貢獻(xiàn)撞擊和物種滅絕milankovitch周期冰川時代加場整套重復(fù)詞句

1、 Impacts and Mass ExtinctionsWords & PhrasesMeteorites and impact craters bear witness to the fact that large impacts occasionally occur on Earth.Meteorite：n. 隕石impact craters：撞擊形成的隕石坑crater：n. 隕石坑bear witness to：作證，見證impactor roughly 50 meters across：直徑大約50米的撞擊物across：某物的寬，直徑=diameterradius: n. 半徑a

2、 major impact coincided with the death of the dinosaurs：一個大的撞擊和恐龍的滅絕恰巧同時發(fā)生coincide with: 與恰巧同時發(fā)生instantly melt bedrock and propel it far from its origin：立即熔化基底巖石并且推出基底巖石遠(yuǎn)離它的最初位置bedrock：n. 基底巖石propel：v. 向前推出far from its origin：遠(yuǎn)離它的最初位置wiped out：被一掃而空，滅絕ignited wildfires：點燃野火effects propagated through

3、out the food chain：影響蔓延下去貫穿整個食物鏈propagate: v. 原義是“繁殖”，引申為“擴(kuò)展蔓延”=spread表示繁殖的詞總結(jié)如下：Propagate=proliferate=reproduce=multiplythe most astonishing fact：最令人吃驚的事實rodent-like mammals：像嚙齒類的哺乳動物they lived in underground burrows and managed to store enough food to outlast the long spell of cold, dark daysunder

4、ground burrows：地下的洞穴outlast：v. 比時間持續(xù)的久spell: n. 一段時間SyntaxAlthough the crater is only slightly more than one kilometer across, an area covering hundreds of square kilometers was probably battered by the blast and ejectathe debris ejected or displaced during the formation of an impact crater.名詞后面+doi

5、ng，doing是對名詞的修飾所以，“an area covering hundreds of square kilometers”的意思是：覆蓋著成百上千平方千米的一個區(qū)域Batter：v. 連續(xù)猛擊Blast：n. 爆炸ejecta：n. 噴出物debris：n. 碎屑?xì)埡fter a decade-long search, scientists identified what appears to be the impact crater from the event.What引出的整句話做identify的賓語，what任何情況下翻譯成“什么”即可impact crater：撞擊坑L

6、ocated off the coast of Mexicos Yucatan peninsula, it is 200 kilometers across, which is close to what one would expect for a 10-kilometer impactor, and dates to 65 million years ago.1）主語出現(xiàn)前的所有東西都是對主語的鋪墊修飾，所以“Located off”是對后文it的鋪墊修飾；2）What引出的整句話做close to的賓語，what任何情況下翻譯成“什么”即可；3）one 做主語指“任何一個人”，以“任何一

7、個人”代替整體；4）and dates 并列對象的尋找，應(yīng)該是和前面的第三人稱單數(shù)的謂語動詞并列，所以和前文的“is 200”并列，指的仍是主語it “dates to 65 million years ago”Further evidence that the Yucatan crater is the right one comes from the distribution of small glassy spheres that formed when the molten impact ejecta solidified as it rained back to Earth.主謂分離

8、，comes from 動作的發(fā)出者（主語）在很遠(yuǎn)的句子開頭glassy spheres：玻璃球molten impact ejecta：融化的撞擊噴射物solidified：v. 變成固體，固化The impact almost immediately sent a shower of debris raining across much of North and South America and generated huge waves that may have sloshed more than 1,000 kilometers inland.“and generated” 并列對象

9、的尋找，應(yīng)該是和謂語-ed并列，所以找到前文的sent，這兩個動作的發(fā)出者都是主語the impact整句話意為：這次撞擊幾乎立即發(fā)射出一片碎屑雨，降落覆蓋大片的北美和南美地區(qū)，并且這次撞擊還產(chǎn)生巨大的沖擊波(waves)，這個沖擊波向內(nèi)陸地區(qū)潑濺了超過1000千米的距離。shower of debris: 碎屑雨Slosh：v. 濺，潑Inland：adv. 向內(nèi)地地；n. 內(nèi)地Milankovitch Cycles and GlaciationWords & PhrasesGlaciations: n. 冰川形成，冰川作用；冰川期In geology,glaciationis the pr

