新視野大學英語6課文英漢對照翻譯

新視野大學英語6課文英漢對照翻譯ThePursuitofHappiness追求幸福TherighttopursuehappinessispromisedtoAmericansbytheUSConstitution,butnooneseemsquitesurewhichwayhappinessruns.Itmaybeweareissuedahuntinglicensebutofferednogame.JonathanSwiftconceivedofhappinessas"thestateofbeingwell-deceived”,orofbeing"afoolamongidiots",forSwiftsawsocietyasalandoffalsegoals.美國憲法賦予美國人民追求幸福的權利,但是似乎誰也說不清幸福跑到哪里去了。這就好比我們獲得了打獵許可卻無獵物可打ー樣。喬納森?斯威夫特認為幸福是”ー種大上其當而渾然不覺的狀態(tài)",或者是充當”一名白癡中的傻瓜"的感覺,因為斯威夫特把社會看作是一片布滿虛假目標的土地。Itis,ofcourse,un-Americantothinkintermsoffalsegoals.Wedo,however,seemtobededicatedtotheideaofbuyingourwaytohappiness.WeshallallhavemadeittoHeavenwhenwepossessenough.虛假目標的提法當然不是美國式思維。然而,我們似乎執(zhí)迷于花錢買幸福的理念。當我們擁有足夠的財カ時,我們就會獲得極大的成功。AndatthesametimetheforcesofAmericanbusinessarehugelydedicatedtomakingusdeliberatelyunhappy.Advertisingisoneofourmajorindustries,andadvertisingexistsnottosatisfydesiresbuttocreatethem-andtocreatethemfasterthananyone,sbudgetcansatisfythem.Forthatmatter,ourwholeeconomyisbasedonaddictingustogreed.Weareeventolditisourpatrioticdutytosupportthenationaleconomybybuyingthings.與此同時,美國商業(yè)勢カ卻大肆渲染,人為地使我們感到不幸福。廣告業(yè)是我們的主要產(chǎn)業(yè)之」它的存在不是為了滿足欲望,而是為了制造欲望,其速度之快為任何人的預算所不及。這樣ー來,我們整個的經(jīng)濟就建立在使我們沉溺于貪婪的基礎上。甚至有人告訴我們通過購物來支持國家經(jīng)濟是我們的愛國義務。Lookatanyofthemagazinesthatcatertowomen.Thereadvertisingbeginsasartandslogansinthefrontpagesandendsaspillsandtherapyinthebackpages.Theartatthefrontillustratesthedreamofperfectbeauty.Thisisthebabyskinthatmustbehers.This,theperfumedbreathshemustbreatheout.This,thesixteen-year-o1dfigureshemustdisplayatforty,atfifty,atsixty,andforever.ThisistheharnessintowhichMothermuststrapherselfinordertodisplaythatperfectfigure.Thisisthecreamthatrestoresskin,thesearethetabletsthatmeltawayfataroundthethighs,andthesearethepillsofperpetualyouth.隨便翻開一本迎合婦女口味的雜志,不難發(fā)現(xiàn),開頭的幾頁廣告都是藝術和口號,到了結尾的幾頁就都變成了藥丸和療法。開頭幾頁的藝術包裝所展示的是對至尊美麗的渴望。她擁有的是嬰兒般的細膩皮膚。她呼出來的是芬芳的氣息。無論她40歲、50歲、60歲，還是任何時候，她永遠都擁有16歲的身段。這就是母親為了展示她的優(yōu)美體形所使用的束帶。這是可使人肌膚恢復細嫩的護膚霜,這些是減去大腿脂肪的藥片,這些是首春永駐的藥丸。Obviouslynoreasonablepersoncanbecompletelypersuadedeitherbysuchartorbysuchpillsanddevices.Yetsomeoneisobviouslytryingtobuythisdreamandspendingbillionseveryyearintheattempt.Clearlythehappinessmarketisnotrunningoutofcustomers,butwhatisittheyaretryingtobuy?很明顯,任何有理智的人都不會完全被此類廣告藝術、藥丸或器械所打動。不過確實有人想要花錢買這個夢,不惜為此每年花銷數(shù)十億美元。顯然,幸福市場不乏顧客,但是他們想要購買的又是什么呢?Definingthemeaningoihappiness"isaperplexingproposition:thebestonecandoistotrytosetsomeextremestotheideaandthenworktowardsthemiddle.Tothinkofhappinessasachievingsuperiorityoverothers,livinginamansionmadeofmarble,havingawardrobewithhundredsofoutfits,willdotosetthegreedyextreme.TothinkofhappinessasthejoyofaholymanofIndiawilldotosetthespiritualextreme.Hesitscompletelystill,contemplatingthenatureofreality,freeevenofhisownbody.Ifadmirersbringhimfood,heeatsit;ifnot,hestarves.Whybeconcerned?Whatisphysicalistrivialtohim.Tocontemplateishisjoyandheachievescompletementalfocusthroughanincrediblydemandingdiscipline,theaccomplishmentofwhichisitselfajoytohim.