2022年考研考博-考博英語-華東政法大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號31

住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語-華東政法大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實(shí)際調(diào)整大?。╊}型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

I___tocallonyou,butwaspreventedfromdoingso.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.meant

B.hasmeant

C.wasmeaning

D.hadmeant

【答案】D

【解析】考查時態(tài)。根據(jù)but之后的動詞waspreventedfrom為過去時態(tài)，而meantocallonyou發(fā)生waspreventedfrom之前，過去的過去，則時態(tài)為過去完成時。在句意：我本想拜訪你，但被阻止了。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

2.單選題

Ⅷ.(ForensicAppraisal)

ForensicevidencehasplayedaroleinmanyCanadianwrongfulconvictions.In2007,theSupremeCourtheldina4:3decisionthatpost-hypnosis(催眠后)identificationsshouldnotbeadmittedbecauseoftheirunknownreliabilityandtheriskofwrongfulconvictions.ThisdecisionpresentsapotentialforCanadiancourtstoplacestricterreliability-basedrestrictionsontheadmissibilityofexpertevidenceincludingunreliableforensicevidenceofferedbythestate.Atthesametime,variousinquirieshavemademanyimportantrecommendationsaboutreformingthepracticeoftheforensicsciences.Manyoftheserecommendationshavebeenimplemented,thoughthetendencyhasbeentodosoonadiscipline-by-disciplineandjurisdiction-by-jurisdictionbasis.

AnumberofwrongfulconvictionsinCanadahavebeencausedbyfaultyforensicevidence.Therearetwomainwaystorespondtosuchdangers.Oneisbyreformingtheproductionofthestate’sforensicevidence.Theotherisforthecourtstoplacereliabilitybasedrestrictionsontheadmissibilityorcontentofforensicevidenceofferedbythestate.TheCommissionofInquiryintoProceedingsAgainstGuyPaulMorininits1998reportfoundthatOntario’sForensicCentreforForensicSciencehadmadenumerousmistakesintheproductionofhairandfibreevidencethatpurportedtolinkMr.MorintothemurderbeforehisDNAexoneration.ThisinquiryheardtestimonythatCrownprosecutorshadassumedthattheCentrewasinfallibledespitefindingproblemsincontaminationofevidenceandthemisuseofpublishedresearch.ManyreformswereintroducedatthatcentralcrimelaboratoryinOntariointhewakeofthehighlypublicizedinquiry.Adecadelater,asimilarinquirywasheldintheneighbouringprovinceofManitobawhenhaircomparisonevidencewasagainrefutedbyDNAtesting.TheManitobainquiryheardthattheRoyalCanadianMountedPolicelabshadstoppedconductinghaircomparisonevidenceinlightofmoreadvancedDNAtesting,butstoppedshortofrecommendingthatsuchhaircomparisonevidencebeinadmissible.Italsodidnotrecommendthatthecrimelaboratoriesbeseparatedfromthepolice.Finally,itsuggestedthatitdidnothavejurisdictiontoorderanationalauditofcasesthatreliedonhaircomparisonevidence,eventhoughtheprovinceofManitobahadconductedsuchaninquiry.

ManyofthesamethemesfoundintheMorininquirywhichfocusedonhairandfibrecomparisonevidencere-emergedadecadelaterwhentheOntarioCommissionofInquiryintoForensicPediatricPathology(theGoudgeInquiry)recommendedsimilarreformstothepracticeofforensicpathology.

79.AftertheSupremeCourtdecisionin2007,theadmissibilityofforensicevidencebecame___.

80.WhichofthefollowingisNOTthewaytorespondtothedangersofwrongfulconviction?

81.OnefindingincommonintheinquiryoftheprovincesofOntarioandManitobaisthat___.

82.Theunderlinedword“theme”canbereplacedbythefollowingwordinthecontext___.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.stricter

B.morereliable

C.morereliabilitybased

D.moreexpertise

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Haircomparisonevidenceisinadmissible.

B.Thestate’sforensicevidenceproductionshouldbereformed.

C.Variousinquiriesshouldbeearnedouttomakerecommendationsaboutreformingthepracticeoftheforensicsciences.

D.Thecourtsshouldimposereliabilitybasedrestrictionsontheadmissibilityorcontentofforensicevidenceofferedbythestate.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.theforensiccentersmadenumerousmistakesintheproductionofhairandfibreevidence

B.theevidencehadbeencontaminated

C.thetwoprovincesareconductedhaircomparison

D.thehaircomparisonevidencedoesnotmatchtheDNAevidence

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.subject

B.subjectmatter

C.topic

D.issue

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:B

【解析】79.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第一段ThisdecisionpresentsapotentialforCanadiancourtstoplacestricterreliability-basedrestrictionsontheadmissibilityofexpertevidenceincludingunreliableforensicevidenceofferedbythestate.（這一決定意味著加拿大法院有可能對專家證據(jù)的可采性，包括國家提供的不可靠的法醫(yī)證據(jù)，施加更嚴(yán)格的基于可靠性的限制）可知，法庭證據(jù)的可采性會基于更多的可靠性而不是使得法院證據(jù)的可采性變得更可靠，選C選項(xiàng)“基于更多的可靠性”，同時可知B選項(xiàng)“更可靠”錯誤；A選項(xiàng)“嚴(yán)格”以及D選項(xiàng)“更多的專業(yè)知識”和原文不符。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

