華北平原地下水漏斗區(qū)節(jié)水種植制度研究

1、華北平原地下水漏斗區(qū)節(jié)水種植制度研究華北平原地下水漏斗區(qū)節(jié)水種植制度研究提 綱1. 華北糧食生產(chǎn)與水資源現(xiàn)狀2. 華北節(jié)水種植制度進(jìn)展3. 區(qū)域種植結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整效果初探提 綱 Crop production in NCP vs China: 1:4 (23.0%). Cereal crop production accounted for 60% of whole NCP. In NCP of 2017, wheat yield: 49% (7773104 t); corn: 44% (7020 104 t) of cereal crop yield.1. Crop production Crop

2、 production in NCP vs Chi Wheat, corn: main crops.Winter wheat-Summer corn: dominated crop rotation. Percentage: Food crops decreased by 11%, vegetables and fruiters with higher ET increased by 4%.2. Crop Sowing Area WheatCornCerealBeansCottonOilseedVegetableMelonFruiter Sowing Area (k ha)Percentage

3、WheatCornCerealBeansCottonOilseedVegetableMelonFruiter Wheat, corn: main crops.2. Cr3. Water resourcesAnnual Precipitation: 450-550mm, Jun.-Sep. (1960-2018)Annual T is 12.2 C. 3. Water resourcesAnnual Preci3. Water resources3. Water resources3. Water resources in North China Plain109m319982014decrea

4、seWater resources1212.1569.753%precipitation3904.72903.126%Surface water843.6315.763%Groundwater589.1392.733%70% irrigation from underground in the NCP.Total irrigation water use from underground: 50 billion m3/year.Annual groundwater overdraft: 4-6 billion m3 /year.Accumulated groundwater overdraft

5、:150 billion m3Zhang et al., 20163. Water resources in North ChGroundwater table declined by 0.46 0.37 m/year at superficial layer, 1.140.58 m/year in deep layer since 1980.(a) Superficial layer(b) Deep layer4. Groundwater table changeGroundwater table declined by cone of depression due to the over

6、pumped groundwater, water table decreased by almost 1m/year. There are 100 m decline in serious area. cone of depression due to the 2016年3個(gè)淺層地下水位埋深長(zhǎng)期監(jiān)測(cè)點(diǎn)4個(gè)深層地下水位埋深長(zhǎng)期監(jiān)測(cè)點(diǎn)2016年3個(gè)淺層地下水位埋深長(zhǎng)期監(jiān)測(cè)點(diǎn)4個(gè)深層地下水位埋深糧食生產(chǎn)與地下水位下降Groundwater withdrawal (108 m3)Grain yield (104 t)Groundwater pumpageWheat yieldCorn yield糧食

7、生產(chǎn)與地下水位下降Groundwater withdrRainfall coupling degree: winter wheat: 0.26; summer maize:0.81;Irrigation: winter wheat: 200-300mm; Annual irrigation requirements: 200-400mm;Water Consumption: Winter wheat: 400-450mm; Maize: 300-400mm;Annual average rainfall: 450-550 mm;降水量(mm)Rainfall coupling degree:

8、wintIs crop rotation an effective water saving solution?Keep the traditional wheat-corn rotation or look for new cropping systems?Is crop rotation an effective Diversified Crop rotations糧食作物：冬小麥、夏玉米經(jīng)濟(jì)作物：棉花、花生飼料作物：甘薯、黑麥草、高粱能源作物：柳枝稷（多年生）8種種植模式2002年-今一年兩熟Diversified Crop rotation主要結(jié)果各輪作模式水分消耗 對(duì)地下水位的影響各