給"幸福”下定義是ー個令人困惑的問題:最好的辦法是先設定兩個極端,然后尋求中庸。認為幸福就是高人一等,住的是大理石豪宅,衣柜里有上百套衣服,這可成為貪婪的極端。認為幸福就是印度圣人似的快樂,這將成為精神生活的極端。圣人打坐,冥想著現(xiàn)實的本質(zhì),超脫于肉身的拖累。如果有崇敬者給他端上食物,他就吃:如果沒人給,他就餓著。何苦為此事煩惱?一切物質(zhì)的東西對他都微不足道。冥想就是他的快樂。他憑借常人難以想像的自律達到高度的精神集中,對他來說,能夠達到如此境界,這本身就是快樂。Isheahappyman?Perhapshishappinessisonlyanothersortofillusion.Butwhocantakeitfromhim?Andwhowilldaresayitismorefalsethanhappinesspaidforthroughaninstallmentplan?他是ー個幸福的人嗎?也許他的幸福不過是又一種幻覺罷了。但是，誰能剝奪他的幻覺呢?誰又敢說這種幸福比靠分期付款購買的幸福更虛假呢?Althoughtheholyman*sconceptofhappinessmayenjoyconsiderableprestigeintheOrient,Idoubttheexistenceofsuchmotionlesshappiness.WhatiscertainisthathiswayofhappinesswouldbetorturetoalmostanyoneofWesterntemperament.Yettheseextremeswillstillservetodefinetheareawithinwhichal1ofusmustfindsomesortofbalance.Thoreauhadhisownfirmsenseofthatbalance:saveonthepettyinordertospendontheessential.盡管圣人的幸福觀在東方享有很高的聲譽,但我卻懷疑是否真有這樣靜態(tài)的幸福?？梢钥隙ǖ氖?他的幸福方式兒乎對于任何具有西方性格的人來說都是ー種折磨。但這些極端認識仍將有助于說明幸福的概念,我們每個人都能從中找到某種平衡。梭羅自己的堅定平衡信念是:小事省一省,大事有保證。PossessionforitsownsakeorincompetitionwiththerestoftheneighborhoodwouldhavebeenThoreau,sideaofthepetty.Theactivedisciplineofraisingone*sperceptionofwhatiseternalinnaturewouldhavebeenhisideaoftheessential.Timesavedonthepettycouldbespentontheessential.Thoreaucertainlydidn'tintendtostarve,buthewouldputintofeedinghimselfonlyasmucheffortaswouldkeephimfunctioningformoreimportantefforts.為了占有而占有,或是為了與鄰里攀比而占有,可能就是梭羅認為的小事。自覺提高自己對自然界中永恒價值的認識能力，應該屬于梭羅認識中的大事。從小事上省下來的時間可以花在大事上。梭羅當然不會讓自己挨餓,但是他的進食僅僅是為了保持其體能，以便有精力做大事。Effortistheessenceofit:thereisnohappinessexceptaswetakeonchallenges.Shortoftheimpossible,thesatisfactionswegetfromalifetimedependonhowhighweplaceourdifficulties.Themortalflawintheadvertisedversionofhappinessisinthefactthatitclaimstobeeffortless.努力是幸福的精髓:只有接受了挑戰(zhàn),我們オ會有幸福感。除非不可能,我們一生的滿足均取決于我們把困難定位到怎樣的高度。廣告版幸福的致命缺陷在于它聲稱幸福不需要做出任何努力。Wedemanddifficultyeveninourdiversions.Wedemanditbecausewithoutdifficultytherecanbenogame;agameisawayofmakingsomethinghardforthefunofit.Therulesofthegameareanarbitraryadditionofdifficulty.Itiseasiertowinatchessifyouarefreetochangetherules,butthefunisinwinningwithintherules.Ifwecouldmintourownmoney,evenbuildingafortunewouldbecomeboring.Nodifficulty,nofun.即使是在娛樂中，我們也希望有點難度。我們想要難度,因為沒有難度就沒有了游戲樂趣;游戲要靠制造難度來生成樂趣。游戲的規(guī)則是大為地增加難度。如果可以自行改變棋賽規(guī)則，贏ー盤棋將會容易得多。然而,下棋贏棋的樂趣是在規(guī)則下贏棋。如果我們自己就能夠造錢，那么即使造出一座金山也了然無趣。沒有難度，就沒有樂趣。Thoseinadvertisingseemtoooftentohavelosttheirsenseofthepleasureofdifficulty.AndtheIndianholymanseemsdulltous,Isuppose,becauseheseemstoberefusingtoplayanythingatall.TheWesternweaknessmaybeintheillusionthathappinesscanbebought.Perhapstheorientalweaknessisintheideathatthereissuchathingasperfecthappiness.廣告中推銷的東西似乎常常因缺少難度而缺少樂趣。我想,印度圣人在我們看來似乎也提不起興趣,因為他好像拒絕任何游戲。西方幸福觀的弱點可能在于他們幻想幸福是可以買來的。而東方幸福觀的弱點或許在于他們相信存在完美的幸福。