80.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文根據(jù)第二段TheManitobainquiryheardthattheRoyalCanadianMountedPolicelabshadstoppedconductinghaircomparisonevidenceinlightofmoreadvancedDNAtesting,butstoppedshortofrecommendingthatsuchhaircomparisonevidencebeinadmissible.（曼尼托巴省的調(diào)查人員聽說，由于更先進(jìn)的DNA測試，加拿大皇家騎警實(shí)驗(yàn)室已經(jīng)停止了毛發(fā)比較證據(jù)的研究，但并沒有建議不采納這種毛發(fā)比較證據(jù)）可知A選項(xiàng)“毛發(fā)比較證據(jù)不被采納”不符合原文，不是應(yīng)對錯誤定罪危險的方法；第二段Therearetwomainwaystorespondtosuchdangers.Oneisbyreformingtheproductionofthestate’sforensicevidence.Theotherisforthecourtstoplacereliabilitybasedrestrictionsontheadmissibilityorcontentofforensicevidenceofferedbythestate.（應(yīng)對這些危險主要有兩種方法。一是改革國家法醫(yī)證據(jù)的制作。另一種是法院對國家提供的法醫(yī)證據(jù)的可采性或內(nèi)容進(jìn)行基于可靠性的限制）可知B選項(xiàng)“國家的法醫(yī)證據(jù)制作應(yīng)該改革”和D選項(xiàng)“法院應(yīng)該對國家提供的法醫(yī)證據(jù)的可采性或內(nèi)容施加基于可靠性的限制”符合原文；根據(jù)第三段whentheOntarioCommissionofInquiryintoForensicPediatricPathology(theGoudgeInquiry)recommendedsimilarreformstothepracticeofforensicpathology.（當(dāng)安大略兒童法醫(yī)病理學(xué)調(diào)查委員會建議對法醫(yī)病理學(xué)的實(shí)踐進(jìn)行類似的改革時，這些主題再次出現(xiàn)）可知C選項(xiàng)“應(yīng)開展各種調(diào)查，提出改革法醫(yī)學(xué)實(shí)踐的建議”符合原文。因此A選項(xiàng)符合題意。

81.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵字“theprovincesofOntarioandManitoba”定位到原文…foundthatOntario’sForensicCentreforForensicSciencehadmadenumerousmistakesintheproductionofhairandfibreevidencethatpurportedtolinkMr.MorintothemurderbeforehisDNAexoneration.（對蓋伊?保羅?莫林訴訟程序的調(diào)查委員會在其1998年的報告中發(fā)現(xiàn)，安大略省法醫(yī)科學(xué)法醫(yī)中心在提供頭發(fā)和纖維證據(jù)方面犯了許多錯誤，這些證據(jù)據(jù)稱是在莫林先生的DNA免責(zé)之前將他與謀殺案聯(lián)系起來的）以及Adecadelater,asimilarinquirywasheldintheneighbouringprovinceofManitobawhenhaircomparisonevidencewasagainrefutedbyDNAtesting.（十年后，在鄰近的馬尼托巴省進(jìn)行了一次類似的調(diào)查，當(dāng)時頭發(fā)比對的證據(jù)再次被DNA測試所駁倒）可知選D選項(xiàng)“頭發(fā)對比證據(jù)與DNA證據(jù)不匹配”；A選項(xiàng)“法醫(yī)中心在制作頭發(fā)和纖維證據(jù)時犯了許多錯誤”以及C選項(xiàng)“兩省進(jìn)行頭發(fā)比較”并不是共同的發(fā)現(xiàn)；B選項(xiàng)“證據(jù)被污染了”和原文不符。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

