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1、PAGE PAGE 50六年級小學英語語法總復習名詞一、名詞:名詞是所有事物的名稱,包括人、物及抽象概念。名詞分為普通名詞和專有名詞兩大類。名詞在句子中作主語,賓語或表語等。 1普通名詞 普通名詞是某類人、事件、物體和抽象概念的名稱。根據(jù)所指代物體的特征,普通名詞又可分為以下四類: 個體名詞: 表示人或物體中可以數(shù)清的單個體。如:student(學生)、pen(鋼筆)、bird(鳥)等。 B集體名詞: (即集合名詞)表示由個體組成的集合體。如:people(人民)、police(警察)、family(家庭)等C物質名詞: 表示構成物體物質的不可數(shù)名詞,或表示無法分為個體的物質的名詞。如:wat
2、er(水)、air(空氣)、wood(木頭)等。 D抽象名詞 : 表示動作、狀態(tài)、品質、情感等非具體化的抽象概念。如:work(工作)、peace(和平)、love(愛)等。 2. 專有名詞 : 專有名詞是某些人、事物、機構、組織等特有的名稱。主要包括:人名、地名、國名、黨派名稱等。如:Nancy(南希),Halloween(萬圣節(jié)), England(英國),April(四月), China(中國)等。二、可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。 1) 可數(shù)名詞: 一般來說個體名詞和集體名詞可以用數(shù)目來計算,稱為可數(shù)名詞??蓴?shù)名詞有單數(shù)和復數(shù)兩種形式。例如: a book, two books, a stud
3、ent, three students, a family, many families。注意:a) a加在以輔音開頭的名詞前,如:a woman, a teacher;an加在以元音開頭的名詞前,如an apple, an old manb)有時a, an后面緊跟的不是單數(shù)名詞,而是a/an+形容詞單數(shù)名詞的形式,這時要看形容詞開頭字母的發(fā)音,而不是看名詞。如an old desk, a nice orange名詞單數(shù)變復數(shù)變化如下:1詞尾直接加 S 如:catcats ,bagbags ,daydays2以 S, SH, CH, X 結尾的詞加es如:classclasses, match
4、matches, box boxes ,dish dishes3以輔音加y結尾的詞變y為i, 加es. 元音加y結尾的詞直接加s,如:partyparties citycities storystories countrycountries librarylibraries familyfamilies hobbyhobbies diarydiaries butterflybutterflies dragonflydragonflies fireflyfireflies babybabies strawberrystrawberriesboyboys monkeymonkeys keykeys
5、 toytoys等.4以 f 或 fe結尾的詞, 變 f 或 fe為v, 加 es,如: wife wives half halves leafleaves knifekniveshousewifehousewives thiefthieves注意特殊情況直接加“S”,要逐個記 chiefs, handkerchiefs , roofs.5以輔音加o結尾的詞常加es, 如: tomatoes, potatoes, heroes, mangoes. 元音加 O 結尾直接加 S. 如:radios, zoos, pianos, yo-yo.特殊情況: photos6名詞單數(shù)變復數(shù)特殊變化也要逐個記
6、得例如:A只有復數(shù)形式:trousers(褲子) jeans(牛仔褲) clothes(衣服) shorts(短褲)B.形式上是復數(shù),實際上是單數(shù):Maths(數(shù)學) news(新聞)C.單復數(shù)同形: sheepsheep, fishfish, ChineseChinese ,JapaneseJapaneseD特殊變化: man-men, woman-women, toothteeth, goosegeese, footfeet, child-children, mouse-mice, childchildren, 2) 不可數(shù)名詞 不可數(shù)名詞不能用數(shù)字計算包括物質名詞( air, water
7、等)及抽象名詞(advice, hate)等。所以它通常只有單數(shù)形式。如:English, juice, water, homework, work, milk, coffee, tea, rice, bread, chocolate 不可數(shù)名詞表示數(shù)量時,可以用量詞來表達(量詞有復數(shù)形式)其結構是數(shù)詞+量詞+of+名詞。如:a bottle of water, two cups of tea, three pieces of paper用a lot of , some, any, much, lots of等表示量的多少。There is a lot of milk in the fridg