9、模式水分利用效率(s)糧食基輪作模式的節(jié)水機(jī)理主要結(jié)果各輪作模式水分消耗糧棉薯麥玉糧棉油糧油棉花連作飼料麥玉糧飼能源柳枝稷ET：飼料麥玉糧飼糧棉油糧油糧棉薯棉花連能源 730 725 694 647 615 561 523 504 節(jié)水效果： 11% 15% 23% 28% 30%mm各輪作模式周年水分消耗Xiaolin Yang et al.,(2013) Agricultural Water ManagementXiaolin Yang et al.,(2015) Journal of hydrologyXiaolin Yang et al.,(2019) Field Crops Rese

10、arch糧棉薯麥玉糧棉油糧油棉花連作飼料麥玉糧飼能源柳枝稷ET：飼料 725 623 584 520 498節(jié)水： 13.9% 19.4% 28.2% 31.3%含休閑期的各模式生育期耗水12 years (2002-2014)生育期 ETa：麥玉 糧棉油 糧油 糧棉薯 棉花連作 mm 725 623 41.3 31.3 25.0 24.4 占周年ETa: 7.4% 5.1% 4.8% 3.8%含休閑期的各模式休閑期耗水12 years (2002-2014)休閑期 ETa：糧棉薯 糧油 糧棉油 棉花連作mm 41.3 31.3 2PIDPRINet groundwater use：Root

11、zoneNet groundwater useETPGroundwaterXiaolin Yang et al.,(2015) Plos OnePIDPRINet groundwater use：RooTime delay of rechargeGroundwater table: there is a one year time delay and the effect is spread over two years.Rainfall757mmTime delay of rechargeGroundwCalculation of groundwater changeNet groundwa

12、ter use：Groundwater table change：Groundwater table change in the y year：Calculation of groundwater measuredsimulatedmonthly observed water table matched well simulated valuesValidation of deep percolation calculation-WSRMSE：0.6418m;RE: 1.35%;Nash-Sutcliffe:0.9633;measuredsimulatedmonthly obs各輪作模式凈地下

13、水消耗年均NWU：飼料麥玉糧飼糧棉油 糧油柳枝稷糧棉薯棉花連作負(fù)值: 消耗; 正值: 回補(bǔ)飼料麥玉糧飼能源柳枝稷306 288 281 182 161 110 105 85Xiaolin Yang et al.,(2015) Journal of hydrology，Plos oneXiaolin Yang et al.,(2019) Field Crops Research各輪作模式凈地下水消耗年均NWU：飼料麥玉糧飼糧棉油S年均地下水位下降量：飼料、麥玉、糧飼(1.20 m/yr) 糧棉油(0.84 m/yr) 糧油 (0.70 m/yr) 糧棉薯、棉花連作、能源(0.40 m/yr).

14、近10年來，若用糧棉薯模式替代傳統(tǒng)高耗水的麥玉模式，可節(jié)約7m的地下水資源. 麥玉飼料糧飼能源Xiaolin Yang et al.,(2015) Journal of hydrology，Plos oneXiaolin Yang et al.,(2019) Field Crops Research不同種植模式對(duì)地下水位的影響糧棉薯麥玉糧油糧棉油棉花連作S年均地下水位下降量：飼料、麥玉、糧飼(1.20 m/yr)廣義的水分利用效率Annual average WUEe：糧棉薯糧棉油糧油麥玉棉花連作 m-3： 11.0 、 8.5、 7.3、 5.5、 5.2麥玉的倍數(shù) ： 2.0 、 1.5、

15、 1.3Xiaolin Yang et al.,(2015) Journal of hydrology廣義的水分利用效率Annual average WUEe：糧廣義的水分利用效率Biomass WUE: kg/m3飼料 (14.7)糧飼 (11.0) 麥玉 (8.4) 柳枝稷 (6.9)Bioethanol WUE: L/m3飼料 (5.7)糧飼 (4.3) 麥玉 (3.3) 柳枝稷 (2.6)Bioethanol NWUE: L/m3飼料(15.5)柳枝稷 (14.4) 糧飼 (10.9) 麥玉 (9.1)Yang1 et al., Field Crops Research (2019)

