免疫刺激劑-PPT幻燈片

天然免疫系統(tǒng)的主要成員補(bǔ)體系統(tǒng)complement溶菌酶lysozyme干擾素interferon，IFN轉(zhuǎn)鐵蛋白transferrin巨噬細(xì)胞macrophage嗜中粒細(xì)胞neutrophils自然殺傷細(xì)胞naturalkillercells適應(yīng)性免疫系統(tǒng)的主要成員B淋巴細(xì)胞與抗體輔助T淋巴細(xì)胞（Thcells)與細(xì)胞因子（cytokines)細(xì)胞毒性T淋巴細(xì)胞（cytotoxicTcells,CTL)PP感染的細(xì)胞PPP激活的補(bǔ)體系統(tǒng)自然殺傷細(xì)胞激活的NK巨噬細(xì)胞激活的MфMACMACC3bC3b免疫刺激劑ImmunostimunantsSyntheticchemicalsLevamisoleFK-565BiologicalsubstancesBacterialderivativesAnimalandplantextracts·HClLevamisoleAnthelminthicdrugInmammals↑metabolicandphagocyticactivitiesofneutrophils↑

numberofphagocytesandleucocytes↑leveloflsozymeinserumInCohosalmonandCarpInjectionoflevamisole

+modifiedFreund’scompleteadjuvantincreasedCohosalmon’sresistancetoA.salmonicida.Injectionoflevamisoleincreasedthephagocyticactivityandmyeloperoxidaseactivityofneutrophils,leucocytenumbersandserumlysozymelevelsincarp.InRainbowtroutInjectionoflevamisole（0.1-0.5mg/kg）↑ResistancetoVibrioanguillarum↑Phagocyticactivityandchemiluminescanceresponsesofleucocytes↑NKcellactivities↑ConcentrationofcomplementNoeffectswithhighdose（5mg/kg）EffectsoflevamisoleonfishSpleencells↑Phagocyticactivity↑NBTreaction↑Numberofantibody-producingcellsHighdoseNostimulationCompletelysuppressOraladministrationoflevamisole↑Leucocytenumbers↑Serumlysozymelevels↑ThestimulatedNBTreductionandphagocyticindexofphagocyticcellsImmersionoflevamisoleCarpin10ug/mlfor24h↑ResistancetoA.hydrophila↑Chemotacticabilityofphagocytes↑PhagocyticactivityandchemiluminescenceRainbowtroutin5ug/mlfor30min↑Phagocyticactivityandindex↑Specificantibodytiters2minlaterinA.salmonicidaO-antigenbacterinFK-565FK-156Lactoyltetrapeptide,isolatedfromculturesofStreptomycesolivaceogriseus,isactiveagainstmicrobialinfectioninmice.FK-565isthesyntheticderivativeofFK-156.Heptanoyl-y-D-glutamyl-(L)-meso-diaminopimelyl-(D)-alanine，庚酮-谷氨酸-內(nèi)消旋-二氨基庚二基-丙氨酸FK-565inRainbowtroutInjectionofFK-565↑ResistancetoA.salmonicida↑ActivationofphagocyticcellsInjectionofFK-565withY.ruckeriO-antigenorA.salmonicidaO-antigen↑Numberofsplenicantibody-producingcells↑SpecificantibodytitersPolysaccharidesβ-glucanChitinChitosanOligosaccharideLentinanSchizophyllanBeta-1,3-DglucanZymosan酵母聚糖Thenudecellwallofsaccharomycescerevisiae

1940'sDr.PillemerLouisAnti-tumoreffectinmouse

Proteins,lipidsandotherimpuritiesToxityandside-effectsZymocellPurifiedβ-1,3-DglucanAnti-diabetesAnti-high-lipidsAnti-infectionafterhighriskoperationIncreaseofmarrowandwhitebloodcellsafterlethalradiationpurity85%orhigherslightlybeigeveryfineparticulatefreefromproteinsandlipidsβ-Glucan

genuineMechanismofUptakeParticulatesof2umindiametercouldbeeasilyengulfedbymacrophages.BetaGlucanEnhances