8、e.There is some water in the carton.Is there any juice in the fridge? 注意事項:1不可數(shù)名詞沒有復數(shù)變化,不能用a,an,但可用the,或不用冠詞,如:bread is the usual breakfast.2雖然不可數(shù)名詞沒有復數(shù)變化,但量詞超過一時要加復數(shù)。如:three cups of coffee, five bottles of water3有量詞修飾時注意名詞是否可數(shù),不可數(shù)時用單數(shù),可數(shù)時用復數(shù),如:ten bags of rice ten baskets of eggs 冠詞冠詞包括不定冠詞a, an和定冠
9、詞the,它們都是虛詞,只能和名詞連起來使用,用來說明名詞所指的人或事物。不定冠詞a,an的基本用法不定冠詞a和an用于可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)前面,表示某一類人或事物中的“一個”,但不強調數(shù)量(如要強調數(shù)量,則用one)。例如:This is a desk. That is an orange.Tom read an interesting book last week. ac(一個字母c)用于第一次提到的人或事物以及泛指的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前。A lion walks near the river.Do you have a tin-opener?定冠詞theThe的用法用在對話雙方都知道的人或事物前。 C
10、lose the door, please. Boys and girls, look at the blackboard.特指某些人或事物。例如: Whos the girl in blue? Can you hear the boy?指上文提到的人或事物。例如: There is a monkey in the tree. The monkey is eating bananas. The woman is coming. The woman is our English teacher.用在序數(shù)詞前。例如: The third day the fifth unit the twentie
11、th of May 用在某些習慣用語中。例如: in the same class on the left (在左邊) play the violin in the afternoon不用冠詞的情況一日三餐前不用冠詞。例如:Finish your homework before supper, please.The students have lunch at school.球類運動和棋類游戲前不用冠詞。例如:Shall we play basketball after school?Mr Li likes playing chess very much.在星期、月份、季節(jié)等名詞前,一般不用冠
12、詞。例如:Monday is the second day of a week.Childrens Day is in June.I like spring best.抽象名詞、專有名詞和物質名詞前一般不用冠詞。例如:milk China happiness(幸福)名詞前已有作定語用的指示代詞或物主代詞時,不再用冠詞。如:this boy, those apples, my new friend等在某些固定詞組前不用冠詞。例如:at school at home go to bed在表示稱呼的名詞前不用冠詞。例如:Aunt Zhang Mr Zhao代詞 代詞:代詞是代替名詞以及起名詞作用的短
13、語、分句和句子的詞。二代詞的種類:1. 人稱代詞主格I , you, he, she, it, we, you, they賓格me, you, him, her, it, us, you , them 2. 物主代詞形容詞性的物主代詞my, your, his , her, its, our, your ,their 名詞性的物主代詞mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs3. 反身代詞myself, herself, themselves 4. 相互代詞有:each other, one another 5. 提示代詞有:this ,
14、that , these , those , those 6. 疑問代詞who, what, whose 7. 關系代詞which, that, who 8. 連接代詞what, who, whose9. 不定代詞沒有指明代替任何特定名詞或形容詞的代詞叫做不定代詞 all, each, both, either, neither, one, any10. 指示代詞that, this ,these, those三代詞的使用方法1. 人稱代詞是表示我、你、他、她、它、我們、你們、他們的詞。人稱代詞有人稱、數(shù)和格的變化。物主代詞表示所有關系的代詞,也可叫做代詞所有格。物主代詞分形容性物主代詞和名詞
15、性物主代詞二種。表示我自己、你自己、他自己、我們自己、你們自己和他們自己等的代詞,叫做自身代詞,也稱為反身代詞。詳件見下表:人稱代詞 物主代詞 反身代詞 主格 賓格 形容詞性物主代詞 名詞性物主代詞 第一人稱 單數(shù) I me my mine myself 復數(shù) we us our ours ourselves 第二人稱 單數(shù) you you your yours yourself 復數(shù) you you your yours yourselves 第三人稱 單數(shù) he him his his himself she her her hers herself it it its its Itsel
