英語議論文開頭段的寫法市公開課金獎市賽課一等獎課件

1、Questions in Task Two1.Discuss (advantage & disadvantage)2.Your opinion (agree or disagree)3.Problems +reasons +solution第1頁Five Types of Questions in Task TwoDiscussionProblems+ Reasons+ RecommendationsYour opinionAgree or DisagreeAdvantages and disadvantages第2頁1. Discussion這類文章寫作任務是要求考生對某一觀點進行討論, 其

2、標志性語言就是通常會出現(xiàn)discuss這個詞. 列如: Some people think that using animals for experimentation purpose is cruel, but other people think that it is necessary for the development of science. Discuss both views and give your opinion.Some people think that good health is a basic human need, so the medical service

3、 should not be run by profit-making companies. Do you think the disadvantages of private health care outweigh the advantages?第3頁Discussion 解題思路: 這種題型可以參考以下兩種寫法 A. 一邊倒 明確表明贊同一方+論證支持 B.兩方面 作者可以從兩個方面來論述, 結(jié)尾段可認為正, 反或者折中, 不過建議結(jié)尾觀點與主體末段觀點一致.這么使文章渾然一體比較有說服力. 第4頁Discussion寫作策略:首段:情景介紹，說明寫作意圖主題段落：必須要有兩個以上分支觀

4、點, 每段對一個分支觀點進行敘述, 主題句應該是每段第一句話. 盡可能采取平衡結(jié)構(gòu).結(jié)論:一個是走向折中，并不表態(tài)另一個是一邊倒第5頁Discussion文章主題段落能夠以下安排: a. 正反 反(結(jié)尾) b. 反正 正(結(jié)尾) c. 正反 折中(結(jié)尾) d. 反正 折中(結(jié)尾)第6頁溫馨提醒:1. 不用猜測考官喜歡什么觀點, 主要是考生能夠自圓其說.2.結(jié)尾段提出論點即可.第7頁2. Problems + reasons +recommendations該類題型目標是解釋原因并提出處理辦法. 比如: 1. In most parts of he world, the volume of tr

5、affic is growing at an alarming rate. Discuss main traffic problems in your country, their causes and possible solutions.2. In many cities and all over the world, there is a serious shortage of water supplies. What are the causes and solutions to the scarcity of water resource?第8頁2. Problems + reaso

6、ns +recommendations題目特點: A. give your opinions and give some recommendations B. give some reasons and make some suggestions.解題思緒:在分析事情原因基礎上, 提出處理方案或提議段落安排首段:現(xiàn)象描述主題段落：說明出現(xiàn)這一現(xiàn)象理由或者該現(xiàn)象詳細表達形式結(jié)論:提出提議和辦法第9頁2. Problems + reasons +recommendations溫馨提醒:最終提出提議和辦法不能是寫一點，提議和辦法是針對主體段落來展開，主題段落中通常不會只陳說一個理由或說明一個表達形式

7、，對應結(jié)尾段也不可能只有一點提議，最少兩點第10頁2. Problems + reasons +recommendations1.Many drivers do not obey regulation2.There is air pollution and noise pollution3. Every day there are many traffic jams a. to issue stricter traffic laws and regulationsb. to raise the public awareness of the traffic regulationsc. to e

8、ncourage more people to use transportation MORE THAN ONE Problems of trafficsolutions第11頁3. Your opinion這類文章是要求考生對某一現(xiàn)象或觀點表明自己看法和觀點. 比如:1. Many people think that nowadays people are being subjected to more and more pressure in their work, and thus are having less and less time to relax. To what exten

9、t do you agree or disagree?2. Some people think that the animals should be treated as pets; others think that animals are sources of food and clothing. What is your opinion? 第12頁3. Your opinion1. 題目特點:Express your opinion aboutHow do you think aboutWhats your opinion about（你觀點）2. 寫作策略首段:明確表態(tài)，讓閱卷人知道你

10、贊同觀點是什么主題段落：一邊倒寫法, 從單方面敘述, 用詳細理由支持所提出觀點. 結(jié)尾段:重申首段觀點，最好換一個表示方式，不要對伎倆進行機械重復第13頁3. Your opinion溫馨提醒:1.開門一定要見山2.盡可能采取兩個方面去寫，做到有主有次；最好不要一邊倒。3. 假如有讓步段, 在篇幅上,你支持觀點要顯著多于你讓步觀點.第14頁How to write introductory part?第15頁第16頁in-class exercise (2)It is to the benefit of the society for family units to live together

