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1、臨床病理討論會(huì)第1頁(yè),共61頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,19點(diǎn)9分,星期日A 10 y/o girlChief complaint:Chest discomfort, vomiting and dry cough for one day第2頁(yè),共61頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,19點(diǎn)9分,星期日Brief HistoryGrowth & development:Weight: 22 kg (3rd-10th percentile)Height: 130 cm (25-50th percentile)Development milestone: within normal limitPast h

2、istoryHand-foot-mouth disease in 1998Frequent URI and fever during childhoodNo drug or food allergy第3頁(yè),共61頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,19點(diǎn)9分,星期日Brief HistoryFamily history:Her sister had fever and URI recently. 第4頁(yè),共61頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,19點(diǎn)9分,星期日Present IllnessFever and bilateral hand arthralgia attack once 1 month ago

3、Chest discomfort and cough since 9/11 afternoon, 2001Visit LMD and URI was toldVomiting and chest tightness on 9/12 0 AM and 5 AM第5頁(yè),共61頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,19點(diǎn)9分,星期日Present Illness9/12 morning, visit LMD again, ECG showed arrhythmiaRefer to 亞?wèn)| hospital第6頁(yè),共61頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,19點(diǎn)9分,星期日Present IllnessFindings

4、at 亞?wèn)| hospital Clear consciousness, ill-looking, pallor appearance, no cyanosis Irregular heart beat EKG: VPC bigeminy第7頁(yè),共61頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,19點(diǎn)9分,星期日Present IllnessLab. findings at 亞?wèn)| hospital WBC 9000/mm3, Hb 13.5 g/dl BUN 11 mg/dl, Cre 0.6 mg/dl GOT 25 U/L, CK 665 U/L, CK-MB 175 U/L第8頁(yè),共61頁(yè),2022年,5

5、月20日,19點(diǎn)9分,星期日Present IllnessEchocardiogram at 亞?wèn)| hospital Multiple small VSDs, muscular trabecular type, at apex LV dyskinesia, LVEF 60-70% Mild TR, mild MR第9頁(yè),共61頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,19點(diǎn)9分,星期日Present IllnessManagement at 亞?wèn)| hospital Lidocaine iv drip Dopamine 10 mg/kg/min Refer to NTUH (2pm)第10頁(yè),共61頁(yè),202

6、2年,5月20日,19點(diǎn)9分,星期日Physical ExaminationPhysical findings at NTUH Consciousness: lethargic, acute ill-looking T/P/R: 37/140/25 BP 80/46 SaO2 97% HEENT: pale conjunctiva anicteric sclera mild cyanotic lip第11頁(yè),共61頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,19點(diǎn)9分,星期日Physical Examination Neck: jugular venous engorgement Chest: bilater

7、al basal rles Heart: irregularly irregular beats, distant heart sound no murmur第12頁(yè),共61頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,19點(diǎn)9分,星期日Physical Examination Abdomen: no hepatomegaly hypoactive bowel sound Extremities: freely movable cold and cyanotic poor capillary refilling第13頁(yè),共61頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,19點(diǎn)9分,星期日Initial Lab DataCBC:

8、 WBC Hb Hct Plt 8840 12.7 37.2 % 160 K Seg 82.4%, Lym 13.8%, Eos 0.1%BCS: BUN Cre Na K Cl Ca 12.8 0.63 141 4.5 104 2.41 第14頁(yè),共61頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,19點(diǎn)9分,星期日Initial Lab DataVBG: pH pCO2 pO2 HCO3 BE 7.36 47.4 27.3 26.9 +1.4Cardiac enzyme: CPK(U/L) CK-MB Troponin I (ng/ml) 1040 196.5 31.9CRP: 0.53 mg/dl 第15

9、頁(yè),共61頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,19點(diǎn)9分,星期日Initial Lab DataEKG (9/12): 第16頁(yè),共61頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,19點(diǎn)9分,星期日Initial Lab DataEKG (9/12): 第17頁(yè),共61頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,19點(diǎn)9分,星期日Initial Lab DataEKG (9/12): 第18頁(yè),共61頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,19點(diǎn)9分,星期日Initial Lab DataEchocardiogram (9/12):LV enlargementLVEF 45%Muscular VSDMild MR, TR, PR 第19頁(yè),共6

10、1頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,19點(diǎn)9分,星期日Echocardiogram (9/12)第20頁(yè),共61頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,19點(diǎn)9分,星期日Course and TreatmentManagementFor cardiogenic shock: Dopamine, Dobutamin, Primacor, LasixFor ventricular arrhythmia: Amiodarone, Lidocaine, MgSO4For myocarditis: IVIG, Consider extracorporeal membranous oxygenator (ECMO) sup

