英語初級語法

主要句式(―)知識概要初中所學(xué)的句型一般要分為陳述句、疑問句、祈使句和感嘆句。陳述句中有肯定句與否定句之分。其中可以分為以下五種:①主語+不及物動詞。如:Iarrivedatsixlastnight.@主語+及物動詞+賓語,如:IboughtagoodEnglishChineseDictionaryyesterday.③主語+及物動詞+間接賓語+直接賓語,如:P1easetellmeastorybefore1gotobed.這樣可加雙賓語的句子有buy,tell,give,ask,pass,teach.@主語+及物動詞+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語,如:Ifounditimpossibletodoit.Pleasekeeptheclassroomcleanandtidy.⑤主語+系動詞+表增,如:TomisanAmericanboy.Thegrassturnedgreeninspring.在初中吊見的句型中有Therebe…句型,表示存在某種事物,如:Thereisam叩onthewall其be動詞的形式要與其后面相近的那個名詞相一致。要注意的是這種句型加入助動詞后,也要保持be動詞,不要換用have,如:Thereisgoingtobeameetingtomorrow,在句子結(jié)構(gòu)中要注意主謂一致的問題,即句子的主語與謂語動詞要相呼應(yīng)。要注意的有如下兒點(diǎn)：①用and連接兩個主語時(shí)?般應(yīng)視為復(fù)數(shù),但如一人身兼兩職時(shí)則要用單數(shù)謂語動詞形式,如:Asingeranddanceriscomingtoourparty,asingeranddancer既歌唱又可舞的演員。而asingerandadancer則要譯為:一位歌唱家和一位舞蹈家。②有些以s結(jié)尾的名詞謂語動詞要用單數(shù),如:Thenewsisgood(news為不可數(shù)名詞)。③有量詞時(shí)應(yīng)按量詞的數(shù)量計(jì)算;如:ThispairofglassesisgoodMyglassesarebroken.④有些形單卻意為復(fù)數(shù)的名詞,如:Peoplearecominghere這樣的詞還有Police,如果要講ー個警察時(shí),應(yīng)講apoliceman〇兩個警察為twopolicemeno又如apolicewoman,twopolicewomen⑤所有不定代詞each,either,neither,one,theother,nobody,nothing,anyone,anything,someone,something...要作為單數(shù)如:Someoneiswaitingforyou在并列句中表示聯(lián)合關(guān)系的連詞有:andnotonly...butalso, neither...nor,either...or如:Mysisterandmyparentsaregoingtothecinema〇表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的并列連詞有:but和yet,如:Sheisagoodstudent,butshedidn'tpassthefinalexam.又如: Ithinkthenewsisstrange,yetitistrue表示選擇關(guān)系的連詞有:or,either...or,如:Hurryup,oryouwillbelateforschoo! 表示因果關(guān)系的并列連詞有:for,so如:Theystudiedveryhard,sotheyallpassedtheexam 在初中范圍復(fù)合句中主要有狀語從句和賓語從句(名詞性從句)兩種,而定語從句(形容詞性從句)要在高中講述,為了使同學(xué)閱讀文章方便,我們將在下面另一章予以介紹。我們首先來看賓語從句。①在及物動詞的后面可以接一個名詞來充當(dāng)賓語,如:Iknewtheman,而這時(shí)也可以用一個句子來充當(dāng)賓語,如:Iknewthathewasagoodman這時(shí)賓語從句的連接詞有that,(that只在從句中起聯(lián)接作用,不在句中充當(dāng)語法成分,既不是主語也不是賓語,所以在口語中常常被省略。如:Iamsure(that)shehaspassedtheexam②if,whether它們在賓語從句中只起連接作用,不起語法作用,當(dāng)作是否講。從句中有ornot結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),要用whether,如:Iaskhimif(whether)hehashadhislunchIaskshimwhetherhehashadhislunchornot③what它在賓語從句中除了作連接詞外,還要作主語或賓語成份,如:Idon'tunderstandwhatyousaid(what作said的賓語)。又如:Iaskedhimwhatmadehimsick(what在賓語從句中作主語)。④who,它也和whatー樣,在句中除作連接詞外,可以充當(dāng)句中的成份,如:Iknowwhosheislookingfor?⑤whose如:Iwanttoknowwhosebookthisis?⑥which如:Doyouknowwhichbookismine?在連接詞中還有4個常用的連接副詞,①how它的應(yīng)用最廣,如:howmuch,howmany,howlong,howsoon,howold…。如:Howmuchdoesitcost?②when它只是連接時(shí)間狀語,如:Pleasetellmewhenthemeetingwillbegin?