82.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】詞義推測題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵字定位到原文最后一段ManyofthesamethemesfoundintheMorininquirywhichfocusedonhairandfibrecomparisonevidencere-emergedadecadelaterwhentheOntarioCommissionofInquiryintoForensicPediatricPathology(theGoudgeInquiry)recommendedsimilarreformstothepracticeofforensicpathology.（10年后，安大略省兒科法醫(yī)病理學(xué)調(diào)查委員會(Goudgeinquiry)建議對法醫(yī)病理學(xué)的實(shí)踐進(jìn)行類似的改革，Morin調(diào)查聚焦于頭發(fā)和纖維的比較證據(jù)，許多同樣的主題再次出現(xiàn)。）可知本句中themes表示“主題”，多指文學(xué)、藝術(shù)作品的主題，或論文、演說的主題，原文中指對在頭發(fā)和纖維的比較證據(jù)這方面研究/討論所出現(xiàn)的主題；四個選項(xiàng)都有“主題”的含義，A選項(xiàng)subject指書籍、文章、演講、討論等中所隱含的、暗示的，需要由讀者或聽眾推斷的主題或中心話題；B選項(xiàng)subjectmatter指供討論、思考或研究時考慮的東西；C選項(xiàng)topic可指文章、講話的題目，談話的內(nèi)容，又可指提綱中的標(biāo)題甚至段落的主題或中心思想，普通用詞，含義廣泛，但其范疇小于subject；D選項(xiàng)issue指有爭論、議論，急需討論研究的熱點(diǎn)話題；本題B選項(xiàng)更符合題意，表示對在頭發(fā)和纖維的比較證據(jù)這方面研究/討論所出現(xiàn)的主題。因此B選項(xiàng)符合題意。

3.單選題

Weweregreatlysurprisedbytheway___thingsweredonehere.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.what

B.inwhich

C.as

D.which

【答案】B

【解析】考查定語從句。本句主語是we，謂語為詞組weresurprisedby，賓語theway；thingsweredonehere屬于完整的句子，根據(jù)句意可知修飾theway；結(jié)合四個選項(xiàng)可知空格處要填入從句關(guān)系詞。判斷出此處考查theway+從句的固定用法：theway后引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系詞有三種：1.that；2.inwhich；3.省略。句意：我們對這里的做法感到非常驚訝。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

4.單選題

Ⅲ.ConstitutionalandAdministrativeLaw

RobertPostnotesthatthreeinterestshavetraditionallybeenadvancedtojustifycampaignfinancereform:equality,anti-distortion,andtheeliminationofcorruption.Eachofthesethreeinterestsisfundamentalwithinasystemofrepresentativegovernment.Eachconstituentisentitledtoequalinfluenceintheselectionofherrepresentative;electionresultsshouldtransparentlyrepresent,withoutdistortion,theviewsofthepeople;andelectedrepresentativesshouldperformtheirappropriateroles,withoutcorruption.

Noneofthesethreeinterests,however,makessensewithinthediscursivedemocracyestablishedandprotectedbyFirstAmendmentrights.Indiscursivedemocracy,asdistinctfromdirectdemocracy,publicopinionisalwaysevolving;itdoesnotmakedecisionswithrespecttowhichcitizenscanexerciseanequalinfluence.Indiscursivedemocracy,publicopinionisneverrepresented,sothatthereisnobaselinefromwhichdistortionscanbemeasured.Andthestate’sinterestinpreservingtherolemoralityofrepresentativesfromcorruptioncanatmostcountasaconstitutionalinteresttobeweighedagainstFirstAmendmentinterestsinpreservingtheintegrityofself-governmentthroughdiscursivedemocracy.ItisnowonderthattheconstitutionaljurisprudenceofcampaignfinancereformhasbeenamuddlesincethedaysofBuckleyv.Valeo.

CitizensUnitedconcludesthatneitherequality,nordistortion,noreliminatingcorruption,cancountasconstitutionallycompellinginterestscapableofjustifyinglegislationprohibitingcorporationsfrommakingindependentcampaignexpendituresdirectlyfromtheircorporatetreasuries.Butinleapingtothisconclusion,CitizensUnitedfailstoengageinasufficientlydeepanalysisofrelevantFirstAmendmentrights.FirstAmendmentrightsprotectfreedomofspeechinordertopreservethepossibilityofself-government.TheFirstAmendmentassumesthatpersonsshouldbefreetoinfluencethecontentofpublicopinionandthatthegovernmentwillberesponsivetopublicopinion.Weassumethatelectionswillensurethatgovernmentisresponsivetopublicopinion.Ifelectionsdonotselectforrepresentativeswhoareattentivetopublicopinion,however,thelinkbetweenFirstAmendmentrightsandthevalueofself-governmentwilldisappear.Ifwedenominatethecapacityofelectionstoselectrepresentativeswhoareresponsivetopublicopinionaselectoralintegrity,legislationaimingtopreserveelectoralintegrityservesacompellingconstitutionalinterestforpurposesofFirstAmendmentanalysis.CitizensUnitedfailedtoaskwhetherthecampaignfinancelegislationitwasconsideringservedthepurposeofmaintainingelectoralintegrity.

1.WhichofthefollowingisNOTaninteresttojustifycampaignfinancereform,accordingtoRobotPost?

2.Whatisthemajordifferencebetweendiscursivedemocracyanddirectdemocracy?

3.WhatcausesthelinkbetweenFirstAmendmentrightsandthevalueofself-governmenttodisappear?

4.WhatwasthemajorfailureofCitizensUnitedaccordingtotheauthor?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Eachpersonhasanequalopportunitytoberepresented.

B.Theelectionresultshouldbepublished.

C.People’sviewshouldbepresentedwithoutalteration.