Happinessisnevermorethanpartial.Whateverelsehappinessmaybe,itisneitherinhavingnorinbeing,butinbecoming.WhatthewritersoftheConstitutiondeclaredforusasaninherentrightwasnothappinessbutthepursuitofhappiness.Whattheearlypatriotsmighthaveunderlined,couldtheyhaveforeseenthehappiness-market,isthecardinalfactthathappinessisinthepursuititself,inthepursuitofwhatisengagingandlife-changing,whichistosay,intheideaofbecoming.Anationisnotmeasuredbywhatitpossessesorwantstopossess,butbywhatitwantstobecome.幸福從來就是不圓滿的。不管我們對幸福還有什么別的解釋,它都既不是擁有,也不是存在,而是過程。美國憲法的制訂者為我們公布的天賦人權,不是幸福權,而是對幸福的追求權。如果當年的愛國者能夠預見后來的幸福市場，他們或許會強調(diào)這樣ー個基本事實:幸福在于追求本身,在于參與和改變?nèi)松?，也就是說，在于相信"過程”這ー理念。評估一個國家的標準，不是看它已經(jīng)擁有什么,或者想要擁有什么，而是看它想要成為什么。MyTeacher,MySalvation我的老師,我的救星IsteppedofftheshiponagrayMarchdayin1949,asmallboywithanewAmericanvisashovedinhispocket,aboywhohadlosthismotherandwasemigratingtoAmericatolivewithafatherhedidnotknow.Iwasverysuspiciousoftheheavy,baldmanwhoembracedmysistersandmeatthedock.Still,hewastheveryimageofAmericanpeopleinhisgleamingblackshoes,grayovercoat,andnewhat.1949年3月的一個陰沉的日子,我,ー個小男孩,兜里揣著新領的美國簽證走下了船。我剛剛失去了母親,這次移民來美國,準備同素未謀面的父親一道生活。在碼頭上,看著這個擁抱我和我的姐妹們的禿頂胖男人,我滿懷疑惑。不過,他的皮鞋黑色,穿著灰色大衣,戴著嶄新的帽子,是典型的美國人形象。AfterseveralyearsinanelementaryschoolclassforthosewithlowIQ-therewerenoclassesfornon-English-speakingchildren—Imadeittojuniorhighschool.Thefirstweekofclassesweweretoldtoselectahobbytopursueduring"clubhour"onFridays.Idecidedtofollowtheprettiestgirlinmyclass,wholedmethroughadoormarkedNewspaperClub.Andtherewasasharp-tongued,no-nonsenseEnglishteachernamedMarilynBurd."We'regoingtoputoutanewspaper,"sheyelled,rappingherdeskwitharuler,"soifanyofyoudon'twanttowork,Isuggestyougoacrossthehal1totheTheaterClubrehearsalnow,becauseyou'regoingtoworkyourtailsoffhere!"由于沒有專為不會講英語的孩子開設的課程,我在低智商孩子班讀了幾年小學后,升入了初中。第一周的課上,老師通知我們要為周五的〃俱樂部活動時間〃選擇ー個自己喜歡的活動項目。我決定隨班里最漂亮的女孩去,她帶著我進了一道門,門上標著〃報刊俱樂部〃。在那里,我們見到了言辭尖刻、一本正經(jīng)的英語教師瑪麗蓮?伯德。〃我們準備出ー份報紙,〃她用尺子敲著桌子,高聲地說,〃所以,如果你們不想出力的話,我建議你們現(xiàn)在就到大廳那邊去參加戲劇俱樂部的排練,因為在這里你們要玩命地干!〃Iwassoonunderthespellofthisformidableandeloquentwoman.Shedrilledusongrammarandmademefallinlovewithliterature.Iwasfascinatedbythewayshecouldreadastoryorapieceofverse,thenopenituplikeafan,displayingitsvariousfacets,colors,andmeanings.Ihadconsideredstoriestobesimpleadventures,butsheshowedmetheycouldexpressfeelingsaswell:pain,frustration,anger,andloss.AndshetaughtmethatmymotherlandwasthefoundationofWesterncivilization.Ibegantobeproudofmyorigins.我很快就被這個令人望而生畏、U若懸河的女士所折服。她反復訓練我們掌握語法,并使我愛上了文學。她能夠讀ー篇故事或一首詩,然后像打開折扇ー樣,將它的各個側面、色彩和含義全部展示出來,這一點強烈地吸引了我。我過去一直認為小說寫的只不過是不平凡的生活經(jīng)歷,而她卻使我知道小說還可以表達情感:如痛苦、挫折、憤怒和失落。她使我知道我的祖國是西方文明的發(fā)源地。我開始對自己的出身感到驕傲。Onedaysheassignedustocomposeaconciseessayfromourownexperience.Fixingmewithasternlook,sheadded,"Nick,Iwantyoutowriteaboutwhathappenedtoyourfamilyinyourhomeland."一天,她布置了一份作業(yè),讓我們根據(jù)自己的親身經(jīng)歷寫ー篇短文。她用嚴厲的目光盯著我,接著說:〃尼克,我要你寫你們一家在你家鄉(xiāng)的經(jīng)歷?！═hatwasthelastthingIwantedtowriteabout,andsoIlefttheassignmentuntilthelastmoment.Then,onawarmweekendafternoon,Isatinmyroomwithapadandpencilandstaredoutthewindow.Thechorusofbirdsong,thebuzzofinsects,andtheperfumeoffreshlycutgrassdistractedme.FinallyIwrotethefirstsentence:"Tomanypeoplethecomingofspringmeanstheendofwinter,thefirstbirds,thoughtsoflove.SpringtomehasaverydifferentmeaningbecausethiswaswhenIhuggedmymotherforthelasttime."