新編跨文化交際英語教程-案例分析(主編：許力生)Word 打印版

新編跨文化交際英語教程——案例分析(主編：許力生)Word打印版新編跨文化交際英語教程——案例分析(主編：許力生)Word打印版新編跨文化交際英語教程——案例分析(主編：許力生)Word打印版新編跨文化交際英語教程——案例分析(主編：許力生)Word打印版編制僅供參考審核批準(zhǔn)生效日期地址：電話：傳真:郵編:Unit1CommunicationAcrossCulturesCase1(Page23)Thiscasetookplacein3cultures.Thereseemedtobeproblemsincommunicatingwithpeopleofdifferentculturesinspiteoftheeffortstoachieveunderstnading.1）InEgyptasinmanycultures,thehumanrelationshipisvaluedsohighlythatitisnotexpressedinanobjectiveandimpersonalway.WhileAmericanscertainlyvaluehumanrelationships,theyaremorelikelytospeakoftheminlesspersonal,moreobjectiveterms.Inthiscase,Richard’smistakemightbethathechosetopraisethefooditselfratherthanthetotalevening,forwhichthefoodwassimplythesettingorexcuse.Forhishostorhostessitwasasifhehadattendedanartexhibitandcomplimentedtheartistbysaying,“Whatbeautifulframesyourpicturesarein!”2）InJapanthesituationmaybemorecomplicated.Japanesepeoplevalueorderandharmonyamongagroup,andthatthegroupisvaluedmorethananyparticularmember.Incontrast,Americansstressindividualityandareapttoassertindividualdifferenceswhentheyseemjustifiablytobeinconflictwiththegoalsorvaluesofthegroup.Inthiscase,Richard’smistakewasmakinggreateffortstodefendhimselfeveniftheerrorisnotintentiona.Asimpleapologyandacceptanceoftheblamewouldhavebeenappropriate3)WhenitcomestoEngland,wexpectfewerproblemsbetweenAmericansandEnglishmenthanbetweenAmericansandalmostanyothergroup.Inthiscasewemightlookbeyondthegestureoftakingsugarorcreamtothevaluessexpressedinthisgesture:forAmericans,“Helpyourself”;fortheEnglishcounterpart,“Bemyguest.”AmericanandEnglishpeopleequallyenjoyentertainingandbeingentertained,buttheydifferinthevalueofthedistinction.Typically,theidealguestatanAmericanpartyisobewho“makeshimselfathome”.FortheEnglishhost,suchguestbehaviorispresumptuousorrude.Case2(Page24)Acommonculturalmisunderstandinginclassesinvolvsconflictsbetweenwhatissaidtobedirectcommunicationstyleandindirectcommunicationstyle.InAmericanculture,peopletendtosaywhatisontheirmindsandmeanwhattheysay.Therefore,studentsinclassareexpectedtoaskquestionswhentheyneedclarification.MexicanculturesharesthispreferenceofstylewithAmericancultureinsomesituations,andthat’swhythestudentsfromMexicoreadilyadoptedthetechniquesofaskingquestionsinclass.However,Koreanpeoplegenerallypreferindirectcommunicationstyle,andthereforetheytendnottosaywhatisontheirmindsandtorelymoreonimplicationsandinference,soastobepoliteandrepectfulandavoidlosingfacethroughanyimproperverbalbehavior.Asismentionedinthecase,tomanyKoreans,numerousquestionswouldshowadisrespectfortheteacher,andwouldalsoreflectthatthestudenthasnotstudiedhardenough.Case3(Page24)Theconflicthereisadifferenceinculturalvaluesandbeliefs.Inthebeginning,Marydidn’trealizethatherDominicansistersawherasamemberofthefamily,literally.IntheDominicanview,familypossessionsaresharedbyeveryoneofthefamily.LuzwasactingasmostDominicansisterswooulddoinborrowingwithoutaskingeverytime.OnceMaryunderstoodthattherewasadifferentwayoflookingatthis,shewouldbecomemoreaccepting.However,shemightstillexperiencefrustrationwhenthishappenedagain.Shehadtofindwaystocopewithherownemotionalculturalreactionaswellasherpracticalproblem(thebatteriesrunningout).Case4(Page25)Itmightbesimplyaquestionofdifferentrhythms.Americanshaveonerhythmintheirpersonalandfamilyrelations,intheirfriendlinessandtheircharities.Peoplefromothercultureshavedifferentrhythms.TheAmericanrhythmisfast.Itischaracterizedbyarapidacceptanceofothers.However,itisseldomthatAmericansengagethemselvesentirelyinafriendship.Theirfriendshiparewarm,butcasualandspecialized.Forexample,youhaveaneighborwhodropsbyinthemorningforcoffee.Youseeherfrequently,butyouneverinviteherfordinnernotbecauseyoudon’tthinkshecouldhandleaforkandaknife,butbecauseyouhaveseenherthatmorning.Therefore,youreserveyourmoreformalinvitationtodinnerforsomeonewholivesinamoredistantpartofthecityandwhomyouwouldnotseeunlessyouextendedaninvitationforaspecialoccasion.Now,ifthefirstfriendmovesawayandthesecondonemovesnearby,youarelikelytoreservethisseethesecondfriendinthemorningsforinformalcoffeemeetings,andinvitethefirstonemoreformallytodinner.Americansare,inotherwords,guidedveryoftenbytheirownconvenience.Theytendtomakefriendsrapidly,andtheydon’tfeellikeitnecessarytogotoagreatamountoftroubletoseefriendsoftenwhenitbecomesinconvenienttodoso,andusuallynooneishurt.Butinsimilarcircumstances,peoplefrommanyothercultureswouldbehurtverydeeply.Unit2CultureandCommunicationTheanalysisofthiscase:(Page38)TheleastthreethingsamongthefollowingTomdidthatwereregardedtobeimpolite:b.Tomopensthegiftassoonasheispresentedwithit.d.Tomdoesnotmakeasecondofferofdrinkswhentheyrefusethefirst.e.TomtalksaboutthecostoflivingintheTomdoesnotaskthemtostaylongerwhentheysaytheymustbeleaving.g.Tomdoesnotgoouttoseethemoff.Case5(Page60)Analysis:TheChineseguideshouldrefusethefirstofferbecauseheisobeyingtheChineserulesforcommunication.WeChinesearemodest,politeandwell-behaved.Maybetheguideiswaitingforasecondorthirdofferofbeer,buthedoesn’tknowthereasonsbehindtheruleinAmericanculturethatyoudonotpushalcoholicbeveragesonanyone.Apersonmaynotdrinkforreligiousreasons,hemaybeareformedalcoholic,orhemaybeallergic.Whateverthereason,youdonotinsistonofferingalcohol.Sotheypolitelynevermadeasecondofferofbeertotheguide.Case6(Page61)Whenaspeakersayssomethingtoahearer,thereareatleastthreekindsofmeaningsinvolved:utterancemeaning,thespeaker’smeaningandthehearer’smeaning.Inthedialogue,whenLitzaskedhowlonghermother-in-lawwasgoingtostay,shemeantthatifsheknewhowlongshewasgoingtosatyinFinland,shewouldbeabletomakeproperarrangementsforher,suchastakingherouttosomesightseeing.However,hermother-in-lawtookLitz’squestiontomean“Litzdoesnotwantmetosatyforlong”.FromtheChinesepointofview,itseemsinappropriateforLitztoasksuchaquestionjusttwodaysafterhermother-in-law’sarrival.Ifshehastoaskthequestion,itwouldbebettertoasksometimelaterandsheshouldnotlethermother-in-lawhearit.Case7(Page62)Analysis:Keikoinsistsongivingvaluablegiftstohercollegefriends,becauseincountrieslikeJapan,exchanginggiftsisastronglyrootedsocialtradition.Shouldyoureceiveagift,anddon’thaveonetoofferinreturn,youwillprobablycreateacrisis.Ifnotasseriousasacrisis,onewhodoesn’tofferagiftinreturnmaybeconsideredrudeorimpolite.Therefore,inJapan,giftsareasymbolicwaytoshowthecare,respect,gratitudeandfurtherfriendship.Keiko’scollegefriendswouldratherroundupsomeofthenecessaryitemsandtheyarewillingtohaveherusethem.Theyreallyexpectednothingfromher.ForinAmerica,peopledonatetheirusedhouseholditemstochurchortothecommunity.TheywouldneverconsidertheseolditemsasgiftstoKeiko.SoKeiko’svaluablegiftshavemadeherAmericanfriendsfeeluncomfortableCase8(Page62)WhentheChinesegirlAmyfellinlovewithanAmericanboyatthattime,itseemsthatshepreferredtocelebrateChritmasintheAmericanway,forshewantedverymuchtoappearthesameasotherAmericangirls.Shedidnotliketoseeherboyfrienddisappointedatthe“shabby”ChineseChristmas.That’swhyshecriedwhenshefoundoutherparentshadinvitedtheminister’sfamilyoverfortheChristmasEvedinner.ShethoughtthemenufortheChritmasmealcreatedbyhermotherastrangeonebecausetherewerenoroastturkeyandsweetpotatoesbutonlyChinesefood.HowcouldshenoticethenthefoodchosenbyhermotherwereallherfavoritesFromthiscase,wecanfindalotofdifferencesbetweentheChineseandWesternculturesinwhatisappropriatefoodforabanquet,whataregoodtablemanners,andhowoneshouldbehavetobehospitable.However,oneshouldneverfeelshamejustbecauseone’scultureisdifferentfromothers’.AsAmy’smothertoldher,youmustbeproudtobedifferent,andyouronlyshameistohaveshame.Unit3CulturalDiversityCase7(Page76)Betweenfriendsthereisinevitablyakindofequalityofgive-and-take.Butindifferentcultures,peopleviewthisdifferently.InChineseculture,friendshipsdevelopslowlybecausetheyarebuilttolast.WeChinesepreferthesaying“Afriendindeedisafriendinneed.”Andweneverrefusetheaskingforhelpfromafriend.Weneverforgetthetimelyhelpbyafriendwhenweareontherocks.ButInAmericanculture,theyviewthisinadifferentway.Oncehelped,theyoffertheirhelponlyonce.That’swhyJacksonsaidthatMr.Zhaowasaskingtoomuch.Intheirview,friendshipsarebasedoncommoninterests.1DifferentLands,DifferentFriendships(P77)FrenchFriendshipsGermanFriendshipsEnglishFriendshipsChineseFriendships(見補(bǔ)充材料）AmericanFriendships(見補(bǔ)充材料）補(bǔ)充案例（AmericanFriendship）Twomothers,CarmenandJudy,aretalkingtoeachotherataparkwhiletheirchildrenareplayingtogetherinthesand.Caemen:Hi,Judy.Judy:Hi,Carmen.HowareyouCarmen:Fine.I’mgladtoseethatourchildrenliketoplaytogether.Judy:Yeah,metoo.Irememberjustamonthagotheyweren’tsharingtheirtoys.Carmen:Nowitlookslikethey’reenjoyingeachother.Judy:Finally!Maybewecouldgettogetherateachother’shousessometime.I’msurethekidswouldenjoythat.Carmen:Sure.That’dbenice.Judy:Well,let’sdoitsoon.Carmen:.(JudyandCarmencontinuetotalkwhiletheirchildrenplay.)CaseAnalysisJudyandCarmenarenotrealfriends.Theydon’twanttogettogether,really.Theyoncemeteachotheramonthago.Americanssometimesmakegeneralinvitationlike“Let’sgettogethersometimes.”O(jiān)ftenthisisjustawaytobefriendly.Itisnotalwaysarealinvitation.Ifthey’dliketosetaspecific(exact)time,thatmeansarealoffer.2FamilyStructure(P83)ChineseFamilyFilipinosFamilyVietnameseFamilyJapaneseFamily(SeeCase9andCase10)LatinAmericanFamilyCase9(Page96)TraditionalJapaneserespecttheireldersandfeeladeepsenseofdutytowardthem.TheeldersintraditionalJapanesefamiliesaretypicallyoverpowered.Sothegrandfatherseemedtobeanabsoluteauthorityfortheyoungchairman.InJapaneseculturechallengingordisagreeingwitheilder’sopinionswouldbedeemedasbeingdisrespectful.Thatiswhytheyoungchairmansaidnothingbutjustnoddedandagreedwithhisgrandfather.AnditresultsintheJapanesecompany’swithdrawalfromthenegotiationsconcerningarelationshipwithPhil’scompanyaweeklater.Case10(Page97)InJapan,acompanyisverymuchlikeabigfamily,inwhichthemanagerwilltakecareoftheemployeesandtheemployeesareexpectedtocevotethemselvestothedevelopmentofthecompanyand,ifitisnecessary,tosacrificetheirowninterestsfortheinterestsofthecompany.ButtotheFrench,acompanyisjustaloosely-knitsocialorganizationwhereinindividualsaresupposedtotakecareofthemselvesandtheirf