D.Theelectedrepresentativesshouldperformtheirroleswith“cleanhands”.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Peopledonotvotedirectly.

B.Itdoesnotmatterwhetherarepresentativecorrupts.

C.Thereisnobenchmarktomeasurewhetherpublicopinionisdistorted.

D.TheFirstAmendmentinterestsaremoreimportant.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Whenelectionsdonotselectforrepresentativeswhoareattentivetopublicopinion.

B.Agovernmentisresponsivetopublicopinion.

C.Legislationprohibitscorporationsfrommakingindependentcampaignexpendituresdirectlyfromtheircorporatetreasuries.

D.Whenpersonsarefreetoinfluencethecontentofpublicopinion.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Itsconclusionthatnoneofthethreeinterestsjustifiesthelegislationprohibitingcorporationsfrommakingindependentcampaignexpenditures.

B.ItmadenoanalysisofrelevantFirstAmendmentrights.

C.Itdidnotaskwhetherthecampaignfinancelegislationwascorrect.

D.Itjumpedtoitsconclusionwithoutanalyzingthelegislativepurpose.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:A

第4題:B

【解析】1.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第一段Eachconstituentisentitledtoequalinfluenceintheselectionofherrepresentative;electionresultsshouldtransparentlyrepresent,withoutdistortion,theviewsofthepeople;andelectedrepresentativesshouldperformtheirappropriateroles,withoutcorruption.（每一位選民有權(quán)在選舉其代表方面具有同等的影響力；選舉結(jié)果應(yīng)透明、不扭曲人民的意見；選舉產(chǎn)生的代表應(yīng)該發(fā)揮適當(dāng)?shù)淖饔茫荒苡懈瘮。┛芍狝選項(xiàng)“每個人都有平等的機(jī)會被代表”，B選項(xiàng)“選舉結(jié)果應(yīng)該公布”，C選項(xiàng)“人們的觀點(diǎn)應(yīng)該不加改變地提出”原文都有提及；D選項(xiàng)“當(dāng)選的代表應(yīng)該以‘清白的雙手’履行他們的職責(zé)”原文未涉及。因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

2.推理判斷題。定位到原文第二段Indiscursivedemocracy,asdistinctfromdirectdemocracy,publicopinionisalwaysevolving;itdoesnotmakedecisionswithrespecttowhichcitizenscanexerciseanequalinfluence.（在話語民主中，與直接民主不同，輿論總是在演變；它沒有做出公民可以對其施加平等影響的決定）以及對比第一段Eachconstituentisentitledtoequalinfluenceintheselectionofherrepresentative;electionresultsshouldtransparentlyrepresent,withoutdistortion,theviewsofthepeople;andelectedrepresentativesshouldperformtheirappropriateroles,withoutcorruption.（每一位選民有權(quán)在選舉其代表方面具有同等的影響力；選舉結(jié)果應(yīng)透明、不扭曲人民的意見；選舉產(chǎn)生的代表應(yīng)該發(fā)揮適當(dāng)?shù)淖饔茫荒苡懈瘮。┛芍窨梢詫ζ涫┘悠降扔绊懸馕吨衲軌蛑苯油镀?，以及這兩者之間的區(qū)別在于是否直接投票，選A選項(xiàng)“人們不直接投票”；根據(jù)第二段Indiscursivedemocracy,publicopinionisneverrepresented,sothatthereisnobaselinefromwhichdistortionscanbemeasured.（在話語民主中，公眾輿論從來沒有代表性，因此沒有衡量扭曲的基準(zhǔn)）可知先是公眾輿論從來沒有代表性，導(dǎo)致沒有衡量扭曲的基準(zhǔn)，公眾輿論從來沒有代表性是主要原因，C選項(xiàng)“沒有基準(zhǔn)來衡量民意是否被扭曲”邏輯關(guān)系錯誤；根據(jù)原文Andthestate’sinterestinpreservingtherolemoralityofrepresentativesfromcorruptioncanatmostcountasaconstitutionalinteresttobeweighedagainstFirstAmendmentinterestsinpreservingtheintegrityofself-governmentthroughdiscursivedemocracy.（而國家保護(hù)代表角色道德不受腐敗侵害的利益最多可以算作憲法利益，與第一修正案通過話語民主保護(hù)自治完整性的利益相權(quán)衡）可知B選項(xiàng)“代表是否腐敗并不重要”，C選項(xiàng)“第一修正案的利益更重要”和原文相悖。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