這可是我最不愿寫的東西,所以我把作業(yè)拖到了最后時刻。后來,一個周末溫暖的下午,我坐在自己的房間里，備好稿紙和鉛筆，兩眼呆呆地望著窗外。鳥兒的歡唱聲、昆蟲的唧唧聲,以及新剪草地的芳香使我無法集中注意力。最后,我寫下了第一句:"對很多人來說,春天的來臨意味著冬季的結束,第一批候鳥的出現(xiàn),以及對愛的思念。而春天對我來說卻有著完全不同的意義,因為我最后一次擁抱母親就是在這個季節(jié)?！盜keptwriting,tellinghowthelocalguerrillasoccupiedourvillageandtookourhomeandfood;howmymotherplannedourescapewhenshelearnedal1thechildrenweretobesenttoschoolsinanothercountryfortheindefinitefuture;andhowshecouldnotcomewithusbecausetheguerrillassenthertodiganirrigationditchinadistantvillage.我不停地寫著,講述當?shù)赜螕絷犎绾握碱I我們村莊,強占我們的房屋,奪走我們的食物。寫母親在聽說所有的孩子都要被送到外國的學校而前途未卜之后,如何安排讓我們逃走,而她自己卻被游擊隊強迫到遠處的村莊挖水渠而不能與我們同行。Iwroteabouthowonenightweweresmuggleddownthemountainandintothelinesofgovernmentsoldiers,whereasergeantsentustoarefugeecamp.Itwastherethatwelearnedofourmother*stortureandexecution.IwrotethatIcouldstillhearthecriesofmysisterswhenweweretoldmymotherwastakenintoacellarandshotbytheguerrillasforwhattheycalleddisloyalty—theescapeofherchildren.我描述了在一天夜里我們是怎樣被偷偷地送下山,進入到政府軍的地界,然后一位中土把我們送進難民營。正是在難民營里，我們聽說了母親遭受的折磨和被處決的消息。我寫道，我依然能夠聽到姐妹們的哭聲，那時，有人告訴我們,母親因為讓孩子們逃走而被認為是對游擊隊的不忠,所以被帶到ー個地窖槍殺了。ButIdidwritethatIfeltveryluckytohavestartedanewlife,mymother*sdreamforus.Iendedmynarrativebysayingthat,nevertheless,thecomingofspringalwaysremindedmeofthegreenandgolddayin1948whenIlastsawmymother.但我也寫道,開始了新的生活,我感到很幸運,這也是母親為我們編織的夢。在故事的結尾,我這樣寫道:不過,春天的來臨總讓我想起1948年那個大地返青、陽光燦爛的日子,那天,我最后一次見到母親。Ihandedinmyessay,hopingthatwastheendofit,butMissBurdhaditpublishedintheschoolpaper.Iwashorror-struck-untilIsawthatmyclassmatesreactedwithsympathyandunderstanding.Withouttellingme,MissBurdalsoenteredtheessayinanationalcontest,anditwonamedal.我交上了自己的作文,希望這件事到此為止,但伯德小姐卻將它發(fā)表在了校刊上。我非常惶恐,直到看見同學們同情和理解的反應心里オ塌實了下來。后來伯德小姐沒讓我知道,又報名讓此文參加全國作文競賽,并獲得了?枚獎章。ForthefirsttimeIbegantounderstandthepowerofthewrittenword.Meanwhi1e,IfollowedtheliterarypathMissBurdhadsetmeon.Imanagedtofinancefouryearsofuniversitytuitionwithscholarshipsandpart-timejobswithnewspapers.AnarticleIwroteaboutafriendwhodiedinthePhilippines—oneofthefirstvolunteerstolosehislifeinthePeaceCorps—wonanationalaward.TheawardwasgiventomeintheWhiteHousebythePresident.WhenthelocalpaperranapictureofmeclaspinghandswiththePresident,myfatherclippedit,haditsealedinplasticandcarrieditinhisbreastpocket.Ifounditthereonthedayhedied20yearslater.我第一次開始理解文字的力量。與此同時,我開始按著伯德小姐為我鋪設的文學道路前行。我設法用獎學金和在報社兼職賺的錢籌措了大學4年的學費。我的一篇關于ー個在菲律賓捐軀的朋友（他是和平隊第一批志愿者中的犧牲者）的文章獲得了國家獎,這個獎是總統(tǒng)在白宮為我頒發(fā)的。當?shù)貓蠹埧橇宋遗c總統(tǒng)握手的照片,我父親把它剪下塑封起來,放在自己胸前的口袋里。20年后父親去世的那天,我在他的口袋里發(fā)現(xiàn)了這張照片。MissBurdtaughtfor41years.Oftenherstudentswerefromtroubledhomes,yetshewouldalternatelybullyandcharmeachoneuntilthesparkofpotentialcaughtfire.Sheretiredin1981attheageof62.伯徳小姐教了41年書。她的學生大多來自不幸的家庭,但她總會交替使用逼迫和誘導的方法對待每個學生,直到他們的潛能綻放出火花。1981年,她退休了,時年62歲。MarilynBurdisstillanhonoredandenthusiasticguestatallourfamilycelebrations.Atmy50th-birthdaypicniclastsummer,mysistersandIfeltapainfulvoidbecausemyfatherwasnottheretoleadthelineofdancers,thewayhedidateverycelebrationduringhis92years.ButMissBurdwasthere,sippingwineandviewingthescenewithquietsatisfaction.Herpresencewasacomfort.