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1、精品文檔英漢語(yǔ)言對(duì)比Synthetic vs. AnalyticI . Answer QuestionsDirections: Answer the Questions in English briefly, with examples if necessary.What are synthetic language弟合語(yǔ))? How are they characterized?According to Websters Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary, A synthetic language is “ Characterized by frequent a
2、nd systematic use of inflected forms to express grammatical relationships ”What are analytical languages(分析語(yǔ))? How are they characterized?According to The Random House College Dictionary, An analytic languageis “ Characterizeby a relatively frequent use of function words, auxiliary verbs and changes
3、 in words order to express syntactic relations, rather than of inflected formsWhy English language is more flexible in word order (語(yǔ)序)? Why is it not so in Chinese?Because word order is more connected with the formal changes. If the form change is more flexible, the word order is more flexible. Chin
4、ese language is an analytic language, the word order cannot be change at random, in which the relationship between the words are closely related with word order and function words.What is the usual word order in English sentences? What are the nine types of inversion in English sentences?The usual w
5、ord order in English sentence is Subject-Verb-Object. The nine types of inversion in English sentences include: interrogative inversion, imperative inversion, exclamatory inversion, hypothetical inversion, balance inversion, link inversion, signpost inversion, negative inversion, metrical inversion.
6、1. 5. What are the E C differences in formal words (形式詞)?English language is featured in its abundant function words, of which is article. Articles are frequent employed. To use an article or not, and to use a definite one or an indefinite one, makes great difference in expression of meaning. Auxili
7、ary are more frequently used in Chinese. Chinese language contains auxiliary for tense, structural and mood. This last category is especially unique in the language for the richness for delineation of emotions, like the letters 呀、啦、哦、嘛、呢, and others.How many kinds of formal words (形式詞)are there in E
8、nglish language?2. There are five types of formal words, that is:article, including a, an, and the;preposition, like on, in, to, for, as, at, of, with, from, across, etc.;auxiliary verb, like will, do, have;coordinator, including and, but, or;subordinator, like unless, after, for, due to, etc.Why Ch
9、inese is called Tone Language(聲調(diào)語(yǔ)言)?精品文檔精品文檔Chinese tone can be used for indicating the change of meaning and is not suitable for expressing the certainty, completeness, independence or finality.n . Fill in the BlanksDirections: Fill in the blanks with the best answer you have found in the textbook.
10、1.11.綜合語(yǔ)的特征是經(jīng)常性、系統(tǒng)性的運(yùn)用曲折形式來(lái)表現(xiàn)語(yǔ)法關(guān)系為特征的語(yǔ)言,分析語(yǔ)的特征是 一分析語(yǔ)的特征是相對(duì)頻繁地使用功能詞, 助詞和改變?cè)~序來(lái)表達(dá)句法關(guān)系,而不用曲折形式來(lái)表達(dá)。英語(yǔ)有形態(tài) 變化,詞序比漢語(yǔ) 靈活 ,但相對(duì)_固M 0英語(yǔ)屬于綜合分析語(yǔ)言 語(yǔ)言。形態(tài)變化、 詞-和 虛詞 是表達(dá)語(yǔ)法意義的三大手段。形態(tài)變化就是詞的形式 變化,包括 構(gòu)詞 形態(tài)和構(gòu)形 形態(tài)。現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)的變化主要包括 性 、數(shù) 、格、時(shí) 、體 、語(yǔ)態(tài) 語(yǔ)氣、比較級(jí)、人稱(chēng)、詞性 等變化。漢語(yǔ)的數(shù)量助詞有們 ,動(dòng)態(tài)助詞有著 、了 和過(guò)漢語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)助詞的 、地、 得類(lèi)似干應(yīng)用英語(yǔ)形態(tài)變化,但缺乏普遍性。英漢語(yǔ)在主謂賓的排