11、port第21頁(yè),共61頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,19點(diǎn)9分,星期日Course and Treatment9/12 5pm (3 hr after admission)Progressive hypotensionSudden onset of coma, BP drop (pulseless)EKG: ventricular tachycardiaStart CPR (40 min)Start ECMO, transfer to SICU第22頁(yè),共61頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,19點(diǎn)9分,星期日EKG (9/12, 5 PM)第23頁(yè),共61頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,19點(diǎn)9分,星

12、期日Course in SICUECMO settingV-A ECMO: 15 Fr Rt femoral artery, 19 Fr Rt femoral vein by cutdownFlow: 2000 ml/minMean BP: 70 mmHgUrine output: 1.72 ml/kg/hr第24頁(yè),共61頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,19點(diǎn)9分,星期日Echocardiogram (9/13)第25頁(yè),共61頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,19點(diǎn)9分,星期日Course in SICUVT persistent despite of cardioversion, Lidocain

13、e, Amiodarone, MgSO4 9/12 9/17: ECMO 5 daysPoor LV functionPersistent lung edema (CXR, clinically)TnI slowly decreaseA-line flatten, no pulsatile wave form第26頁(yè),共61頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,19點(diǎn)9分,星期日Course in SICUEndomyocardial biopsy (9/14)Mild to moderate perivascular and interstitial lymphocyte infiltrationFo

14、ci of myocyte degeneration Interstitial edemaNo giant cell Compatible with acute myocarditis第27頁(yè),共61頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,19點(diǎn)9分,星期日Course in SICULA drain (9/17): To decompress LV, avoid thrombosisLA dome cannulation connecting to FV cannula ECMO FALAP: 22 mmHg 10 mmHg第28頁(yè),共61頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,19點(diǎn)9分,星期日Echocardi

15、ogram (9/17)第29頁(yè),共61頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,19點(diǎn)9分,星期日Course in SICU9/18, 4am Acute thrombosis at LA cannula and ECMO circuit poor flowCPR for 30 min. and emergent re-set ECMO tubing Cons. After CPR: E1M1VTLight reflex (+)第30頁(yè),共61頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,19點(diǎn)9分,星期日Course in SICU9/19, 8am: gross hematuria and ECMO tube thr

16、ombosis reset ECMOProgressive dilated pupils, no light reflex, suspected hypoxic encephalopathyRemove ECMO on 9/23 (10th day)第31頁(yè),共61頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,19點(diǎn)9分,星期日Lab data9/129/139/149/159/169/17TnI31.962.41007437.3CK104091242342126759138647026CK-MB196368687403207101Cre0.630.590.560.50.470.51Bil1.240.510.6

17、51.361.51.35第32頁(yè),共61頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,19點(diǎn)9分,星期日Lab Data第33頁(yè),共61頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,19點(diǎn)9分,星期日Lab DataSerology study;Mycoplasma pneumonia IgM: (9/12) positive, (9/21) negativeOther virology study: all negative Coxsackie A, Coxsackie B1-B6, CMV IgG & IgM, Enterovirus 70, Influenza A & B第34頁(yè),共61頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,19點(diǎn)9

18、分,星期日Lab DataCulture:Throat swab (9/12): Staphylococcus aureusNasal swab (9/12): Staphylococcus aureus, Viridans streptococciBlood (9/19): Staphylococcus epidermidis第35頁(yè),共61頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,19點(diǎn)9分,星期日DiscussionDiagnostic approach: Cause of chest pain in childrenIdiopathic: 12-45%Costochondritis: 9-22%Mu

19、sculoskeletal trauma: 21%Cough, asthma, pneumonia: 15-21%Psychogenic factors: 5-9%GI disorders: 4-7%Cardiac disorders: 0-4%第36頁(yè),共61頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,19點(diǎn)9分,星期日Diagnostic approachHx: cough, vomitingPE: hypotension jugular venous distention tachycardia irregular heart beat basal rles poor peripheral perfus

20、ion Cardiovascular compromise 第37頁(yè),共61頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,19點(diǎn)9分,星期日Diagnostic approachFlu-like illness, arrhythmia, cardiovascular compromise Acute myocarditis highly suspectedD/D: Dilated cardiomyopathy Anomalous left coronary artery Chronic tachyarrhythmia Pericarditis 第38頁(yè),共61頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,19點(diǎn)9分,星期日Dia

21、gnostic approachEKG: VPC bigeminy, ventricular tachycardiaST-segment changeElevated cardiac enzymeEchocardiogram: marked LV dyskinesiaEndomyocardial biopsyLymphocyte infiltrationMyocyte degeneration Acute myocarditis confirmed第39頁(yè),共61頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,19點(diǎn)9分,星期日Clinical classification of myocarditisFulmi

22、nantAcuteChronic activeChronic persistentInitial presentationShock, severe LV dysfuntionCHFCHFNormal LV functionEndomyocardial biopsyMultifocal active myocarditisActive or borderline myocarditisActive or borderline myocarditisActive or borderline myocarditisNature historyComplete recovery or deathIn