瑪麗蓮?伯德至今仍是我們每次家庭聚會上的一位尊貴而熱情的客人。去年夏天我50歲生日野餐聚會,我和姐妹們都感到痛苦和空虛,因為我父親不在了,不能再像他92年生命中每次喜慶場合那樣領舞了。但伯德小姐來了,她ー邊品啜著葡萄酒,ー邊平靜而滿意地看著這一切。她的到來是對我們的一種安慰。Lifeisfullofopportunity,andIwouldhaveenjoyeditsplentyevenifIhadn,twalkedintoMissBurd'sclassroom.Butshewastheonewhodirectedmygriefandpainintowriting.Shewasmysalvation,theonethatsentmeintowritingandindirectlycausedal1thegoodthingsthatcameafter.生活充滿了機遇,即使我未曾走進伯徳小姐的教室,我也會享有大量的機會。但是她指導我把悲傷和痛苦寫出來。她是我的救星，是她把我引上了寫作道路,隨之而來的所有好事也是她間接地帶給我的。Afewyearsago,IansweredthetelephoneandheardhertellingmethatIwastodeliverthespeechatherfuneral.Ihope,MissBurd,thatyou，11acceptthistributeinstead.幾年前,我接到她的電話,要我在她的葬禮上講話。伯德小姐,我希望您還是接受我以此文向您表達的敬意吧。ALong-LostHistoryComestoLightHumansintheAmazon亞馬孫河流域的文明一ーー段被忘卻已久的歷史重見光明TheAmazonrainforestisoneofthemostsignificantandlargelyintactecosystemsleftontheearth.Itisoftencharacterizedasanessentiallyuntouchednaturalenvironmentinwhichman'spresenceismerelysecondary.However,vastreachesoftherainforesthavebeenlivedinandshapedbyhumanhandsforthousandsofyears.亞馬孫熱帶雨林是地球上現(xiàn)存最有意義、大部分保存完好的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)之ス它基本上是無人涉足的自然環(huán)境。在這里,人類的存在退居第二位。然而,大片大片的熱帶雨林有人類居住并被人類的雙手塑造已經(jīng)有成千上萬年了。TheAmazonRiverBasinboaststhelargestriversystemonEarthandharborsanecosystemthatistremendouslycomplex.EarlytravelersfromRenaissanceEuropewereoverwhelmedbytheirfirstencounters.In1531,FranciscoPizarrooverthrewtheIncanempire,removingtheemperorfromhisthroneandtakingforSpaintheIncanimperialtreasures.AdecadelaterhisyoungerbrotherventuredeastfromthehighplateauoftheAndesMountainsinpursuitofthefamouscitiesofgoldandspicesthoughttobehiddeninthejungleforest.Goingdowntherivertheexpeditionsoonexhausteditssuppliesandasmallgroupwassentaheadtosearchforfood.Eightmonthslater,thisgroupemergedatthemouthoftheAmazon,havingmadewhatwouldprovetobethefirstdescentofthelengthoftheriver.亞馬孫河流域擁有地球上最大的河系,能為極其復雜的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)提供庇護。文藝復興時期來自歐洲的早期旅行家們ー見到它就被懾服了。1531年,弗朗西斯科?皮薩羅推翻了印加帝國，把國王從寶座上趕下了臺,為西班牙奪取了印加帝國的財寶。10年后，他的弟弟從安第斯山脈高原冒險向東挺進,探尋被認為隱藏在叢林之中的幾個著名的盛產(chǎn)黃金和香料的城市。探險隊沿著河流行進，不久就耗盡了給養(yǎng)，于是他們派一小隊人向前突進,去尋找食物。8個月后,這支小分隊出現(xiàn)在亞馬孫河口，完成了探險——后來證明他們首次順流而下走完了全程。AmissionarywhoaccompaniedthegroupsentaremarkableaccountoftheiradventurestothePope,includingmentionofthegreatsignaldrumsthatsoundedfromvillagetovillagefarinadvanceoftheirarrival,warningofthecomingoftheEuropeanstrangers.Hismanuscriptrecordsseeinginnumerablesettlementsalongtheriver——ononedaytheypassedmorethantwentyvillagesinsuccession,andsomeofthesearesaidtohavestretchedforsixmilesormore.Suchreportshaveintriguedscientistseversince,fortheydescribedensepopulationsandlargefederationsoftribeswhich,ifverified,wouldbeentirelyatoddswithmodernstereotypesofhidden,thinlyscatteredtribesscratchingoutanuncertainexistence.跟隨該小分隊的一名傳教士對他們的探險經(jīng)歷做了十分精彩的記述,并把它寄給了羅馬教皇,其中提到了當?shù)氐拇笮盘柟摹＿@種信號鼓發(fā)出的鼓聲早在他們到達之前就從ー個村落傳向另一村落,通知大家歐洲陌生人的到來。