③where它連接地點(diǎn)狀語,如:Whereareyoufrom?④why它要連接的是原因狀語從句,如:TheteacheraskedwhyTomdidn'tcometoschool,在考試中常見到的考點(diǎn)是：賓語從句的時(shí)態(tài)與主句時(shí)態(tài)的呼應(yīng)問題。①主句謂語動詞如果是現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)頃r(shí),賓語從句的時(shí)態(tài)可以是任何所需要的時(shí)態(tài),如:Iknowhedidn,tcome,我知道他沒來。Iknowhewillcometomorrow 我知道他明天來。IknowhehasgonetoLondon 我知道他已去倫敦了。②主句中的謂語動詞若是過去時(shí),賓語從句也要用過去時(shí)態(tài)中的某一種。比如:一般過去時(shí),過去進(jìn)行時(shí),過去將來時(shí),過去完成時(shí)。除了在表達(dá)宇宙中的客觀真理時(shí),不能用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。如:IwantedtoknowwhenhewouldcomeTheteachertoldmetheearthmovesaroundthesun 狀語從句主要有時(shí)間狀語從句,其連接詞有：after,before,when,as,assoonas,until(till),while,since,by其中較難掌握的有以下兒點(diǎn): ①until(till)直到,在用until表達(dá)時(shí)間狀語的句子中,主句中的動詞是要十分小心去選擇。如動詞是持續(xù)性動詞,它要用肯定句,如:Istudiedharduntil12o'clocklastnight.如果動詞是瞬間截止性動詞,則要用否定句,如:Hedidn'tgotobeduntilhismothercameback②由since,for,by,before來引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句。since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語是動作的開始時(shí)間,如:IhavestudiedEnglishsince1990而由by引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語通常是動作的結(jié)束時(shí)間,如:Ihadlearned25Englishsongsbytheendoflastterm而before則多用于完成時(shí),ago則多用于一般過去時(shí),如:HehadfinishedhisworkbeforetwelveyesterdayIleftmyhometowntwoyearsago③在狀語從句中用一般現(xiàn)冬時(shí)或一般過去時(shí)表示將來。它們可能是主句用一般將來時(shí),從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),如：Ifitrains,theywon'tgototheparkonSunday 也可以主句是一般過去時(shí),從句用一般過去進(jìn)彳了時(shí),如:Hesaidifitrainedthenextdayhewouldnotgotothepark 考試中常見的考點(diǎn)有：要學(xué)生區(qū)別是條件、時(shí)間狀語從句還是賓語從句,因在賓語從句中該用什么時(shí)態(tài)用什么時(shí)態(tài),如:Iwanttoknowifhewillcomeheretomorrow 在賓語從句中的條件狀語從句與主句的關(guān)系,如:Iwanttoknowifitrainshewillcomeheretomorrow 在原因狀語從句中主要是①because,應(yīng)譯為“因?yàn)椤?。它表達(dá)的因果關(guān)系最強(qiáng),如:Hedidn'tpasstheexambecausehedidn'tstudyhard②since應(yīng)譯為"既然",如:SinceyouwereillyesterdayIleftsomenotesonyourdesk(3)as應(yīng)譯為“由于"，如:Asitistoohotwe'dbettergoswimmingsince與as所表達(dá)的因果關(guān)系遠(yuǎn)比because弱得多。而for表達(dá)的因果關(guān)系最弱。它不能用于句首,如:Hestudieshard,forhewantstogotocollege 在比較狀語從句中有同級比較as…as,如:Thisbookisasgoodasthatone 要注意的有兩點(diǎn):①as...as中間要用原級而不是比較級。②用形容詞還是副詞,如:MarywritesascarefullyasTom 而其否定句為notas（so）...as,如:Theydidn'tworksohardaswedid,而不同級比較用比較級加than,如:HeisyoungerthanIam 要注意的是表示“越來越"這ー概念時(shí)有兩個句型:①比費(fèi)級+and+比較級,如:ThedaysaregettinglongerandlongerThelittlegirlisbecomingmoreandmorebeautiful②定冠詞the+比較級+the+比較級,如:Theharderyoustudy,themoreyoucanlearn 方式狀語中要注意的是as（連詞）與like（介詞）的區(qū)別。