16、f 復數(shù) they them their theirs themselves 句法功能 作主語,其中she指帶代國家,it可指代天氣時間等。 作賓語介詞賓語表語 作定語 作主語,賓語,介詞賓語,表語書信yours 作賓語,介詞賓語,表語主語同為語 根據(jù)上表的例句如下:She doesnt believe us.When he arrived, John went straight to the bank.Youll find your books among mine on the bookshelf.-Who is it? -Its me.Our room is on the first f
17、loor, and theirs is on the second.They think too much of themselves.A week later, I myself had to go to Paris.Help yourself!We cook for ourselves.I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her.The cap is Jacks.注意:在連續(xù)使用兩個以上人稱代詞時,通常單數(shù)you放在第一位, I 放在最后;復數(shù)we放在第一位,they放在最后。簡單記成:單數(shù)2,3,1,復數(shù)1,2,3 。都是三人稱
18、,女后男在先。例如:You and I can help each other.They couldnt have seen Tom and me there.You, Tom and I are leaving next month.You or they must pass the exam.We, you and they should go there together.2. 疑問代詞(who, whom, which, what, whose) 用來構成疑問句,在句中可以起名詞詞組作用。指人: who, whom, whose指物: what既可指人又可指物: whichwho與wh
19、om. (whom是who的賓格)Who told you the truth?Whom are you talking with?whose, which, what(在非限定的數(shù)量中選擇用what,在限定的數(shù)量中選擇which)Whose book is this?What was the directional flow of U. S. territorial expansion?Which book you like better, the English book or the Chinese book?What are you reading now?Whats your fat
20、her?Whose books are these on the desk?注意:疑問代詞用于對介詞賓語提問時,過去的文體中介詞和疑問代詞通常一起放在句首,現(xiàn)代英語中,疑問代詞在句首,介詞在句未。For what do most students study?What are you looking for?3. 指示代詞this, these, that , those被用作名詞中心詞的修飾語時屬于限定詞,而單獨用來代替名詞詞組時是代詞。This is the bus we want.Put these in your bag.My idea is this.How do you think
21、 of this idea?注意:that和those有時用來代表前面提到的名詞,以避免重復。The best coal is that from Newcastle.Those who wish to go may sign up here.4. 不定代詞用法辨析neithernor 沒有也沒有either or 不是就是both兩者都one the other 兩個中的一個,另一個another 再一個,又一個every 作定語,每一個. (可以形成合成詞 everybody everything)each每一個,一個個的加以考慮時用.None 否定意思,沒有一個介詞(見語法復習)數(shù)詞一、
22、 數(shù)詞的種類 數(shù)詞分基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞 基數(shù)詞是表示自然數(shù)列的詞, 例如; one , two ,three ,four.序數(shù)詞是表示先后順序的詞, 例如: first, second , third, fourth二 基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞的表示法1基數(shù)詞單詞的拼寫:112為單詞,1319都以后綴-teen結尾,20至90這樣的整十數(shù)都以后綴-ty結尾,其他基數(shù)詞中間加連字符號“-”再按照上述的變化進行。例:21twenty-one 56- fifty-six 85eighty-five三位數(shù)的構成為:幾+百+and+末兩位(或末一位)數(shù)例:132one hundred and thirty-two20
23、5two hundred and five千以上的數(shù)字的讀法:從后面往前,每三位數(shù)作為一個單位,分別為thousand, million.32, 548, 652, 讀作:thirty two million, five hundred and forty eight thousand, six hundred and fifty two2. 序數(shù)詞=基數(shù)詞+th (1、2、3為 first, second, third)。但以下幾種情況要注意:1) fifth (第五),eighth (第八),ninth (第九),twelfth (第十二)2) 以ty結尾的基數(shù)詞變詞尾為tieth例:tw