他的手稿記載了他們在亞馬孫河沿岸看到的無數(shù)的大小村落。有一天,他們連續(xù)經(jīng)過了20多個村莊,據(jù)說ー些村莊延伸長達6英里或更長。從那以后,這類報導便激起了科學家們的興趣，因為報導所描繪的稠密人口和龐大的部落聯(lián)盟如果得到證實，將會完全不同于現(xiàn)代有關部落的既定認識:隱秘的、稀疏零星的部落，居無定所。Beginninginthelateseventeenthcentury,thesuccessorstothefirstexplorersrecordedandcollectedmanyoftheeverydayobjectsfashionedfromwoodandotherorganicmaterialsthatusuallyrotinatropicalclimate.SuchcollectionshousedinEuropeanmuseumspreserveawindow"intoculturesthatweresoontoexperiencehugechangesbroughtaboutbyforeigndiseasesandcruelabuseatthehandsofEuropeans.從17世紀晚期開始,首批探險家的后繼者們開始記載并收集了許多木制的和其他有機材料制成的日常物品。這些物品在熱帶氣候條件下,一般是會腐爛的。這些收藏在歐洲博物館中的物品保留了一個認識亞馬孫文化的"窗口”。然而,那些文化不久就經(jīng)歷了外來疾病和歐洲野蠻蹂躍帶來的巨大變化。PopulationcollapseandmovementalongtheprincipalriversoftheAmazonsystemhavecontributedtoaveilofmisunderstandingthathaslongcoveredtheculturalachievementsoftropicalforestsocieties.Diffusebandshuntingdeepintheforestinterioreventuallycametobeseenasthetypicaltropicalforestadaptation.SomuchsothatwhenarchaeologicalstudiesbeganinearnestatthemouthoftheAmazoninthe1950s,scientistsarguedthatthesophisticatedculturetheywerediscoveringcouldnothaveoriginatedintheAmazonBasinitself,butmusthavebeenderivedfrommoreadvancedcultureselsewhere.Theyimaginedthetropicalforesttobeanimitationparadise”unabletosupportmuchbeyondasimplehunting-and-gatheringwayoflife.Thismistakenideahasexertedapersistentinfluenceeversince.人口的急劇下降和人們沿亞馬孫河水系主要河流的遷移給亞馬孫問題蒙上了一層曲解的面紗,這層面紗，長久以來一直掩蓋著熱帶森林社會的文化成就。密林深處零散的結幫狩獵活動逐漸被看成是典型的適應熱帶森林生活的方式。這種認識如此頑固，以至于20世紀50年代亞馬孫河口考古學研究真正開始之際,科學家們竟然懷疑他們所發(fā)現(xiàn)的復雜的文化不可能發(fā)源于亞馬孫流域自身,而是可能發(fā)源于某些文化更先進的地方。他們把熱帶森林設想為"仿造的天堂”，這種地方只能維持簡單的、以守獵和采集為主的生活方式,僅此而已。從那以后,這種錯誤觀點就一直發(fā)揮著持久的影響。Twofactorshavebeeninstrumentalinliftingtheveilofmisunderstanding.Firstisasurprisinglydiverserangeofceramicstyles.Recentresearchseemstoconfirmthatacreativeexplosionofstylesoccurredabout2,000yearsago.ArchaeologicaldigsinthehighestreachesoftheUpperAmazonhavedemonstratedtheexistenceofawidespreadstyleofpaintinglargewatertightjarsinboldblack,redandcreamdesigns.ThissamestylehasbeenfoundonanisleatthemouthoftheAmazon,andappearstohaveitsoriginswheretheAmazonmeetstheocean,laterspreadingacrossmuchoftheUpperAmazon.Thestyletranscendslocalandregionalculturesandpointstoconsiderableintercoursebetweensocietiesalongthevastrivernetwork.揭開這層曲解的面紗的是兩個因素。首先是多得驚人的陶器制品樣式。最近的研究似乎證實,大約在2,000年前就出現(xiàn)了一個陶器制品樣式創(chuàng)作的繁榮期。在亞馬孫河最上游挖掘出土的文物向我們展示了一種當時廣為流傳的陶罐式樣 種大型彩繪密封罐。這種陶罐上繪有醒目的黑色、紅色、奶油色的圖案。在亞馬孫河口的一個小島上也發(fā)現(xiàn)了同樣風格的陶瓷制品,而且其起源似乎出現(xiàn)在亞馬孫河與海洋的交匯處,以后逐漸向亞馬孫河上游的大部分地區(qū)流傳。其風格超越了當?shù)氐膮^(qū)域文化,說明廣闊的河網(wǎng)沿岸社會群體之間曾有過大量的交流。Secondly,thereisatrulyimpressivediversityoflanguages,withseveralhundreddistincttonguesanddialects.ThisverbaldiversitymusthaveevolvedoverthousandsofyearsandimpliesanoccupationoftheAmazonBasinforatleast14,000years,afiguresupportedbyarchaeologicalevidence.TherockartintheAmazonBasinmaybeasoldashumanoccupationitself.Imagesarecarvedandpaintedonexposedrocknearrapidsandwaterfallswherefishingismostproductive,andincavesandrocksheltersclosetoarchaeologicalsites.