as作為連詞其后接從句,如:PleasedoitasIdidit 但后面的句子常作省略,如:PleasedoitasI而!ike是介詞,其后要接的是賓語,如:Pleasedoitlikeme結(jié)果和目的狀語從句主要有so...that,sothat,inorderthat等兒種用法。①so...that用在單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前,so+形容詞+a+名詞+that,如:Sheissobeautifulagirlthateveryonelikesher或用such+a+形容詞+名詞+that,如:Sheissuchabeautifulgirlthateveryonelikesher②在不可數(shù)名詞或可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)前只能用such,如:Itissuchgoodweatherwewanttogoforapicnic又如:Theyaresuchgoodplayersthattheyshouldwinthegame.③在much,many,few,little之前只能用so,如:IhavesolittlemoneythatIcan'tbuyit④so...that之間只有形容詞時(shí),則不能用such,如:ItissogoodthatIwanttobuy ⑤sothat其后接從句,如:IgotupearliersothatIcouldcatchthefirstbus（二）正誤辨析［誤］Thestoriesinthatbookwaswrittenmanyyearsago［正」Thestoriesinthatbookwerewrittenmanyyearsago.［析］作主語的名詞、代詞或不定式、動名詞,它們往往要帶有修飾詞,這些詞可能是形容詞,也可能是短語,但謂語動詞還是要取決于這個主語的數(shù),要記住的是一個名詞不可能在同一句中作兩個不同的語法成份,如:book作了of的介詞賓語則不可能再作主語了。［誤］Toreadmanybooksaregoodforyou［正］Toreadmanybooksisgoodforyou［析］不定式作主語應(yīng)該看作單數(shù)主語。［誤］Whathesaidareright［正］Whathesaidisright［析］從句作主語一定要按單數(shù)主語看待。［正］Therichisnotalwayshappy［誤］Thericharenotalwayshappy［析］形容詞+定冠詞表示ー類人,謂語動詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù),如:Theyoungareveryinterestedinstudyandsports［誤］Theschoolmasterandwriterarecoming［正］Theschoolmasterandwriteriscoming［析］本句應(yīng)譯為:校長兼作家就要來了。而Theschoolmasterandthewriterarecoming則要譯為:校長和?個作家要來了。在英語表達(dá)法中確實(shí)有Thegirlandboyareplayingonthegrass區(qū)應(yīng)譯為:ー個女孩,ー個男孩在操場上玩。因あ不可能這樣兩個概念作用在ー個人身上。又如:thehusbandandwife夫妻二人。［誤］Youorshegotogetsomewaterforus［正］Youorshegoestogetsomewaterforus［析］由or連接的兩個主語應(yīng)以離謂語動詞近的那個計(jì)算其數(shù)。這樣的用法還有either...or,neither...nor,notonly...butalso也有人稱作“就近原則”。［誤］Theteacherwithalotofstudentscomeintotheclassroom［正」Theteacherwithalotofstudentscomesintotheclassroom［析］真正的主語是theteacher,而with短語是伴隨狀態(tài),不影響主語的數(shù)。［誤］Myglassesisbroken［正］Myglassesarebroken［誤］Thispairofglassesaregood［正］Thispairofglassesisgood［誤］Thesekindsofbutterisgood.［正］Thesekindsofbutteraregood［析］英語中有些名詞只有復(fù)數(shù)形式,如:glasses眼鏡,shorts短褲等。如沒有量詞在前時(shí),要用復(fù)數(shù)謂語動詞,但有了量詞之后則要按量詞的單復(fù)數(shù)計(jì)算。［誤」Oneoftheboysaregoingtotakepartinthematch［正］Oneoftheboysisgoingtotakepartinthematch［析］Oneof結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)以one來計(jì)算主語的數(shù)。［誤］Halfoftheworkaredone［正］Halfoftheworkisdone［誤］Halfofthebooksisread［正］Halfofthebooksareread［析］在小于1的數(shù)量詞作主語時(shí),如:23,80%,0.35...+of+名詞,這時(shí)主語的數(shù)應(yīng)按of后面的名詞計(jì)算。如果名詞是不可數(shù)名詞或可數(shù)名詞單數(shù),則謂語動詞要用單數(shù),如名詞是復(fù)數(shù)則要用復(fù)數(shù)謂語動詞。［誤］Eachsidesarefulloftrees［正］Eachsideisfulloftrees［誤］Bothsideisfulloftrees［正］Bothsidesarefulloftrees［析］each,either其后都要加單數(shù)名詞,而both后要加復(fù)數(shù)名詞。