24、entytwentieth, ninetyninetieth3)復合序數(shù)詞只需要將相應基數(shù)詞中最后一位變成序數(shù)詞,其余不變。例:第二十一twenty-first第二百四十五two hundred and forty-fifth三 基數(shù)詞序數(shù)詞的用法1. hundred, thousand, million 與數(shù)字連用,表示一定量的具體數(shù)字,不用復數(shù),但表示不定概念可用復數(shù)例:three hundred people, millions of people2. 基數(shù)詞表示時刻。例:7點 seven oclock, 7:20 seven twenty3. 給某些事物編號例:Lesson One=t
25、he first lessonBus No. 2 7月1日=July I (July Ist)1996年6月3日=June 3, 1996=June the third, nineteen ninety-six4. 有關分數(shù)表示法。分子是基數(shù)詞,分母是序數(shù)詞。當分子大于1時,分母就用復數(shù)。例:Ive read one-fifth of the books.Ive finished three-fifths of the words. 5. 有關倍數(shù)表示法兩倍用twice, 三倍以上用數(shù)詞+times, 要注意倍數(shù)在句子的位置。例:The door is three times the size
26、 of this.6. 十位數(shù)字(個位為零)的基數(shù)詞以復數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)時,表示年代、年齡例:She is a good-looking woman in her forties. (forties 指4049歲之間)四 數(shù)詞實練習題解析:1. The English for 10,440 is .A. ten thousand , four hundreds and forty B. ten thousand, four hundred and fortyC. ten thousands, four hundred and fortyD. ten thousand and four hundred
27、, forty 本題在于掌握千以上數(shù)字的讀法,在千、百前面有數(shù)字,不加復數(shù);百位、十位中間加and ,每三位為一組,再加相應的單位即可,故選B2. of the workers in the factory is about two hundred, of them are women workers.A. The number, first-third B. The number, one-thirdC. A number, half D. A number, three quarters 分數(shù)表達法前文闡述已經很多,應表示為one-third. 要區(qū)分the number of 與a nu
28、mber of , the number of 指“的數(shù)量” ,謂語動詞用單數(shù);a number of 意為“許多”,謂語動詞為復數(shù)。故選B3. Can you write the number eighty-five thousand , six hundred and twenty-six? Yes, it is .A. 85662 B. 85626 C. 85006 D. 85000千以上的數(shù)字,從后往前三個數(shù)為一個單位,即從85之后順次寫出三個數(shù)即可,即626,連在一起即為85626。故選B. 4. About of the books in our school library ar
29、e written in Chinese.A. fouth-fifths B. four fifth C. four fifths D.fourths-fifth 本題考查分數(shù)的表達法,分子用基數(shù)詞,分母用序數(shù)詞,當分子大于1,分母用復數(shù),因此它的表達法為four-fifths,故選C。5. The road is over meters long.A. six hundred and fifty-twoB. six hundreds and fifty twoC. six hundred, fifty twoD. six hundred, fifty and two百、千、百萬等詞與數(shù)字連用
30、不用復數(shù),因此不加s。其次表示百位數(shù)時要在百位和十位之間(無十位,則在百位和個位之間)加and ,再次在個位與十位之間要有連字符“-”,故本題選A6. January is New Years Day.A. one B. two C. the firstD. the second某月的幾號要用序數(shù)詞表示,讀時序數(shù)詞前要加the 故選C7. Take the turning on your night.A. nine B. ninth C. nineteen D.nineth根據(jù)題意判斷本題考第幾個轉彎處需用序數(shù)詞,B形容詞初中英語形容詞的用法 Hello, friends! 我是形容詞,是英語