11、列上都是主-動(dòng)-賓(表)順序。漢語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)一般放在名詞的后面,英語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)一般放在名詞的 前面 0漢語(yǔ)沒(méi)有形態(tài)變化,少用或不用 關(guān)聯(lián)詞 詞,沒(méi)有 定語(yǔ) 從 句,名詞之前定語(yǔ)的長(zhǎng)度不宜太長(zhǎng) 。漢語(yǔ)的實(shí)踐順序和邏輯順序是按照由先到后 、由因到里、由假設(shè)到推論、由事實(shí)到結(jié)論的順序。英語(yǔ)的虛詞包括冠詞、 介詞 、 助動(dòng)詞 、 并列 連接詞、 和從屬連接詞 0漢語(yǔ)的虛詞包括 介詞、 助詞 和 _連詞。英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)音系統(tǒng)由元音 、輔音 、重讀 和語(yǔ)調(diào) 組成。漢語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)音系統(tǒng)由聲母 、 韻母 和 聲調(diào) 田.Translate between E/C LanguagesDirections: Translate the
12、 Chinese/English sentences into their target language. Pay attention to the use of omission strategy. Try to make your translation brief.中國(guó)人也好,外國(guó)人也好,死人也好,活人也好,對(duì)的就是對(duì)的,不對(duì)的就是不對(duì)的。 What is right is right, and what is wrong is wrong, no matter a Chinese or foreigner, dead or alive he is.精品文檔精品文檔她有野心,她姐姐野心
13、更大,想成為一個(gè)大明星。Her ambition is biggerthan her sister. She wants to be a super star.在當(dāng)今中國(guó),人人都在練功夫,功夫課也成為中國(guó)中部地區(qū)一些中學(xué)的必修課。In present China, all the people are practicing Chinese kongfu, which has become a compulsory course in some middle schools in the central part of China.上學(xué)的,上學(xué)了;下海的,下海了。 Somewent to col
14、lege,and some gotinto business.這是一部美國(guó)的熱門(mén)影片。This is a hot American film.周恩來(lái)舉止優(yōu)雅,待人體貼。Chou Enlai is elegant and considerate.如蒙早日寄來(lái)樣品和報(bào)價(jià),我方將不勝感激。Wewould appreciate it ifyou can send us the sample and quotation early.我們大家都看出他能說(shuō)會(huì)道。All of us found him eloquent.這筆資金注入,將給這個(gè)城市帶來(lái)活力。The capital will invigorate
15、 thecity.驕傲使人落后。Pride keeps one from progress.一把大火把整個(gè)村子燒成了白地。The fire has turned the whole villageinto a ruin.我們必須阻止陌生人靠近。We must keep the strangers away.這種結(jié)果真讓我郁悶。The result really depressed me.該型汽車(chē)速度快,效率高,行動(dòng)靈活。 The newcars are fast, efficientand handy.新疆產(chǎn)地毯圖案新穎,色調(diào)雅致,備受青睞。The carpets madein Xinjian
16、g are beautiful and magnificent for their novel design and elegant colors.According to John, my cousin, London was most beautifulthen.In three hours we reached Washington monument, ourdestinationChinese understandably spoke with proud of theirachievements in the last decade.I asked him to teach me F
17、rench.I invited him for a dinner at my home.The earthquake reduced all the houses into pieces.42根據(jù)我表哥約翰的說(shuō)法,這個(gè)時(shí)候倫敦最漂亮。43 三小時(shí)后,我們達(dá)到了目的地華盛頓紀(jì)念館。44中國(guó)人對(duì)過(guò)去十年取得的成就感到自豪,這是可以理解的。45我要他教我法語(yǔ)。46我邀請(qǐng)他到我家吃飯。47地震把所有房屋變成了廢墟。Chapter 2I . Answer Questions精品文檔精品文檔Directions: Answer the Questions in English briefly, with
18、examples if necessary.Why English is called compact (聚集)language while Chinese diffuse (流散)one?This is because English language has rigid rules on sentence structure centered on subject-predicate English sentences are developed from subject-predicate structures.What is the basic structure in English
19、 sentence?The simplest English sentence consists of only a subject and a predicate, based on which many components are attached or derived. And the verb is the core, the number of nouns attachable to the verb is called the verb s valence. As Chineselanguage focuses on internal theme instead of exter