3.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文最后一段Ifelectionsdonotselectforrepresentativeswhoareattentivetopublicopinion,however,thelinkbetweenFirstAmendmentrightsandthevalueofself-governmentwilldisappear.（然而，如果選舉不選出關(guān)注公眾意見的代表，那么第一修正案的權(quán)利和自治價值之間的聯(lián)系就會消失）可知選A選項(xiàng)“當(dāng)選舉不選擇關(guān)注公眾意見的代表時”；根據(jù)最后一段TheFirstAmendmentassumesthatpersonsshouldbefreetoinfluencethecontentofpublicopinionandthatthegovernmentwillberesponsivetopublicopinion.Weassumethatelectionswillensurethatgovernmentisresponsivetopublicopinion.（《第一修正案》假定，個人應(yīng)自由影響公眾輿論的內(nèi)容，政府將對公眾輿論做出反應(yīng)。我們認(rèn)為，選舉將確保政府對公眾輿論做出反應(yīng)。）可知B選項(xiàng)“政府對公眾輿論做出反應(yīng)”和D選項(xiàng)“當(dāng)人們可以自由地影響公眾輿論的內(nèi)容時”能確?！兜谝恍拚浮窓?quán)利和自治價值之間的聯(lián)系；定位到最后一段開頭CitizensUnitedconcludesthatneitherequality,nordistortion,noreliminatingcorruption,cancountasconstitutionallycompellinginterestscapableofjustifyinglegislationprohibitingcorporationsfrommakingindependentcampaignexpendituresdirectlyfromtheircorporatetreasuries.（“聯(lián)合公民”得出的結(jié)論是，無論是平等、扭曲還是消除腐敗，都不能被視為具有憲法強(qiáng)制性的利益，足以證明立法禁止公司從其公司財務(wù)中直接進(jìn)行獨(dú)立競選支出是正當(dāng)?shù)模┛芍狢選項(xiàng)“立法禁止公司直接從他們的公司財務(wù)中進(jìn)行獨(dú)立的競選支出”不符合題意。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

4.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文最后一段Butinleapingtothisconclusion,CitizensUnitedfailstoengageinasufficientlydeepanalysisofrelevantFirstAmendmentrights.（但是，“聯(lián)合公民”在得出這一結(jié)論時，未能對《第一修正案》的相關(guān)權(quán)利進(jìn)行足夠深入的分析）可知選B選項(xiàng)“它沒有分析相關(guān)的第一修正案權(quán)利”，同時可知D選項(xiàng)“它沒有分析立法目的就妄下結(jié)論”過度推斷，干擾項(xiàng)；根據(jù)最后一段最后一句CitizensUnitedfailedtoaskwhetherthecampaignfinancelegislationitwasconsideringservedthepurposeofmaintainingelectoralintegrity.（“聯(lián)合公民”沒有詢問它正在考慮的競選資金立法是否有助于維持選舉的完整性）可知C選項(xiàng)“它沒有問競選財務(wù)法案是否正確”錯誤，是否正確和是否有助于維持選舉的完整性是有區(qū)別的；CitizensUnitedconcludesthatneitherequality,nordistortion,noreliminatingcorruption,cancountasconstitutionallycompellinginterestscapableofjustifyinglegislationprohibitingcorporationsfrommakingindependentcampaignexpendituresdirectlyfromtheircorporatetreasuries.（“聯(lián)合公民”得出的結(jié)論是，無論是平等、扭曲還是消除腐敗，都不能被視為具有憲法強(qiáng)制性的利益，足以證明立法禁止公司從其公司財務(wù)中直接進(jìn)行獨(dú)立競選支出是正當(dāng)?shù)模┛芍狝選項(xiàng)“它的結(jié)論是，這三種利益中沒有一種能證明禁止公司進(jìn)行獨(dú)立競選支出的立法是正當(dāng)?shù)摹焙驮南嚆?。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

5.單選題

V.CivilandCommercialLaw

Theabsenceofprivityofcontractprecludedapersonfromrecoveringagainstanegligentactorwhocausedthatpersonharm,whereverthenegligentactconstitutedabreachofcontractwithsomeoneelse.TheHouseofLordsinDonoghuev.Stevensonruledthatmanufacturersdidoweadutyofcaretotheultimateconsumernottocreaterisksofharmthroughthemanufacturingprocess.InreachingthisconclusiontheCourtexaminedthespecifickindsofdutieswhichthelawhadimposedinavarietyofsituationsandderivedtherefromageneralprincipleforthelawofnegligence.