如:each,either,another,little,alittle,much等作主語時(shí),謂語動詞全部要用單數(shù)形式。［誤］Theboyseachhasanapple［正］Theboyseachhaveanapple［析］each作同位語時(shí),不影響句子的主語。［誤」Everyoneofushasaticketfortheconcert［正］Everyoneofushasaticketfortheconcert［析］everyone,someone,everybody...在作主語時(shí)都不能加of結(jié)構(gòu)。［誤］Girlslikedancingverymuch,butfewlikesplayingfootball［正］Girlslikedancingverymuch,butfewlikeplayingfootball［析］few雖然含意上是”兒乎沒有”,但作主語時(shí)仍要當(dāng)作復(fù)數(shù)。［誤］Thenumberoftheworkersinthatfactoryaretwohundred［正］Thenumberoftheworkersinthatfactoryistwohundred［析］thenumberof意為:某某的數(shù)字是 如:thenumberofstudents學(xué)生人數(shù),thenumberofplayers運(yùn)動員人數(shù)。不論數(shù)字如何都應(yīng)看作單數(shù)。而anumberof與many意思相同,其后加可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù),謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:Anumberofstudentsareplayingonthegrass［誤］Therestofthestudentsishere［正］Therestofthestudentsarehere［誤」Therestoftheworkaredone［正］Therestoftheworkisdone［析］therestof的用法與2/3,一半,80%+of的結(jié)構(gòu)一致,of后面為可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)用復(fù)數(shù)謂語動詞,為不可數(shù)名詞或可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)時(shí)用單數(shù)謂語動詞。這樣用法還有!otsof,alotof,plentyof。［誤］Thenewsintoda/snewspaperarenotbad［正］Thenewsintoday'snewspaperisnotbad［析］有些以s結(jié)尾的2詞要用作不可數(shù)名詞,它們是:news,physics,mathematics,thanks,...［咲］TheChineseiskindandfriendly［正］TheChinesearekindandfriendly［析］Chinese作為中文來講是單數(shù)名詞,但作為中國人講是單復(fù)同形的名詞。如:oneChinese,twoChinese...而TheChinese=ThepeopleofChina要用復(fù)數(shù)謂語動詞。［誤」ThisdictionaryistooexpensiveformeTendollarsareabigsumforme［正］ThisdictionaryistooexpensiveformeTendollarsisabigsumforme［析］表示一段時(shí)間,ー筆金錢,一段距離,都應(yīng)看作單數(shù)名詞。［誤］Whoaregoingtotakepartinourfootballmatch?［正］Whoisgoingtotakepartinourfootballmatch?［析］用who提問時(shí),習(xí)慣上用單數(shù)謂語動詞,但which則要視其情況而定,如:whicharebettertheseshoesesorthoseshoes?乂如:whichisbetterthisoneorthatone?［誤］Whatahotweatheritis!［誤］Howhottheweatheritis!［正］Whathotweatheritis!［正］Howhottheweatheris!［析］感嘆句是用來表達(dá)說話人的喜怒哀樂的感情。它由what與how作句子的開始,判定是用what還是用how的最好辦法是將它們換為陳述句,比如:Whatthehotweatheritis!應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)換為:Itisthehotweather那么句子的起點(diǎn)是單詞ito再來看感嘆句中it前有不可數(shù)名詞weather,則只能用what〇再看第二句Howhottheweatheris!轉(zhuǎn)為陳述句時(shí)為:Theweatherishot這時(shí)句子的開始單詞為theweather,再來看感嘆句在theweather前只有形容詞,所以應(yīng)用howo至于是用whata還是what要看名詞的具體情況而定,單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞加whata其余的加用what〇［誤］Wehavetosingthis,havewe?［誤］Wehavetosingthis,haven*twe?［正］Wehavetosingthis,don'twe?