其次是令人矚目的語言體系——各具特色的語言和方言多達數(shù)百種。這種話語上的多樣性肯定已經(jīng)演化了數(shù)千年,這就意味著亞馬孫河流域有人類居住至少已有14,000年了ー這ー說法得到了考古證據(jù)的支持。亞馬孫河流域的巖石藝術可能和人類在此居住的歷史ー樣悠久。在靠近急流和瀑布的裸露的巖石上,雕繪有各種各樣的圖像,這些地方是捕魚的最佳位置。在靠近考古學遺址的洞穴和巖石遮蔽處也發(fā)現(xiàn)了上述雕刻和繪畫。Recentarchaeologicalresearchhasfocusedonaphenomenonbarelynoticedbefore:extensivepatchesofrichblacksoilfoundalongthebanksandonterracesaboveallmajorriversintheAmazon.Somecoveranareaofmanyacresandareupto6feetdeep.Theyarethoughttohaveformedovermanycenturiesastheaccumulatedproductoforganicremainsleftbynativesettlements.ThesesoilsareusuallyfilledwithfragmentsofbustedceramicsandarenowbeingstudiedforcluestotheriseoftropicalforestcivilizationsintheAmazonBasin.Localfarmersregardtheblacksoilsasa“giftfromthepast"becausetheyarenaturallyfertileandhavetheabilitytosupportawiderangeofcrops.最近的考古研究集中在ー個以前幾乎沒有人注意到的現(xiàn)象上,即沿亞馬孫河岸和亞馬孫河所有主要支流的梯田上發(fā)現(xiàn)的大片大片的黑色沃土。ー些沃土面積有好幾英畝,厚度達6英尺。人們認為這些土地的形成要經(jīng)過很多世紀,是當?shù)囟ň狱c一代代積聚下來的有機物殘骸。這些土壤里往往布滿了陶器的碎片,現(xiàn)在被用作研究亞馬孫河流域熱帶森林文明興起的線索。當?shù)剞r(nóng)民把黑土地視為"上古的遺贈”,因為它們是天然的沃土,能夠為莊稼提供充足的營養(yǎng)。AmongthemostexcitingdiscoveriesarefuneraljarsdatingtoA.D.1400—1700foundincavesandrocksheltersnearthemouthoftheAmazon.Thebonesofmen,womenandchildrenwerepreservedinindividuallydedicatedvessels.Itseemsthatthesiteswerevisitedregularlyovertheyearsandnewjarsaddedasfamilymembersexpired.Theseburialsreflectthefamilytiesofancientsettlementsandtheirnurturingoflinksbetweenthe1ivingandthedead.在所有的發(fā)現(xiàn)中，最令人激動的是在亞馬孫河口附近的洞穴和巖石隱蔽處發(fā)現(xiàn)的葬禮陶罐。這些陶罐可追溯到公元1400至1700年。男人、女人和孩子的尸骸被保存在各自的專用器皿里。在過去的歲月里人們似乎定期來這里探視，而且隨著家庭成員的不斷去世，陶罐也不斷地增加。這些埋葬品反映了古代定居點家庭成員間的聯(lián)系，以及他們對活人與死人之間聯(lián)系的珍惜。ThenativepeoplesoftheAmazoncannolongerbeseenasisolatedcommunitiesinthedepthsoftheforestordispersedalongrivers.Westillhavemuchtolearnabouttheirsocieties,buttherainforestshouldnolongerbeseenasanuntouched"paradise.亞馬孫河流域當?shù)馗髯迦嗣裨僖膊荒鼙灰暈槭巧稚钐幑铝⒌娜后w或是沿著亞馬孫河沿岸居住的分散群體了。關于他們的社會狀況,有很多方面仍有待我們?nèi)チ私?但亞馬孫熱帶雨林再也不應該被視為無人類痕跡的〃天堂〃了。ThefutureoftheAmazonBasinisnowasubjectoffiercedebate.Knowledgeaboutthepasthasavitalroletoplayinplanninganddecisionmakingforthefuture.Archaeologypointstosuccessfulmethodsforadaptingtotheforest,groundedinpracticalexpertiseandempiricalknowledgeofthelimitationsandpossibilitiesofthisenvironment.Thesetechniquesforwisemanagementarebecomingamatterofglobalconcern.今天，亞馬孫河流域的未來是一個熱烈爭論的話題。有關亞馬孫河流域的過去的知識對于它明天的規(guī)劃和決策至關重要?？脊艑W為我們揭示了適應雨林的成功方法,這些方法是在生活實踐中以及對該環(huán)境的局限性和可能性親身經(jīng)歷的基礎上形成的。這種高明的管理技能正日益成為全球關注的對象。AnEncounterwithWolves與狼相處Onespringmorningmanyyearsago,IhadbeenprospectingforgoldinsouthernAlaska,andasIemergedfromaforest,Ifrozeinmytracks.Nomorethan20pacesawayinaflatmarshyareawasahuge,blackAlaskatimberwolf—caughtinoneofOldGeorge，straps.OldGeorgehaddiedthepreviousweekofaheartattack,sothewolfwasluckyIhadhappenedalong.多年前一個春天的上午,我在阿拉斯加南部探尋金礦。當我走出一片森林時,突然站住不敢動了。距我不到20步遠的ー塊平坦的沼澤地里有一只體形高大的阿拉斯加黑狼一它被老喬治安置的一個捕捉夾給夾住了。老喬治上周死于心臟病發(fā)作,碰巧我從這兒路過,這頭大黑狼算是夠走運的了。