10、ocess by which the land is covered by glaciers.Glaciationsare periods when this happens. Glacier: n. 冰川（陸地上的大塊冰體，達(dá)到一定厚度后緩慢滑動）Iceberg：n. 冰山（是冰川墜入海中形成）elaborated the theory with calculations：用計算詳細(xì)發(fā)展了該理論elaborate：v. 精心制作;詳細(xì)計劃;進(jìn)一步完善If youelaboratea plan or theory, you develop it by making it more compli

11、cated and more effectiveThe inclination, or tilt, of Earths axis also varies periodically, moving between 22 degrees and 24.5 degrees.Inclination：n. 傾向性；傾角Tilt：v. 傾斜；n. 傾斜度，傾角Earths axis：地軸Also, Earth wobbles as it spins, like a slightly unsteady top.Wobble：v. 搖擺;搖晃If something or someonewobbles, th

12、ey make small movements from side to side, for example because they are unsteadyUnsteady: adj. 不穩(wěn)定的=unstablehow evenly or unevenly this radiation is distributed over the course of a year：一年當(dāng)中這種輻射被多大程度均勻還是不均勻地分布evenly or unevenly：均勻還是不均勻地distribute: v. 分布區(qū)別：contribute：v. 貢獻(xiàn)于；attribute: v. 歸因于（to）A co

13、rrespondence between Milankovitch cycles and climate fluctuationsM周期和氣候變化之間的對應(yīng)相符Correspondence：n. 對應(yīng)，相符，關(guān)聯(lián)climate fluctuations：氣候變化波動聯(lián)想：flutter：v. 鳥上下扇動翅膀arise from: 來自于= stem from=result from=spring from glacial epochs with a fixed regularity：伴隨有固定規(guī)律性的冰川紀(jì)元epoch：n. 紀(jì)元，時代fixed：adj. 固定的account for the

14、 ice ages：解釋冰川時代account for = explain （考過詞匯題）Suns luminosity：太陽的光亮度Luminosity: n. 光亮度Lumin：n. 流明，光亮Illuminate：v. 照亮，闡明，說明shield Earth from the Suns rays：遮擋地球不能收到太陽的射線shield: n. 盾牌；v. 遮擋shieldfrom: 遮擋使不能ray: n. 光束，光線eg. HYPERLINK /cosmic_rays cosmic rays宇宙射線; HYPERLINK /X-ray X-ray：X射線Recent studies

15、of the carbon dioxide content of gas bubbles preserved in the Greenland ice cap do in fact show that high carbon dioxide levels are associated with warm interglacial periods, and low levels with cold glacial periodsgas bubbles: 氣泡ice cap：冰蓋are associated with：和有關(guān)interglacial periods：間冰期SyntaxOne cha

16、racteristic of Earths orbit is its eccentricity, the degree to which the orbit is an ellipse rather than a circle.介詞+which， which指代介詞前面的名詞，對該名詞作展開修飾Eccentricity：n. 離心率（ec-+centri+city，即遠(yuǎn)離中心的意思）Ellipse：n. 橢圓區(qū)別：eclipse：n.日/月食；v. 黯然失色The tilt of Earths axis, toward the Sun at some times of the year and

17、 away from the Sun at other times, is responsible for the annual cycle of seasons.主語之后加逗號，是對主語的插入解釋，后面必有另一逗號，標(biāo)志著插入解釋的結(jié)束，然后返回句子主干繼續(xù)閱讀整句話意思為：地軸的傾角，（一年當(dāng)中有些時間朝向太陽并且有些時間遠(yuǎn)離太陽），對季節(jié)的年周期變化負(fù)責(zé)。is responsible for：對負(fù)責(zé)annual：adj. 每年的According to the Milankovitch theory, about every 40,000 years the three separate

18、 cycles combine in such a way that the difference between summer and winter temperatures is at a minimum.固定搭配的識別，so/suchthat如此以致于Separate: adj. 分別的，各自的=respectiveCombine：v. 結(jié)合at a minimum：處于最小值Milankovitch worked out the ideas of climatic cycles in the 1920s and 1930s, but it was not until the 1970s

19、 that a detailed chronology of the Pleistocene temperature changes was determined that could test the predictions of this theory.that修飾對象的確定，此處that跳過謂語向前指代“a detailed chronology”,因為謂語部分是被動語態(tài)，動詞determine只和主語有關(guān)而不能向下延伸句子chronology：n. 編年史，年代表Achronologyis an account or record of the times and the order in which a series of past events took place.Test：v.