23、complete recovery or DCMDCMNormal LV function第40頁(yè),共61頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,19點(diǎn)9分,星期日Myocarditis: an enigmatic disease!第41頁(yè),共61頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,19點(diǎn)9分,星期日Dark side of the myocarditisInitial non-specific symptoms Difficult to establish the diagnosisEtiology hard to findComplexity of pathogenesisOften refractory t

24、o conventional treatment第42頁(yè),共61頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,19點(diǎn)9分,星期日Dark side of the myocarditisInitial non-specific symptoms Similar to patients with sepsis, bronchiolitis, pneumonia, gastroenteritis, hepatitis, and renal failure etc.Aggressive fluid resuscitation may harm unstable patientsRapid progression in

25、fulminant myocarditis第43頁(yè),共61頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,19點(diǎn)9分,星期日Dark side of the myocarditisDifficult to establish the diagnosisLimited sensitivity and specificity of changes in CXR, ECG, cardiac enzyme (Troponin level: more sensitive)Echocardiogram: LV dysfunction, often regionalEndomyocardial biopsy: as gold

26、standard, but sensitivity 3-63%第44頁(yè),共61頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,19點(diǎn)9分,星期日Dallas criteriaBorderline myocarditisActive myocarditisAm J Cadiovasc Pathol 1987;1:3-14第45頁(yè),共61頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,19點(diǎn)9分,星期日Dark side of the myocarditisEtiology hard to findVIRAL CAUSESEnterovirus Coxsackie A Coxsackie B Echovirus PoliovirusAd

27、enovirus Cytomegalovirus Herpesvirus Influenza A Epstein-Barr virusVaricella Mumps Measles Parvovirus Rabies Hepatitis B,C Rubella Rubeola Respiratory syncytial virus Human immunodeficiency virusRickettsial Rickettsia ricketsii Rickettsia tsutsugamushiBacterial Meningococcus Klebsiella Leptospira My

28、coplasma Salmonella Clostridia Tuberculosis Brucella Legionella pneumophila smallpox Streptococcus Protozoal Trypanosoma cruzi Toxoplasmosis Amebiasis Other parasites Toxocara canis Schistosomiasis Hetereophyiasis Cysticercosis Echinococcus Visceral larva migrans Trichinosis Fungi and yeasts Actinom

29、ycosis Coccidiodomycosis Histoplasmosis Candida NONVIRAL CAUSES 第46頁(yè),共61頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,19點(diǎn)9分,星期日Dark side of the myocarditisEtiology hard to findToxic Scorpion Diphtheria Drugs Sulfonamides Phenylbutazone Cyclophosphamide Neomercazole Acetazolamide Amphotericin B Indomethacin Tetracycline Isoniazid M

30、ethyldopa Phenytoin PenicillinHypersensitivity/Autoimmune Rheumatoid arthritis Rheumatic fever Ulcerative colitis Systemic lupus erythematosus Mixed connective tissue disease Scleroderma Whipples disease Other Sarcoidosis Kawasaki disease CornstarchNONINFECTIOUS ETIOLOGIES第47頁(yè),共61頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,19點(diǎn)9分

31、,星期日Dark side of the myocarditisEtiology hard to findPediatr Cardiol 2001;22:34-9第48頁(yè),共61頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,19點(diǎn)9分,星期日Dark side of the myocarditisComplexity of pathogenesisNEJM 2000;343:1388-98第49頁(yè),共61頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,19點(diǎn)9分,星期日Dark side of the myocarditisComplexity of pathogenesis Factors contributing to hos

32、t susceptibilityAutoantibodies: to adenosine nucleotide translocator, myosinExpression of cell adhesion molecules (ICAM-1)Expression of coxsackie-adenovirus receptor (CAR)第50頁(yè),共61頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,19點(diǎn)9分,星期日Dark side of the myocarditisOften refractory to conventional treatmentStandard therapy: ACE inhibi

33、tor, inotropic agents, diuretics often not effective in fulminant myocarditisImmunosuppression: IVIG, steroids, cyclosporin still controversial第51頁(yè),共61頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,19點(diǎn)9分,星期日Bright side of the myocarditisGood long term prognosis of fulminant myocarditisImprovement of mechanical support: LVAD, BVAD,

34、ECMO第52頁(yè),共61頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,19點(diǎn)9分,星期日Bright side of the myocarditisGood long term prognosis of fulminant myocarditisNEJM 2000;342:690-5第53頁(yè),共61頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,19點(diǎn)9分,星期日Bright side of the myocarditisGood long term prognosis of fulminant myocarditis第54頁(yè),共61頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,19點(diǎn)9分,星期日Bright side of the myocarditisGood long term prognosis of fulminant myocarditisWhy?Different viral agen

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