòng)（m

9、anual labor），解放了人類（liberate humans），讓人們有更多的時(shí)間從事其他的事情（more time are spent on other necessary matters）等，例如： Advertisements build an efficient and direct link between manufacturers and customers. Modern science and technology make our lives more efficient. A phone call, an e-mail or a fax can all bring

10、 people closer and make the world smaller. 3) 節(jié)省和浪費(fèi)：save time, save money, save space, economical, frugal, frugality; thrift, thrifty waste timemoneyspace, costly, time-consuming, lavish, 例如： This will help them realize that it is not easy to make money and form the good habit of frugality. There ar

11、e many other ways for people to know commodities, so it is a waste to invest large sums of money in making advertisements on TV. As for the young and middle-aged, they should make better use of their prime years instead of spending so much time raising pets. Its a costly and time-consuming hobby. Ch

12、ina is a developing country and many people are still below the poverty line. Some children of the right age in poverty-stricken areas cant afford to go to school. will be great extravagance of time, energy and money. 4) 心理與性格：mental health, spiritual health, psychological health, personality, chara

13、cter 好的性格 independent, independence, independently, cooperate, cooperative, cooperation, compete, competitive, competition, team spirit, considerate, confident, confidence, confidently, ambition, ambitious, individuality, tolerance, sociable, perseverance, deal with/solve problems by themselves (ind

14、ependent), optimistic 壞的性格 overbearing（專橫的，傲慢的）, selfish, conservative, isolated, conceited（自以為是的）, egotistic（自我本位的）, arrogant, domineering（作威作福的），overzealous（過分熱心的），nihilist（虛無主義的），opportunistic（機(jī)會(huì)主義的），pessimistic 性格的養(yǎng)成：cultivate, foster, develop, encourage, enrich, improve, enhance 例如： Taking a pa

15、rt-time job can help cultivate independence and develop a strong sense of responsibility. It will help foster a sense of competition and cooperation, which is quite necessary in ones future career. Working outside campus can enhance ones social awareness and help one become more socially adaptable.

16、With this, students are able to keep pace with the outside world. It will do good for building up ones confidence and offer one a sense of achievement because one can realize his value and capability. Through this experience, students can learn to cooperate and compromise and master interpersonal sk

17、ills needed for future success. 5) 豐富的生活：pleasure, joy, recreation, entertain, entertaining, entertainment, leisure time, interesting, relax, relaxed, relaxation. 對(duì)立面：dull, monotonous, tired, bored, tiredness, boring, tiring, fatigue, lonely, loneliness, weary, weariness, too much stress from work（工

18、作壓力大），leisure time（業(yè)余時(shí)間增多），例如： Gazing at the cold flickering screen is a disinteresting and tiring experience. It is not a good way to relax. Some advertisements are of high artistic value, original and well designed; therefore they add to the beauty of our lives. Raising pets is beneficial and joyf

19、ul. 6) 環(huán)境：environment, environmental, pollute, polluted, pollution, pollutant, poisonous, contaminate, contamination, contaminated, contaminant, dirty, hygiene（衛(wèi)生），nature（自然）、on good terms with（和諧相處），ruin, destroy（破壞），例如： Some leaflets and handouts are scattered here and there, polluting the environ

20、ment. Some people are destroying our earth by overexploiting the natural resources for immediate interests. Too many cars running on the streets lead to air pollution and noise pollution. By using the Internet, we can save our natural resources such as forests. It is much more environmentally friend

21、ly. The traditional form of books consumes too much wood. 7) 身體健康：health, physical health, healthy, disease, strong, strength, energetic, energetically，physical fitness（健身），raised awareness of fitness（健康意識(shí)的提高），例如： Too much viewing of TV will lead people to a sedentary life lacking adequate exercise,

22、 which does harm to their health. Some people may be addicted to netsurfing, which impairs peoples physical and mental health. (eyesight, radiation) 8) 安全和危險(xiǎn)：safe, safety, safely, in safe, danger, dangerous, in danger, risk, hazard, hazardous 9) 經(jīng)驗(yàn)：experience, social experience 10) 發(fā)展： 學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的發(fā)展進(jìn)步： co

23、pe with the relationship between part-time jobs and study（大學(xué)生能否兼顧學(xué)習(xí)與工作），practice（如何學(xué)習(xí)與實(shí)踐），be prepared for or meet the requirements of future occupations（如何面對(duì)未來職業(yè)的要求）。 經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展： economy, create more jobs, increase the tax base, improve societys welfare，the reform and open-up policies（改革開放政策），economic construction（經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)），market economy（市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)），sustainable development（可持續(xù)發(fā)展），social atmosphere（良好的社會(huì)風(fēng)