31、詞類家族中的重要一員哦!我是專門表示人或事物的性質、狀態(tài)或特征的一類詞。大家是不是覺得我很面熟呢?沒錯,在第26期的預習專版中,我已經和大家見過面了。想對我有更深的了解嗎?那就聽我慢慢道來 名詞前作定語 我特別喜歡和名詞交朋友,經常位于名詞的前面,充當定語,修飾限定名詞。我還是給大家“show”兩句吧: Thats a Japanese car. 那是一輛日本小汽車。 There is a new map on the wall of my bedroom. 我臥室的墻上有一幅新地圖。 【特殊身份】 對了,大家是不是聽說我“不專一”,有時也會與不定代詞“親密接觸”,并總躲到不定代詞的后面,讓它
32、為我“遮風擋雨”?例如: I have something important to tell you. 我有一些重要的事情要告訴你。 沒錯,是有這種情況。我作定語時,一般位于被修飾的名詞之前,但在修飾something, anything, nothing等不定代詞時,我卻要跟在這些詞之后。同學們以后會接觸到的! 系動詞后作表語 除了和名詞交友外,我還特愛和系動詞打交道,并與其構成“主語 + 系動詞 + 表語”結構。到現(xiàn)在為止,大家學過的系動詞有be(am / is / are)和look。請看例句展示: My watch is new. But my parents watches are
33、 old. 我的手表是新的,但我父母的手表卻是舊的。 His pen looks nice. 他的鋼筆看起來很漂亮。 【只告訴你】 在我作表語的情況下,句中的系動詞雖在漢語譯文中不出現(xiàn),但在英語中切不可把它丟掉。請看下面的例句: 這個書包很小。 :( This bag very small. :) This bag is very small. 怎么樣?還是笑臉好看吧!那就要牢記我對你說的話哦! 允許被副詞修飾 另外,我還特愿和very, too, so等副詞成為“知心朋友”,并允許它們站在我前面來說明我的程度。繼續(xù)往下看: I think Mr Zhang is very young. 我認
34、為張老師很年輕。 You are too kind. Thanks a lot. 你真是太好了,非常感謝。 The table is so heavy, but I can carry it. 雖然這張桌子這么重,但是我能搬得動它。 OK! 我的“心曲”就這么多了,你都聽懂了嗎?希望我們可以成為“親密無間”的好朋友!副詞(見語法復習)一、形容詞的一般用法1.作定語,一般放在所修飾詞的前面。例如,its a cold and windy day.2.作表語,放在系動詞的后面。例如,he looks happy today.3.形容詞修飾something,anything,nothing,eve
35、rything等復合不定代詞時,須放在其后。例如,would you like something hot to drink? 4.表示長、寬、高、深及年齡的形容詞,應放在相應的名詞之后。例如,how long is the river? its about two hundred metres long.5.只能作表語的形容詞:afraid害怕;alone獨自的;asleep睡著的;awake醒著的;alive活著的;well健康的;ill病的;frightened害怕的例如,the man is ill.(正)the ill man is my uncle.(誤)6.只能作定語的形容詞:l
36、ittle小的;only唯一的;wooden木質的;woolen羊毛質的;elder年長的例如,my elder brother is in beijing.(正)my brother is elder. (誤)7.貌似副詞的形容詞:lonely獨自的;friendly友好的;lively生動的;lovely可愛的8.復合形容詞:snow-white雪白的 english-speaking說英語的;glass-topped玻璃罩的;full-time全日制的;well-known眾所周知的;kind-hearted善良的;man-made人造的;take-away可以帶走的;ten-year-
37、old十歲的。二、多個形容詞修飾名詞時,其順序為:限定詞(冠詞、指示代詞、形容詞性物主代詞、數(shù)詞)描繪詞(大小,長短,形狀,新舊,長幼,顏色)出處材料性質類別名詞a small round table一張小圓桌a tall white building一幢高大的白色建筑物a dirty old black shirt一件又臟又舊的黑色襯衣a famous american medical school一個非常著名的美國醫(yī)學院三、形容詞常用句型1.“its +adj.+of+sb.+不定式”表示“某人(做某事)怎么樣”。注意:這一句型中常用描述行為者的性格、品質的形容詞,如good(好的),ki
38、nd(友善的),nice(友好的),polite(有禮貌的),clever(聰明的),foolish(愚蠢的),lazy(懶惰的),careful(細心的),careless(粗心的),right(正確的),wrong(錯誤的)等。例如,its very kind of you to help me.(=you are very kind to help me.)你能幫助我,真好。its very rude of her to say such words.(=she is very rude to say such words.)她說這樣的話,真粗魯。its foolish of him t