InthewordsofLordAtkin:AtpresentIcontentmyselfwithpointingoutthatinEnglishlawtheremustbe,andis,somegeneralconceptionofrelationsgivingrisetoadutyofcare,ofwhichtheparticularcasesfoundinthebooksarebutinstances.Theliabilityfornegligence,whetheryoustyleitsuchortreatitasinothersystemsasaspeciesof“culpa”,isnodoubtbaseduponageneralpublicsentimentofmoralwrongdoingforwhichtheoffendermustpay.Butactsoromissionswhichanymoralcodewouldcensurecannotinapracticalworldbetreatedsoastogivearighttoeverypersoninjuredbythemtodemandrelief.Inthiswayrulesoflawarisewhichlimittherangeofcomplainantsandtheextentoftheirremedy.Therulethatyouaretoloveyourneighborbecomesinlaw,youmustnotinjureyourneighbor;andthelawyer’squestion,whoismyneighbor?receivesarestrictedreply.Youmusttakereasonablecaretoavoidactsoromissionswhichyoucanreasonablyforeseewouldbelikelytoinjureyourneighbor.Who,then,inlawismyneighbor?TheanswerseemstobepersonswhoaresocloselyanddirectlyaffectedbymyactthatIoughtreasonablytohavethemincontemplationasbeingsoaffectedwhenIamdirectingmymindtotheactsoromissionswhicharecalledinquestion.TheunderlyingstructureofthereasoningofLordAtkin’sjudgmentmaybestatedasfollows:(1)Thereareasetofcaseswherecourtshavefoundliabilityforfailingtotakecare.(2)Inthesecasesthecourtsestablishedastandardofcare.(3)Inthesesituationswecaninferfromthefactthatthelawimposesaduty(standardofcare)totakecare.Thelawofnegligenceextendstothiskindofactivity.

1.Accordingtothefirstsentence,apersoninjuredmaynotbeabletorecoveragainstanegligentactorwhocausedtheharmbecause___.

2.LordAtkinthinksthat___.

3.Inthesenseoftortlaw,aneighborisonewho___.

4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTareasoningforthelawofnegligence___.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.therelacksarelationofcontractbetweenthetwo

B.theydonotknoweachother

C.theactorisnegligent

D.manufacturersdonotoweadutyofcaretotheultimateconsumer

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Englishlawdoesnothaveageneralconceptionofdutyofcare

B.theliabilityfornegligenceshouldbestyledasaspeciesof“culpa”

C.theliabilityfornegligenceisbaseduponapublicunderstandingthatoffendersmustpayfortheirwrongdoing

D.everypersoninjuredshouldbegivenarighttodemandrelief

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.livesnextdoortoyou

B.youoweadutyofcare

C.shouldbetakengoodcareof

D.hasfriendlyrelationshipwithyou

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Thereisadutytotakecareimposedbylaw

B.Thedoerfailedtotakecare

C.Thefailurecauseddamagesorinjurytoothers

D.Thedoerhasforeseentheresult

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:D

【解析】1.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第一段第一句Theabsenceofprivityofcontractprecludedapersonfromrecoveringagainstanegligentactorwhocausedthatpersonharm,whereverthenegligentactconstitutedabreachofcontractwithsomeoneelse.（合同相對性的缺失使一個人無法對給自己造成傷害的過失行為人獲得賠償，無論該過失行為是否構(gòu)成了對他人的違約）可知選A選項(xiàng)“兩者之間缺乏契約關(guān)系”；B選項(xiàng)“他們彼此不認(rèn)識”，C選項(xiàng)“行為人疏忽”第一段未提及；根據(jù)第一段第二句TheHouseofLordsinDonoghuev.Stevensonruledthatmanufacturersdidoweadutyofcaretotheultimateconsumernottocreaterisksofharmthroughthemanufacturingprocess.（英國上議院在Donoghuev.Stevenson案中裁定，制造商確實(shí)對最終消費(fèi)者負(fù)有注意義務(wù)，不應(yīng)在制造過程中造成傷害風(fēng)險）可知D選項(xiàng)“制造商對最終消費(fèi)者不負(fù)有注意義務(wù)”和原文相悖。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

2.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第二段Theliabilityfornegligence,whetheryoustyleitsuchortreatitasinothersystemsasaspeciesof“culpa”,isnodoubtbaseduponageneralpublicsentimentofmoralwrongdoingforwhichtheoffendermustpay.（過失責(zé)任，無論你將其視為“罪犯”的一種，或?qū)⑵湟暈槠渌贫戎械囊环N，無疑是基于公眾普遍的道德錯誤情緒，而犯罪者必須為此付出代價）可知C選項(xiàng)“過失責(zé)任的基礎(chǔ)是公眾認(rèn)識到違法者必須為他們的過錯付出代價”正確；根據(jù)第二段開頭InthewordsofLordAtkin:AtpresentIcontentmyselfwithpointingoutthatinEnglishlawtheremustbe,andis,somegeneralconceptionofrelationsgivingrisetoadutyofcare,ofwhichtheparticularcasesfoundinthebooksarebutinstances.（用阿特金勛爵的話說：目前我滿足于指出，在英國法律中，必須而且是一些關(guān)系的一般概念，產(chǎn)生了一種謹(jǐn)慎的義務(wù)，書中所發(fā)現(xiàn)的特殊情況只是實(shí)例）可知A選項(xiàng)“英國法沒有注意義務(wù)的一般概念”和原文相悖；B選項(xiàng)“過失責(zé)任應(yīng)該被定義為一種‘過失’”原文沒有直接說明；第二段Butactsoromissionswhichanymoralcodewouldcensurecannotinapracticalworldbetreatedsoastogivearighttoeverypersoninjuredbythemtodemandrelief.（但是，在現(xiàn)實(shí)世界中，任何道德準(zhǔn)則都不會責(zé)難的作為或不作為都不能被視為給予每一個受其傷害的人要求救濟(jì)的權(quán)利）可知D選項(xiàng)“每個受傷的人都應(yīng)該被賦予要求救濟(jì)的權(quán)利”不符合原文。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第二段Who,then,inlawismyneighbor?TheanswerseemstobepersonswhoaresocloselyanddirectlyaffectedbymyactthatIoughtreasonablytohavethemincontemplationasbeingsoaffectedwhenIamdirectingmymindtotheactsoromissionswhicharecalledinquestion.（這樣，誰是我的鄰舍呢？答案似乎是——那些受到我的行為密切而直接影響的人，當(dāng)我將我的思想導(dǎo)向被質(zhì)疑的作為或不作為時，我應(yīng)該合理地考慮他們是如何受到影響的）可知在侵權(quán)法的意義上，鄰居是會受到“我”行為密切影響的人，“我”需要考慮他們是如何受到影響，選B選項(xiàng)“你應(yīng)負(fù)注意義務(wù)”；A選項(xiàng)“住在你隔壁”，D選項(xiàng)“與你有友好的關(guān)系”原文未提及；原文只是說“我”的行為會密切和直接影響鄰居，沒有要求必須好好照顧?quán)従樱珻選項(xiàng)“應(yīng)該被好好照顧”錯誤。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