11、, including the older generation. What is your view on this matter? Your opinion? 類 You will be given 10 mins to accomplish the introductory part about the topic above.第17頁in-class exercise (2)Discuss with your partner about the introductory paragraph you have written just now.You can refer to the f

12、ollowing 第18頁in-class exercise (2)Discuss with your partner about the introductory paragraph you have written just now.You can refer to the following 第19頁Introductory Paragraph Checklist1. Does the introductory paragraph consist of two parts: the general statements and the thesis statement?2. Do the

13、 general statements give background information on the subject and gradually lead the reader into the most specific information the thesis statement?3. Are the general statements and the thesis statement cohesive?4. Does the thesis statement contain controlling ideas that will be used in the topic s

14、entences of the body paragraphs of the essay? (結(jié)構(gòu)引導信息)第20頁Many generations live under the same roof in china with the increasing price of property. Young people need not worry about the meals, children-caring and family chores. Actually it is a common phenomenon. In this paper I will attempt to anal

15、yze the benefit that the extended family bring to families.第21頁How should the old people live is a hot issue in our society. Some people believe that extended family will benefit the society, but other people hold the opinion that nuclear family should be popularized in current situation. I am not s

16、ure about this, but the extended family should absolutely be encouraged in the coming years .第22頁Whether the extended family will benefit the society or not has been a very controversial issue at present time. Considerable debates are found in the media. Some advocate the advantage that the extended

17、 family brings to the society, while many more oppose this policy, holding the view that smaller family is more suitable for this society in more than one aspect. 第23頁sample for in-class exercise (2)There has been talk in some political circles that some responsibility for social welfare should be s

18、hifted from government to families. This would involve a reversal of the current trend towards increasingly smaller families and would encourage several generations to live together in extended families. However, this is a dangerous policy that could lead to a variety of social problems, not only fo

19、r the elderly people themselves, but also for the families that would have to look after them.There has been talk in some political circles that some responsibility for social welfare should be shifted from government to families. This would involve a reversal of the current trend towards increasing

20、ly smaller families and would encourage several generations to live together in extended families. However, this is a dangerous policy that could lead to a variety of social problems, not only for the elderly people themselves, but also for the families that would have to look after them.第24頁in-clas

21、s exercise (1)Introductory paragraph 1(1) This traditional Chinese method of treatment might help you. (2) Of course you have, and perhaps you have taken aspirin, gone to see a doctor, or visited your chiropractor(按摩師), but have you ever considered acupuncture? (3) However, you should know something

22、 about the philosophy, background, and methodology of acupuncture before you begin any treatment. (4) Have you ever had a headache, backache, or sore muscles?第25頁in-class exercise (1)Introductory paragraph 2(1) Therefore, workaholics lifestyles can affect their families, social lives, and health. (2

23、) In addition, those who are called workaholics may not spend enough time on leisure activities. (3) Nowadays, many men and women work in law, accounting, real estate, and business. (4) These people are serious about becoming successful; they work long hours during the week and even on weekends, so

24、they are called workaholics.第26頁ThesisstatementGeneral statementsLeading sentencesmandatorymandatoryoptionalMorespecific第27頁We are becoming increasingly dependent on computers. They are used in businesses, hospitals, crime detection and even to fly planes.Is this dependence on computers a good thing

25、 or should we be more suspicious of their benefits? Whats your opinion?第28頁 Although no one can deny the fact that computers are transforming our world and our lives in an astonishing way and that we rely on them for our daily existence, (general statement) we should be aware of their potentially da

26、maging impacts on many aspects of our social life and remain skeptical of the over-computerization of our world which is ardently advocated by some scientist. (thesis statement) In my opinion, computers may jeopardize the overall wellbeing of humans in three fundamental ways if we misuse them. (lead

27、ing sentences)General statement + thesis statement +leading sentences第29頁開頭段寫法Sentence 1: Background (背景介紹) Sentence 2: Rephrase the topic(點明論題)Sentence 3: thesis statement (opinion類) or brief description of the main body(討論類)Sentence 4: preview/essay map (opinion類)第30頁開頭段寫法1. 怎樣寫背景句(第一句)確定討論內(nèi)容, 以該問