39、o go alone.(=he is foolish to go alone.)他單獨出去太傻了。2.“its+adj.+for+sb.+不定式”表示“做某事對某人來說怎么樣”。注意:這一句型中常用的形容詞有important(重要的),necessary(必要的),difficult(困難的),easy(容易的),hard(艱難的),dangerous(危險的),safe(安全的),useful(有益的),pleasant(舒適的),interesting(有趣的),impossible(不可能的)等。例如,its not easy for them to learn a foreign l
40、anguage.(=to learn a foreign language is not easy for them.)對于他們來說學好一門外語不容易。its very important for students to listen to teachers carefully.(=to listen to teachers carefully is very important for students.)對于學生來說上課認真聽老師講課是非常重要的。its necessary for us to get to school on time.(=to get to school on time
41、 is necessary for us.)對于我們來說按時到校是非常必要的。3.表示感情或情緒的形容詞,如glad(高興的),pleased(高興的),sad(憂傷的),thankful(感激的)等常接不定式。例如,glad to see you.見到你非常高興。Im very sad to hear the bad news.聽到這個壞新聞,我非常難過。4.表示能力和意志的形容詞,如ready(樂意的,有準備的),able(有能力的),sure(一定),certain(一定)等常接不定式。例如,lei feng is always ready to help others.雷鋒總是樂于助人
42、。he is sure to get to school on time.他一定會按時到校。副詞一、副詞的分類副詞按詞匯意義可分為:方式副詞:well,fast,slowly,carefully,quickly程度副詞:very,much,enough,almost,rather,quite地點副詞:here,there,out,somewhere,abroad,home,時間副詞:today,early,soon,now,then,recently,still頻度副詞:always,often,usually,sometimes,seldom,never否定副詞:no,not,neither
43、,nor,疑問副詞:where,how,why其他:also,too,only二、副詞的基本用法:副詞是用來修飾動詞、形容詞、其他副詞以及全句話的詞類,表示時間、地點、程度、方式等概念。例如,1.we should listen to our teachers carefully.我們應該認真聽老師講課。2.he is very happy today.他今天非常高興。3.“what happened?”i asked,rather angrily.“發(fā)生什么事情了?”我相當生氣地問。4. in spring,i can see flowers everywhere.在春天,我到處都能看到花。
44、三、常見副詞用法辨析1.already與yet的區(qū)別already用于肯定句句中,表示“已經”;yet用于否定句句末,表示“還”,用于疑問句句末,表示“已經”例如,he had already left when i called.當我給他打電話時,他已經離開了。have you found your ruler yet?你已經找到你的尺子了嗎?i havent finished my homework yet.我還沒有完成作業(yè)。注意:already還可以表示驚奇,驚訝等語氣,常用于疑問句句末例如:has your son gone to school already?你的兒子已經上學了嗎?(
45、表示很驚訝)2very,much和very much.的區(qū)別very用于修飾形容詞或副詞的原級;much用于修飾形容詞或副詞的比較級;修飾動詞要用very much.例如,john is very honest.約翰非常誠實。this garden is much bigger than that one.這個花園比那個大的多。thank you very much.非常感謝你3.so與such的區(qū)別so修飾形容詞或副詞;such 修飾名詞,例如,my brother runs so fast that i cant follow him.我弟弟跑得那么快以至于我跟不上他。he is such
46、 a boy.他是一個這樣的孩子。so修飾的形容詞后可以有一個單數(shù)的可數(shù)名詞,其結構是“so+形容詞+a/an+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)”.such可以修飾可數(shù)名詞單復數(shù)和不可數(shù)名詞,名詞前可以有形容詞作定語,其結構是“such+a/an+形容詞+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)”,“such+形容詞+可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)/不可數(shù)名詞”, 例如,he is so clever a boy.=he is such a clever boy.他是一個如此聰明的孩子。it is such cold weather.這么冷的天氣。(正)it is so cold weather.(誤)they are such good students.