4.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第二段末TheunderlyingstructureofthereasoningofLordAtkin’sjudgmentmaybestatedasfollows:(1)Thereareasetofcaseswherecourtshavefoundliabilityforfailingtotakecare.(2)Inthesecasesthecourtsestablishedastandardofcare.(3)Inthesesituationswecaninferfromthefactthatthelawimposesaduty(standardofcare)totakecare.Thelawofnegligenceextendstothiskindofactivity.（阿特金勛爵的判決推理的基本結(jié)構(gòu)可以說如下：（1）在一系列案件中，法院發(fā)現(xiàn)了因疏忽而應(yīng)承擔(dān)的責(zé)任。（2）在這些案件中，法院確立了謹(jǐn)慎的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。（3）在這些情況下，我們可以從法律規(guī)定的注意義務(wù)（注意標(biāo)準(zhǔn)）中推斷出來。過失法也適用于這種行為）可知A選項(xiàng)“法律規(guī)定有謹(jǐn)慎的義務(wù)”，B選項(xiàng)“行事者沒有注意”符合原文，同時可知D選項(xiàng)“行為者已經(jīng)預(yù)見了結(jié)果”和原文相悖，原文明確提出在一系列案件中，法院發(fā)現(xiàn)了因疏忽而應(yīng)承擔(dān)的責(zé)任；根據(jù)第一段TheHouseofLordsinDonoghuev.Stevensonruledthatmanufacturersdidoweadutyofcaretotheultimateconsumernottocreaterisksofharmthroughthemanufacturingprocess.（英國上議院在Donoghuev.Stevenson案中裁定，制造商確實(shí)對最終消費(fèi)者負(fù)有注意義務(wù)，不應(yīng)在制造過程中造成傷害風(fēng)險）可知造成傷害風(fēng)險的話是需要承擔(dān)義務(wù)，則為C選項(xiàng)“該故障對他人造成損害或傷害”也屬于過失法的理由。因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

6.單選題

Theyhadtheattemptto___Andersontothepresidency.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.evolve

B.elevate

C.evoke

D.evince

【答案】B

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)evolve“發(fā)展；進(jìn)化；使逐步形成；推斷出”；B選項(xiàng)elevate“提升；舉起；振奮情緒等；提升……的職位”；C選項(xiàng)evoke“引起，喚起；博得”；D選項(xiàng)evince“表明，表示”。句意：他們試圖___安德森當(dāng)上總統(tǒng)。本句表示“試圖提升安德森當(dāng)總統(tǒng)”。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

7.單選題

Itisstrictly___thataccesstoconfidentialdocumentsisdeniedtoallbutafew.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.secured

B.forbidden

C.regulated

D.determined

【答案】C

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)secured“固定，系牢；鎖上；保護(hù)，使安全；（經(jīng)過努力）獲得；做擔(dān)?！保籅選項(xiàng)forbidden“禁止；妨礙；不準(zhǔn)（某人）做某事；禁止……進(jìn)入；阻止”；C選項(xiàng)regulated“調(diào)節(jié)；規(guī)定；控制；校準(zhǔn)；有系統(tǒng)地管理”；D選項(xiàng)determined“（使）下決心，（使）做出決定”。句意：嚴(yán)格___，除少數(shù)人外，所有人不得接觸機(jī)密文件。本句表達(dá)“嚴(yán)格規(guī)定”，因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

8.單選題

He___athiswatchbeforehelefttheoffice.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.glanced