20、nal representation, Chinese sentences can hardly be classified according to verb variation like English sentences are.How many basic sentence types are there in English language?SV, SVP,SVO, SVOO,SVOCIn which way English sentences can be enlarged?Declarative, interrogative, imperative and exclamativ
21、e.In which means can the compactness of English sentence be guaranteed?A) to add modifiers; B) to extend the elements in the basic sentence a) grammatical concord; b) notional concord; c principle of proximityWhich is the characteristic of Chinese predicates?It can be verbs, nouns, or adjectives; it
22、 can be one verb or more than one verbs or nor verbs; it can be one word or word phrases. Nouns and pronoun s(包括代詞What are the regular types of Chinese sentence?Theme sentences; transitive sentence; relative sentences; exclamative sentence; existential sentence; ownership sentence; descriptive sente
23、nce; and explicative sentenceWhy there are many 川ogical expressions in Chinese? Give some examples.In summary, Chinese sentences are characterized in three uncertainties Uncertainty of subject; uncertainty of predicate; uncertainty in the relation between subject and predicate.How is Chinese sentenc
24、e variation embodied?Chinese sentence variation is embodied by large number of ambiguous sentences and full sentence and minor sentences. For example:他欠你的錢(qián); 是前天發(fā)的 電報(bào);房間干干凈凈。How do you understand the quotation in the end of the paragraph?Jespersen points out, analysis means suppleness, and synthesis
25、means regidity; in analytic language you have the power of kaleidoscopically arranging and rearranging the elements that in synthetic forms are in rigid connexion.n . Fill in the BlanksDirections: Fill in the blanks with the best answer you have found in the textbook.英語(yǔ)的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)由名詞性短語(yǔ)和動(dòng)詞性短語(yǔ) 組成。12.英語(yǔ)的主謂結(jié)
26、構(gòu)??梢詺w結(jié)為五種基本句型,即 主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)、主 語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)、主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ) 、 主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞+直接賓語(yǔ)+間接賓語(yǔ) 和 中語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。精品文檔精品文檔13.英語(yǔ)基本句型的變式有陳述旬變疑問(wèn)旬、肯定有變否定旬和主動(dòng)句變被動(dòng)旬。14.英語(yǔ)基本句型的擴(kuò)展可以通過(guò)增加修飾語(yǔ)和擴(kuò)展基本的型的 成分進(jìn)行。英麗j子不流散的原則是一致原則,包括語(yǔ)法一致、 意義 一致和就近致。田.Translate between E/C LanguagesDirections: Translate the Chinese/English sentences into their target languag
27、e. Pay attention to the choice of subject in your translation. Try to make your translation brief.The unexpected return of his wife gave him a big surprise.妻子突然回家,使他感到很吃驚。I am glad that you close the door when you leave.離開(kāi)時(shí)請(qǐng)順手關(guān)門(mén)。He who pollutes pays.誰(shuí)污染誰(shuí)負(fù)責(zé)。The town was visited by a storm.暴風(fēng)雨襲擊了這個(gè)村莊。
28、Punishment should be given to the violators of laws.違法者應(yīng)受到懲罰。這種自行車(chē)價(jià)廉物美,在中東很暢銷(xiāo)。This bicycle is cheap and fine and sells well in Middle East.中國(guó)地大物博人口眾多,中國(guó)人過(guò)去也常常以此自豪。Chinese people were proud of their country with vast territory and abundant resources and great population in the past.教高年級(jí)的翻譯課,我不是很有經(jīng)驗(yàn)。I
29、 am a green hand in teaching translation for the senior students.婚姻的事,年輕人自己做主了。The young men will decide for themselves for their marriage女兒的心事,做娘的清楚得很。Mother are fully conscious the worries in her daughter這件事我還被蒙在鼓里呢。I am still in the dark for this matter.錢(qián),我來(lái)想辦法。As for money, I will try to borrow.