FourKeysImmuneResponsesProductionofwhitebloodcellsthatdestroypathogens.CellularmobilizationWBCtothesiteofaforeignchallenge.Phagocyticcapacityortheabilitytoengulfnon-selfcells.Productionofreactiveoxygenintermediatesandotheragentsthatkilltheforeigners.BetaGlucanStimulates

Post-RadiationHematopoieticRecoveryinMiceBetaGlucanStimulates

Post-RadiationHematopoieticRecoveryinMice

β-1,3-DglucanIncreasesPhagocyticCapacityofHumanInnateImmuneCells多糖的分子量8kDa500kDa多糖的分枝度分支度在0.2～0.33抗腫瘤的效果最佳。BetaGlucaninaquaculture與體液因子及免疫細(xì)胞的特異受體結(jié)合15-30mg/kg體重或0.5-1g/kg飼料Infish促進(jìn)MФ向病灶轉(zhuǎn)移，ROS，抗病毒、抗應(yīng)激顯著提高疫苗效價(jià)InshellfishPO（酚氧化酶原系統(tǒng)）activity通過(guò)多種途徑參與機(jī)體的防御反應(yīng)附：蝦蟹貝類(lèi)的免疫系統(tǒng)Hemocytesprophenoloxidase

→phenoloxidase,PO→氧化酪氨酸、二羥基苯丙氨酸等→生成苯醌中間產(chǎn)物→最終生成黑色素OysterhemocytePeptidoglycan&LipopolysaccharidePeptidoglycanMechanismsof

PeptidoglycanInvertebratesActivateT&BlymphocytesActivatephagocytesActivatecompletesystem通過(guò)血小板溶解釋放多種藥理活性物質(zhì)誘發(fā)抗體的產(chǎn)生和補(bǔ)體的生成EffectsofPeptidoglycaninaquaculture混飼（6-60mg/kg體重或0.2-2g/kg飼料）降低條件致病菌感染引起的死亡率，預(yù)防病毒感染，防御寄生蟲(chóng)侵襲。與抗生素合用具有協(xié)同作用。作為疫苗的佐劑增強(qiáng)抗原細(xì)胞的信號(hào)分子被有效呈遞，促進(jìn)淋巴細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生抗體。促進(jìn)機(jī)體生長(zhǎng)，提高生長(zhǎng)率、存活率、飼料利用率。EffectsofPeptidoglycaninFish從嗜熱雙歧桿菌（Bifidobacterium

thermophilum）細(xì)胞壁中提取的肽聚糖，提高虹鱒（Oncorhynchus

mykiss）對(duì)弧菌病、五條鰤（Seriola

quinqueradiata）對(duì)鏈球菌病和日本對(duì)蝦（Penaeus

japonicus）對(duì)弧菌病與病毒性血癥的抵抗力。EffectsofPeptidoglycaninShrimp促進(jìn)小顆粒細(xì)胞脫粒、抗菌肽的分泌激發(fā)細(xì)胞黏附、包囊作用促進(jìn)ROS生成提高透明細(xì)胞的吞噬功能激活絲氨酸蛋白酶原，激活酚氧化酶系統(tǒng)。Lipopolysaccharide,LPS脂多糖MechanismsofLPS淋巴細(xì)胞有絲分裂原巨噬細(xì)胞激活劑，MФROS嗜菌作用刺激對(duì)蝦防御細(xì)胞的功能（嗜菌、黑色素沉著、包囊和凝結(jié)）注射0.01-0.05mg/kg體重混飼6-60mg/kg體重或0.2-2g/kg飼料LPS

ofA.stenohalisAchromobacterstenohalis,isolatedfromseawater.Inmouse,macrophages,B-lymphocytes,Anti-tumoreffectsInwhite-spottedcharInjectwithinactivatedA.stenohalisChemiluminescentresponsesofkidneycells,Complementactivation,ResistancetoA.salmonicidachallengeMuramyldipeptide,MDP胞壁酰二肽，DerivedfromMycobacteriumIncohosalmon:injectionofMDP+modifiedFreund’sincompleteadjuvant，47-foldincreaseinresistancetoA.salmonicidaInrainbowtrout:injectionofMDP-LysPhagocyticactivities,respiratoryburstandmigrationactivitiesofkidneyleucocytes；ResistancetoA.salmonicida

ChitinandChitosanEffectsofchitinandchitosaninFishInjection,immersionorora