Yetnow,confusedandfrightenedatmyapproach,thewolfbackedaway,strainingatthetrapchain.ThenInoticedsomethingelse:itwasafemale,andshewasfullofmilk.Somewhere,therewasabatchofhungrybabieswaitingfortheirmother.Fromherappearance,Iguessedthatshehadbeentrappedonlyafewdays.Thatmeantherbabieswereprobablystillalive,surelynomorethanafewmilesaway.ButIsuspectedthatifItriedtoreleasethewolf,shewouldturnaggressiveandtrytotearmetopieces.SoIdecidedtosearchforherpupsandbegantolookforincomingtracksthatmightleadmetohernest.可這時,狼見我來了又是困惑又是恐懼,拖著捕捉夾的鏈子往后退。這時,我注意到另ー情況:這是只母狼,乳房鼓鼓的充滿奶水。在別的什么地方一定有一窩饑餓的小狼正等候著它們的媽媽。從它的外表看來，它被夾住沒幾天。這也就是說小狼崽可能還活著,肯定在不到幾英里遠的地方?？墒俏蚁耄俏以O法把這只狼放了,它肯定會轉而攻擊我，將我撕成碎片。于是我決定還是先去找它的小狼崽,并開始尋找它進來的足跡，順著足跡或許我能找到它的老窩。Fortunately,therewerestillafewremainingpatchesofsnow.Afterseveralmoments,Ispottedpawmarksonatrai1skirtingthemarsh.Thetracksledahalf-milethroughtheforest,thenuparock-filledslope.Ifinallyspottedaholeatthebaseofanenormoustreestump.Therewasn*tasoundinside.Wolfpupsareshyandtimid,andIdidn'thavemuchhopeofluringthemoutside.But1hadtotry.SoIbeganimitatingthehigh-pitchedsoundofamotherwolfcallingheryoung.Noresponse.Afewmomentslater,afterItriedanothercall,fourtinybabywolvesappeared.Theycouldn,thavebeenmorethanafewweeksold.好在路面還殘留著ー些積雪。過了一會兒,我在沼澤地邊緣的一條小路上發(fā)現(xiàn)了爪印。爪印穿過森林有半英里路,然后上了一個布滿巖石的斜坡。最后我在一棵巨樹的根部發(fā)現(xiàn)了一處洞穴。里面悄然無聲。小狼生性膽怯,對于把它們誘出洞來,我不抱多大希望。但是我得試試。于是我開始模仿母狼召喚自己孩子的尖叫聲。里面毫無反應。過了一會兒,我又試著叫喚一次,四只極小的狼崽出來了。它們大概剛出生不過幾星期。Iextendedmyhands,andtheytentativelysuckedatmyfingers;perhapshungerhadhelpedovercometheirnaturalfear.Iplacedtheminaclothbag,andheadedbackdowntheslope.Whenthemotherwolfspottedme,shestooderect.Possiblypickingupthescentofheryoung,sheletoutahigh-pitched,miserablehowl.Ireleasedthebabiesandtheydartedtowardsher;withinseconds,theyweresuckingatherbelly.我伸出雙手,它們試探性地吮吸我的手指。或許饑餓幫助它們克服了那天性的恐懼吧!我把它們ー個ー個放進布袋中,轉身走下了斜坡。母狼發(fā)現(xiàn)了我,直直地站了起來。它大概是聞出了幼崽的氣味，發(fā)出一聲尖銳、哀傷的嗥叫。我放出布袋中的小狼，它們徑直奔向母狼。片刻之間,就在它肚子上吮吸起來。Whatnext?Iwondered.Themotherwolfwasc1ear1ysuffering.YeteachtimeImovedinherdirection,amenacingsoundrosefromherthroat.Withheryoungtoprotect,shewasbecomingaggressive.Sheneedsfood,Ithought.Ihavetofindhersomethingtoeat.Ihikedtowardsacreek,andspottedthelegofawinter-killeddeerstickingoutofthesnow.Icutoffapiece,thenreturnedthestilledibleremainstonature,sicebox.Hoistingthemeat,Iwentbacktothewolfandwhisperedtoherinagentletone,“Okay,mother,yourdinnerisserved.Butonlyifyoustopglaringatme..."Itossedchunksofdeermeatinherdirection.Shesniffedthem,thenstartedfeasting.Cuttingsomesturdytreebranches,Ifashionedaroughshelterformyselfandwassoonasleep.下ー步怎么辦?我不知如何是好。母狼顯然很痛苦。然而我每次朝它走去時,它喉嚨里就響起威脅的咆哮聲。由于要保護自己的孩子,它變得好斗了。我想,它需要食物。我必須給它找點東西吃。我朝一條小河走去，發(fā)現(xiàn)了一只凍死的鹿,一條腿露在雪堆外。我砍下一塊肉,然后把還能食用的部分放回天然冰箱里。我手提著鹿肉，回到了狼呆的地方,用溫柔的語調(diào)輕聲說,"好了，媽媽，開飯了。但愿你別對我怒目而視……”我把一塊塊鹿肉向它扔過去。它嗅了嗅,然后開始大口吞咽起來。我砍了一些大的樹枝,為自己搭了一個簡陋的棚子,然后很快就睡著了。Atdawn1wasawakenedbyfourcutebundlesoffursniffingatmyfaceandhands.Iglancedtowardthenervousmotherwolf.IfIcouldonlywinherconfidence,Ithought.Itwasheronlyhope.Overthenextfewdays,Idivided