B.glimpsed

C.glared

D.scribbled

【答案】A

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)glanced“瞥閃，瞥見，掃視，匆匆一看（強(qiáng)調(diào)主動的加以注意瞥了一眼）；瀏覽；斜擊某物后斜彈開來；反光；輕擦（球）；（板球）斜擊”；B選項(xiàng)glimpsed“瞥見（強(qiáng)調(diào)被動的，比如某個東西在眼前閃了一下，不是主動去看）”；C選項(xiàng)glared“怒目而視，瞪眼看；發(fā)出刺眼的光”；D選項(xiàng)scribbled“亂畫；潦草地書寫；寫作（非正式）；粗疏（羊毛）”。句意：他離開辦公室前___手表。本句表達(dá)“主動地瞥了一眼手表”。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

9.單選題

VI.(Jurisprudence)

AmericanLegalRealismwasthemostimportantindigenousjurisprudentialmovementintheUnitedStatesduringthe20th-century,havingaprofoundimpactnotonlyonAmericanlegaleducationandscholarship,butalsoonlawreformandlawyering.UnlikeitsScandinaviancousin,AmericanLegalRealismwasnotprimarilyanextensiontolawofsubstantivephilosophicaldoctrinesfromsemanticsandepistemology.TheRealistswerelawyers(plusafewsocialscientists),notphilosophers,andtheirmotivationswere,accordingly,different.Aslawyers,theywerereachingagainstthedominant“mechanicaljurisprudence”or“formalism”oftheirday.“Formalism”inthesensepertinenthere,heldthatjudgesdecidecasesonthebasisofdistinctivelylegalrulesandreasons,whichjustifyauniqueresultinmostcases(perhapseverycase).TheRealistsargued,instead,thatcarefulempiricalconsiderationofhowcourtsreallydecidecasesrevealsthattheydecidenotprimarilybecauseoflaw,butbased(roughlyspeaking)ontheirsenseofwhatwouldbeonthefactsofthecase.Legalrulesandreasonsfiguresimplyaspost-hocrationalizationsfordecisionsreachedonthebasisofnon-legalconsiderations.BecausetheRealistsnevermadeexplicittheirphilosophicalpresuppositionsaboutthenatureoflawortheirconceptionoflegaltheory,oneoftheimportantjurisprudentialtasksforRealiststodayisaphilosophicalreconstructionanddefenseoftheseviews,especiallyagainstthecriticismsoflegalphilosophers,notablyH.L.A.Hart.

ButRealismalsoborethemarksofanintellectualculturewhichitdidsharewithitsScandinaviancousin.Thisculture—thedominantoneintheWesternworldfromthemid-19thcenturythroughatleastthemiddleofthelastcentury—wasdeeply“positivistic”,inthesensethatitviewsnaturalscienceastheparadigmofallgenuineknowledge,andthoughtallotherdisciplines(fromsocialsciencetolegalstudy)shouldemulatethemethodsofnaturalscience.Chiefamongthelatterwasthemethodofempiricaltesting:hypotheseshadtobetestedagainstobservationsoftheworld.ThustheRealistsfrequentlyclaimedthatexistingarticulationsofthe“l(fā)aw”werenot,infact,“confirmed”byactualobservationofwhatthecourtwerereallydoing.AlsoinfluentialonsomeRealistswasbehaviorisminpsychology—JohnWatson’sversion,notthelater,andbetter-known,brandassociatedwithB.F.Skinner—whichwasitselfinthegripsofa“positivistic”conceptionofknowledgeandmethod.

BrianLeiter:AmericanLegalRealism

71.AmericanLegalRealismhadaprofoundimpactontheflowingbut___.

72.Fromthe1stparagraphwecanknowthatScandinavianRealists___.

73.TheAmericanRealistsarguedthat___.

74.WhatistheintellectualculturethatAmericanRealismshareswithitsScandinaviancousin?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Americanlegaleducation

B.Americanlegalscholarship

C.Americanlawreform

D.Americanlawyers

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.werephilosophers

B.wereprimarilyanextensiontolawofsubstantivephilosophicaldoctrines

C.werereachingagainst“mechanicaljurisprudence”

D.heldthatjudgesdecidecasesonthebasisofdistinctivelylegalrulesandreasons

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.courtsdecidecasesnotprimarilybecauseoflaw,butbasedontheirsenseof“fairness”

B.legalrulesandreasonsfiguresimplyasprior-hocrationalizationsfordecisionsreachedonthebasisofnon-legalconsiderations

C.philosophicalreconstructionanddefenseoftheseviewsarenecessary

D.carefulempiricalconsiderationrevealsthatcourtsdecidecasesprimarilybecauseoflaw

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Existingarticulationsofthe“l(fā)aw”werenot“confirmed”byactualobservationofwhatthecourtwerereallydoing.

B.Methodofempiricaltesting.

C.Takingnaturalscienceastheparadigmofallgenuineknowledge.

D.Alldisciplinesshouldalsoemulatethemethodsofnaturalscience.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A