28、題為中心, 寫一句介紹性話語Example1Some people who have been successful in the society do not contribute their success to the theoretical knowledge they learn from university. Do agree or disagree? A: people have long been interested in identifying the forces that contribute to personal achievement.B: The import

29、ance of theoretical knowledge to ones success is a matter for debate.第31頁開頭段寫法1. 怎樣寫背景句(第一句)Example2 Topic: the advertising is discouraging people from being different individuals and makes people to be or seem to be the same. Do you agree or disagree?A:Much more attention than ever before has been

30、paid to the influence of advertising on our buying behaviors.： Perhaps no subject in the world is as likely to cause so much controversy as advertising does. 提議選擇三四個句子背誦使用第32頁開頭段寫法2. 怎樣點明論題(第二句)第二句話是改寫題目, 點明論題Example1:Do you think it is better to send criminals to jails or let them receive education

31、 or job training?Sentence 1: the treatment of criminals has been open to debate in recent years. (第一句話)Sentence 2: Some people think that it is better to send criminals to jails than to send them receive education or job training. (簡單剽竊,效果不佳)第33頁開頭段寫法2. 怎樣改寫題目(第二句)A. 加上慣用句型There is much controversy

32、over whether to send criminals to jails or let them receive education or job training.B. 改變句子成份Some people think that imprisonment is better than education or job training in treating criminals.第34頁開頭段寫法2. 怎樣改寫題目(第二句)Example 2 Police in Britain do not carry guns. Some people believe that it will mak

33、e citizens unprotected, but some suggest that it would reduce violence in society. Discuss these two views.Sentence 1: In some countries such as Britain, it is a convention that police do not carry guns.(第一句話)Sentence 2 (a): There is a perception that it will make citizens unprotected, while a count

34、erargument is that it would reduce violence in society. (加上慣用句型)Sentence 2(b): Some people think that it fails to protect citizens while some suggest that it would minimize violence in society.( 改變句子成份)第35頁開頭段寫法3. 怎樣點明論點(第二句)對觀點類文章, 第三句話需要說明自己立場(詳細支持或者反對)1. My personal view is that studying internat

35、ional news is of benefits to the students.2. I agree with their recommendation that maintaining a nations cultural identity is a priority.第36頁開頭段寫法3. 怎樣點明論點(第二句)對討論類文章, 不明確表示自己支持哪一個方面, 而是指明文章會討論兩個方面.Examples:A. This essay will elaborate on both positive and negative effects of tourism from a cultura

36、l perspective.B. I would like to discuss this issue from both aspects.第37頁開頭段寫法 寫作練習:Some people believe that air travel should be restricted because it causes serious pollution and uses up the worlds recourses. Do you agree or disagree?第38頁開頭段寫法飛機浪費資源造成污染,是否應該受限?背景句: There is little room for doubt

37、about the convenience brought by air travel.點明論題: However, when it comes to its impact on the environment, no conclusion has been arrived at.論點句: A. As far as I know, its benefits are far more overt than its downsides. (支持)B. my personal view is that its benefits can not justify its harmful effects.

38、(反對)C. this essay will compare and contrast its benefits and downsides.(雙邊)第39頁開頭段寫法觀點類和討論類(三句話)第一句,背景句, 確定討論內(nèi)容, 以該問題為中心, 寫一句介紹性話語, 寫作提議: 記句型,第二句, 點題句, 指出爭議問題. 寫作提議: 改寫題目,第三句, 觀點句/引導句, 說明立場或者明確討論一個事物兩個方面. 寫作提議: 記句型第40頁開頭段寫法問題類三句話問題類題目不是針對問題爭議性, 而是針對問題產(chǎn)生原因和處理問題方法.第一句,背景句, 確定討論內(nèi)容, 以該問題為中心, 寫一句介紹性話語, 寫

39、作提議: 記句型,第二句, 點題句, 直接關(guān)注原因. 寫作提議: 記句型,第三句, 信息引導句, 明確文章要討論內(nèi)容, 原因和處理方法. 寫作提議: 記句型第41頁開頭段寫法問題類三句話題目What are the causes and solutions of the problem of scarcity of water resource? 第一句背景句 Water shortage is one of the most challenging issues to address in many countries.第二句關(guān)注原因句There are some factors leadi