30、改革的目的是為了發(fā)展生產(chǎn)力。The aim of reform is to develop the productive force.她很喜歡中國(guó)畫(huà)。She likes Chinese painting.他點(diǎn)點(diǎn)頭,意思是他聽(tīng)見(jiàn)了,但沒(méi)表示同意或不同意。He nodded, indicating he heard what you said, but show no sign of agreement or not.我們深信,我方的產(chǎn)品會(huì)受到歐洲市場(chǎng)的歡迎。We firmly believe that our product will be welcomed in the European ma
31、rket.我很榮幸今天有機(jī)會(huì)參加這個(gè)派對(duì)。精品文檔精品文檔It is a great honor for me to participate in such a party today.一個(gè)外表和談吐都很美國(guó)化的中年人,坐到了車(chē)?yán)?。A young man who talks and looks like American entered the car.吃苦在前,字受在后。To bear hardship before you enjoy the comforts.6Chapter 3I . Answer QuestionsWhat is the definition of hypotaxis
32、 (形合)?Hypotactic is defined as the dependent or subordinate construction relationship or relationship of clauses with connectives, for example, I shall despaif you don t comeWhat is the definition of parataxis (意合)?Paratactic is defined as the arranging of clauses one after the other without connect
33、ives showing the relation between them. Example: The rain fell; the river flooded; the house washed away.What is relative? What is conjunction? What are their functions?Relative includes relative pronoun, relative adverb, conjunctive pronoun and conjunctive adverb, such aswho, that, which, when, how
34、 and etc.It is used to connect the main clause with the attributive clause, the object clause, the subject clause and the predicative clause. Conjunction includes coordinating conjunction and subordinating conjunction, such asand, but, so, however, until sothat andetc It is used to connect words, ph
35、rases, clauses or adverbial clauses.What are the functions of preposition?Preposition is used to show the relation of a noun or substitute for a noun to some other word in a sentence. Prepositions appear constantly in English speech and writingWhat are the advantages of hypotaxis in your opinion?Hyp
36、otaxis frequently occurs in English sentence-making. Hypotaxis stresses the overt cohesion and the sentence form which is structural completeness and meaning-overt.Why does Chinese tend to use covert coherence?It is because in Chinese there are few hypotactic means. Chinese, as a language different
37、from English, dose not contain those frequently-used relative pronouns, relative adverbs, conjunctive pronouns and conjunctive adverbs in English. Moreover, Chinese has prepositions in a small number to about 30, and has no form changes like English.What are the regularities in Chinese language orga
38、nization?Chinese language stress the paratactic means other than the hypotactic means. The grammatical meaning and logic connection between language parts are always sensed in the wordsWhat means of parataxis are used in Chinese language?精品文檔精品文檔Means of parataxis used in Chinese include (i ) senten
39、ceorder, (ii) repetition, parallelism, antithesis, and contrast and so on, (iii) contracted sentence, and (iv) four-character structure.How to turn English into Chinese in terms of their meaning and structure?As to the translation of English into Chinese, only after the analysis of the form and stru
40、cture of the sentences can the meaning and function be clearly judged.What are the characteristics in hypotactic structure?a) There are four characteristics in hypotactic structure: (i ) emphasis on overt cohesion, (ii) emphasis on sentence form, (iii) emphasis on structural completeness, (iv) emphasis on revealing meaning through form.n . Fill in the Blanks.漢語(yǔ)意合法采取的手段包括 _語(yǔ)序_、_反復(fù)排比_、對(duì)偶_和對(duì)照等.英譯漢時(shí),往往要先分析句子的 一結(jié)構(gòu)、形式,才能確定句子的 功能、意義。.英語(yǔ)的形合手段包括 _關(guān)系詞和連接詞_、介詞和_其它連接手段_.關(guān)系詞包括關(guān)系代詞、關(guān)系副詞 _、_連接代詞_和_連接副詞.英語(yǔ)常常綜合應(yīng)用_關(guān)系詞_、_連接詞、一介詞和其它連接手段 把各種成分連接起來(lái),構(gòu)筑成長(zhǎng)短句子,表達(dá)一定的語(yǔ)法關(guān)系。田.Translate between E/C Languages.他很有能力。He is
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