47、 他們是那么好的學生。(正)they are so good students. (誤)如果可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)前有many,few或不可數(shù)名詞前有much,little修飾,用so不用such.例如,so many(如此多的);so few(如此少的)可以加可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)so much(如此多的);so little(如此少的)可以加不可數(shù)名詞4.also,too,as well與either 的區(qū)別also,as well,too,用于肯定句,also常用于be動詞,情態(tài)動詞,助動詞之后,行為動詞之前;as well,too用于句末;either用于否定句中,置于句末。例如,my father is
48、 a teacher. my mother is also a teacher.=my father is a teacher. my mother is a teacher as well.=my father is a teacher. my mother is a teacher,too.我爸爸是一名老師,我媽媽也是。I cant speak french. jenny cant speak french,either.我不會說法語,詹妮也不會。5.sometime,sometimes,some time與some times的區(qū)別sometime:某一時間,某一時刻,可指將來時,也可指
49、過去時sometimes:有時,不時的 some time:一段時間 some times:幾次,幾倍 例如,well have a test sometime next month.下個月的某一時間,我們要進行一次測試。sometimes we are busy and sometimes we are not.有時我們很忙,有時不忙。he stayed in beijing for some time last year.他去年在北京呆了一段時間。i have been to beijing some times.我去過北京好幾次。6.ago與before的區(qū)別ago表示以現(xiàn)在為起點的“以
50、前”,常與一般過去時連用,不可以單獨使用。before指過去或將來的某時刻“以前”,也可泛指以前,常和完成時連用,可以單獨使用。例如,i saw him ten minutes ago.我十分鐘之前看到的他。he told me that he had seen the film before.他告訴我他以前看過這場電影。7.now,just與just now的區(qū)別now:與一般現(xiàn)在時、現(xiàn)在進行時、現(xiàn)在完成時連用,意為“現(xiàn)在”just:與現(xiàn)在完成時、過去完成時連用,表示“剛”just now:和過去時連用,表示“剛才”例如,where does he live now?他現(xiàn)在住哪里?we ha
51、ve just seen the film. 我們剛看過這場電影。he was here just now. 他剛才在這里。、形容詞,副詞的比較級、最高級一、規(guī)則變化1.一般在詞尾直接加er或est,例如,tall-taller-tallest,long-longer-longest2.以不發(fā)音的字母e結尾的單詞在詞尾直接加r或st,例如,nice-nicer-nicest3.以輔音字母+y結尾的詞,把y變?yōu)閕,再加er或est,例如,heavy-heavier-heaviest4.重讀閉音節(jié),末尾只有一個輔音字母,雙寫這個輔音字母,再加er或est,例如,big-bigger-biggest
52、5.部分雙音節(jié)詞和多音節(jié)詞分別在原級前加more構成比較級和most構成最高級,例如,slowly-more slowly-most slowly;beautiful-more beautiful-most beautiful二、不規(guī)則變化形容詞,副詞等級的用法一、原級的用法1.只能修飾原級的詞,very,quite,so,too例如,he is too tired to walk on.他太累了以至于不能再繼續(xù)走了。my brother runs so fast that i cant follow him.我弟弟跑得那么快以至于我跟不上他。2.原級常用的句型結構(1)“甲+be+(倍數(shù))+
53、as+形容詞原級+as+乙”表示“甲和乙程度相同”或“甲是乙的幾倍”例如,tom is as old as kate.湯姆和凱特年齡一樣大。tom is twice as old as kate.湯姆的年齡是凱特的二倍?!凹?實意動詞+(倍數(shù))+as+副詞原級+as+乙”表示“甲和乙程度相同”或“甲是乙的幾倍”例如,tom runs as fast as mike.湯姆和邁克跑得一樣快。tom runs twice as fast as mike.湯姆跑得速度是邁克的二倍。(2)“甲+be+not+as/so+形容詞原級+as+乙”甲不如乙例如,this room is not as/so b