40、ng to this problem./Diverse contributing factors can be identified.第三句引導信息 Some of the most common factors will be discussed below, followed by some responsible solutions.第42頁開頭段寫法問題類三句話寫作練習It is generally acknowledged that families are not as close as they used to be. Give possible reasons and your

41、 recommendations.There is much discussion nowadays as to whether or not the relationship between family members is as close as before. Diverse contributing factors can be identified. In the following, I would like to present my point of view.end第43頁Recently therise inphenomenon ofproblem ofquestion

42、ofhas1)draw/aroused public/popular/grave/world-wideattention 2)caused/aroused wide/general/considerable/ International concern3)arisen/loomed up/cropped up as controversial/as noteworthy /more distinctly for settlement.第44頁最近, 相關(guān)把遺傳技術(shù)用于人類本身而產(chǎn)生問題警示已引發(fā)了了公眾廣泛關(guān)注.這是能夠理解.Recently, the alarm about the prob

43、lem of the use of genetic technologies on human beings have caused wide public concern, and understandably so.第45頁Recently the issueproblemquestionofhas beenin the limelight.brought into focus.brought to public attention.posed among the general public.第46頁現(xiàn)在發(fā)展與環(huán)境問題已成為人們議論中心.在中國這對矛盾表現(xiàn)尤為顯著。這世界上人口最多國家正

44、面臨著環(huán)境污染、森林降低及大范圍酸雨侵襲。The problem of development vs. environment hasnow been in the limelight. Nowhere is the clash more visible than in China, where the worlds largest population faces pollution, deforestation and acid on a large scale.第47頁In recentthe past5 years, manycitiesnationspeoplehavebeen fa

45、ced/ plagued/ troubled withexperienced/ witnessed/undergonethea (n)serious problem ofacute shortage ofalarming increase in第48頁最近幾年，中國青少年犯罪率急劇上升。我們社會 傳統(tǒng)做法是把這些青少年當成一個特殊罪犯處理，盡管他們罪行和成年人一樣，但所給處罰和成年人不一樣?，F(xiàn)在我們該是問一問我們自己時候了：這種做法是否有效？ In recent years, China has experienced an alarming increase in juvenile crim

46、e-that is, crime committed by individuals who havent come of age. Our society has traditionally treated the juvenile as a special kind of offender, one who warrants punishment different from that given to an adult, even though the crime may be the same. Now it is time we asked ourselves: Does the tr

47、eatment work?第49頁One of thesearchingburningpressinginterestingquestionsproblemsfacingconfrontingournationsocietyworldtoday is第50頁當今社見面臨基本問題之一是：新技術(shù)會給世界未來帶來什么樣希望或威脅？因為我們社會所作出關(guān)于技術(shù)發(fā)展決定會毫無疑問對未來產(chǎn)生巨大影響，所以探索這個問題，尤其是經(jīng)過檢驗科學技術(shù)與人類發(fā)展關(guān)系來這么做就變得非常緊迫和必要了。 One of the basic questions facing our society today is: What

48、promise or threat does new technology hold for our global future? Since the decisions our society makes about technological development will undoubtedly have tremendous consequences in the years to come, it is urgently necessary to explore this question, especially by examining science and technolog

49、y in their relationship to the development of humanity.第51頁NowadaysCurrentlyRecentlythere is a1)growing /unhealthy tendency to/in/that2)general/deep-seated belief in/that3)general/uneasy feeling of/against/that4)growing/nation-wide recognition of/that5)growing/general awareness of /that6)deep/seriou

50、s concern over/for/that7)deep/keen interest in8)growing/great enthusiasm for/among people第52頁如今人們越來越關(guān)注我們孩子所承受沉重學習負擔和精神壓力。他們?yōu)榉謹?shù)所累，幾乎沒有時間品嘗人生，并成長為一個全方面發(fā)展人。 Now there is a growing concern over the heavy burden, both academic and psychological, our children have to bear. They have been so obsessed with grades and marks that they have hardly had time to savor the life and grow as well-rounded people.第53頁For yearsUntil recentlyhad beenwasseenviewedregard