16、Diversifying cropping rotations is critically important for mitigating over-exploitation of the groundwater, ensuring food security or boosting the income of farmers in North China Plain. 廣義的水分利用效率Biomass WUE: kg/m3Bio糧食基輪作模式的節(jié)水機(jī)理糧食基輪作模式的節(jié)水機(jī)理糧食基輪作模式的節(jié)水機(jī)理糧食基輪作模式的節(jié)水機(jī)理糧食基輪作模式對(duì)麥、玉產(chǎn)量及WUE的影響Wheat WUE: 12-

17、19%Corn WUE: 10-21%Wheat yield: 9-16%Corn yield: 19-32%Yang1 et al., Frontiers in Plant science(2017)Yang1 et al., Journal of Cleaner Production(2014)Yang1 et al., International Journal of LCA (2018)Yang1 et al., Sustainbility (2018)Yang* et al., Field Crops Research (2018a b)Yang* et al., Agronomy

18、Journal (2017)9%7%16%19%11%32%18%12%19%21%10%25%糧食基輪作模式對(duì)麥、玉產(chǎn)量及WUE的影響Wheat WUE:華北平原多樣化節(jié)水種植制度 小結(jié)華北平原地下水漏斗區(qū)節(jié)水種植制度研究麥 玉 系 統(tǒng)34種輪作制度11種麥玉復(fù)種模式灌溉制度 麥 玉 系 統(tǒng)34種輪作制度關(guān)注指標(biāo)周年耗水量降水量灌溉量產(chǎn)量水分利用效率等價(jià)產(chǎn)量經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)值經(jīng)濟(jì)水分利用效率凈地下水消耗量對(duì)地下水位影響關(guān)注指標(biāo)周年耗水量等價(jià)產(chǎn)量多樣化輪作模式的周年耗水量多樣化輪作模式的周年耗水量多樣化輪作模式的周年灌溉量華北地下水位不再下降的灌溉臨近值為150 mm yr-1,太行山脈回補(bǔ)113mm

19、yr-1 (Chen et al., 2013)；多樣化輪作模式的周年灌溉量華北地下水位不再下降的灌溉臨近值為對(duì)地下水位的影響南水北調(diào)中線 41 mm yr-1 (Cao et al., 2013; van Oort et al., 2016)。+節(jié)水技術(shù)（plastic film mulching，冬小麥節(jié)水灌溉）等Yang et al., unpublished對(duì)地下水位的影響南水北調(diào)中線 41 mm yr-1 (Cao產(chǎn)量與水分利用效率夏玉米一熟/春玉米一熟產(chǎn)量是麥玉的50-60%（+6 mmyr-1） 、春玉米-麥玉兩年三熟產(chǎn)量是麥玉的76.8%（-141mmyr-1）(Luo et

20、a., 2018)產(chǎn)量與水分利用效率夏玉米一熟/春玉米一熟產(chǎn)量是麥玉的50-6經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)值與經(jīng)濟(jì)水分利用效率經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)值與經(jīng)濟(jì)水分利用效率華北嚴(yán)重超采的山前和低平原30%和50%面積改種春玉米對(duì)產(chǎn)量和灌溉用水量影響山前平原年減產(chǎn)小麥（億kg)年增產(chǎn)玉米（億kg)年度減產(chǎn)（億kg)年灌溉水量降低(億方）30%17.61 4.12 13.49 7.82 50%29.35 6.87 22.48 13.03 低平原30%16.24 3.93 12.31 5.11 50%27.07 6.55 20.52 8.52 河北全省30%33.86(24%) 8.05 25.80(10%)12.93（46%） 50%56.43(40%) 13.42 43.00(16%)21.54 (77%）以河北省為例：改種春玉米一熟華北平原超采地下水總量37.97億方/年，農(nóng)業(yè)超采27.83億方/年（張喜英）。華北嚴(yán)重超