54、ig as that one. 這個房間不如那個大?!凹?助動詞+not+動詞原形+as/so+副詞原級+as+乙”甲不如乙例如,he doesnt walk as slowly as you.他走路不像你那樣慢。二、比較級的用法1.可以修飾比較級的詞,much,a lot,far,的多a little,a bit,一點兒even甚至,still仍然例如,lesson one is much easier than lesson two.第一課比第二課容易得多。tom looks even younger than before.湯姆甚至比以前更年輕。this train runs much
55、faster than that one.這輛火車比那輛跑地快。she drives still more carefully than her husband.她開車仍然比她丈夫還認真。2.比較級常用的句型結構(1)“甲+be+(倍數(shù))+形容詞比較級+than+乙”表示“甲比乙”或“甲比乙?guī)妆丁崩?,tom is taller than kate.湯姆比凱特高。this room is three times bigger than that one.這個房間比那個大三倍。“甲+實意動詞+(倍數(shù))+副詞比較級+than+乙”表示“甲比乙”或“甲比乙?guī)妆丁崩纾琲 got up earlier
56、 than my mother this morning.我今天早晨起床比我媽媽還早。he runs three times faster than his brother.他跑的速度比他弟弟快三倍。(2)“甲+be+形容詞比較級+than+any other+單數(shù)名詞(+介詞短語)”表示“甲比同一范圍的任何一個人/物都”,含義是“甲最”。例如,the yangtze river is longer than any other river in china.=the yangtze river is longer than any of the other rivers in china.長
57、江比中國的任何一條其他的河都長。=the yangtze river is longer than the other rivers in china.長江比中國的其他所有的河都長。=the yangtze river is the longest river in china.長江是中國最長的河流。注意:the yangtze riveris longer than any river in japan.長江比日本的任何一條河都長?!凹?實意動詞+副詞比較級+than+anyother+單數(shù)名詞(+介詞短語)”表示“甲比同一范圍的任何一個人/物都”,含義是“甲最”。例如,mike gets
58、to school earlier than any other student in his class.= mike gets to school earlier than any of the other students in his class.邁克比他們班上任何一個其他的同學到校都早。= mike gets to school earlier than the other students in his class.邁克比他們班上其他的同學到校都早。= mike gets to school earliest in his class.邁克在他們班到校最早。注意:mike gets
59、 to school earlier than any student in toms class.邁克比湯姆班上任何一個學生到校都早。(邁克和湯姆不是同一個班)(3)“甲+be+the+形容詞比較級+of the two”表示“甲是兩者中較的”。例如,look at the two boys. my brother is the taller of the two.看那兩個男孩,我弟弟是兩個當中較高的那個。(4)“比較級+and+比較級”表示“越來越”。例如,he is getting taller and taller.他變得越來越高了。the flowers are more and m
60、ore beautiful.花兒越來越漂亮。he does his homework more and more carefully.他做作業(yè)越來越認真了。(5)“the+比較級,the+比較級”表示“越,越”。例如,the more careful you are,the fewer mistakes youll make.你越認真,犯的錯誤越少。(6)“特殊疑問詞+be+形容詞比較級,甲or乙?”例如,which is bigger,the earth or the moon?哪一個大,地球還是月球?“特殊疑問詞+實意動詞+副詞比較級,甲or乙?”例如,who draws better,j
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