［析］在反意疑問句中除了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的ー些常規(guī)外,有一些例外:Let'sgohome,shallwe?Letusgohome,willyou?Shehadtoleave,didn'tshe?Doyourhomeworkatonce,willyou?Thereisnotmuchgoodnewsintoday'snewspaper,isthere?Neitherofthemareright,arethey?Ithinkhewillcometothepartywon'the?think后的賓語從句,與其他賓語從句不一樣,在初中只有這樣ー個較特殊的詞。這樣的句子的反意疑問句的主語要用賓語從句中的主語,其助動詞要用賓語從句的助動詞,而肯定還是否定要看主句謂語動詞而定,如:Idonlthinkheiscomingtoourparty,ishe?［誤］Iwanttoknowwheredoeshelive［正」!wanttoknowwherehelives［析］賓語從句中一律要用陳述語序,而不用疑問語序。［誤］-1haven'tgotaticketforthefootballmatch-NorIhave［正］-Ihaven'tgotaticketforthefootballmatch-Nor(Neither)haveI［析］nor,neither用在簡答否定句中時(shí)要采用倒裝語序。在肯定句的簡答句中則要用so,如:Idomyhomeworkveryquickly,SodoesMary［誤」LookHerethebuscomes!［正］ Look Here comesthe bus!［誤］ Look Here comeshe!［正］ Look Here hecomes［析］在there,here打頭的句子中,如果主語是名詞,則要采用倒裝語序;如果是人稱代詞則用一般語序。［誤］DoyouwantMarytogotothecinemawithus?No,Idon'thopeso［正］DoyouwantMarytogotothecinemawithus?No,Ihopenot［析］我不這樣想,可用Idon'tthinkso但hope的否定簡答句只能用I

hopenot 這是習(xí)慣用法。但這兩個詞的肯定簡答句形是ー樣的,如:Ithinkso.Ihopeso［誤］ThatisdifficultforustolearnEnglishwell［正］ItisdifficultforustolearnEnglishwell［析］It這里的語法作用是形式主語,而真正的主語是后面的不定式。形式主語和形式賓語都要用it而不能用that,如:IthinkitdifficulttolearnEnglishwellit在這句中是think的形式賓語。(三)例題解析1Thereapencilboxonthedesk.

AisBareChasDhaveAisBareChasDhave［答案］A.［析］Therebe句形中的be動詞要看其后面離它最近的名詞而定,如:Therearetwobooksandapencilonthedesk但卻!可以講ThereisapencilandtwobooksonthedeskCouldyoutellme?A MrsKingwherelivesB wheredoesMrsKingliveC whereMrsKinglivesD MrsKingliveswhere［答案］C.［析］賓語從句中的疑問句要用陳述語序。Yourbrothercametoseeyou,?AdoesheBdoesn'theCdidheDdidn'the［答案］D.［析］前句是肯定句,后面反意疑問句要用否定句,同時(shí)came為過去時(shí)態(tài),所以應(yīng)用didn'theIt'sgettingcloudy,?Adoes'itBdoesn'titCisitDisn'tit［答案］D.［析］要區(qū)分's是has還是is,這里由getting得出's是is。keepmewaitingsolong.ANotBWon'tCDon'tDNotto［答案］C.［析］Don't+動詞原形為祈始句的否定句。MrGreenhasn'tbeentoBeijing,?AhasheBhasn'theCdidheDdidn'the［答案］A.［析］此句has是助動詞與過去分詞構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)。Youhaveyourlunchatschool,?AhaveyouBhaven'tyouCdoyouDdon'tyou［答案］D.［析］這里的have是實(shí)意動詞“吃”,而不是助動詞。sunnyday!Let'sgooutforawalk.AHowaBHowCWhataDWhat［答案］C.［析］這個感嘆句是個省略句,其真實(shí)的句子應(yīng)為Whatasunnydayitis!-Canyoutellme?-SureShe'sanurseAwhereisyoursisterBwhereyoursisterisCwhatisyoursisterDwhatyoursisteris［答案］D.［析］who問的是姓名,如:Whoishe?HeisSmith或HeismyfatherWhat問的是職業(yè),如:Whatishe?HeisateacherJohnlikeslisteningtotheradio,?AdoesheBdoesn'theCdoesn'tJohnDdoesJohe［答案］B.［析］當(dāng)名詞作主語時(shí),反意疑問句應(yīng)用代詞。NeitheryounorIontheteam.AareBwereCamDis［答案］c.［析］由neither...nor…作連接詞作生語時(shí),其謂語動詞要與相臨近的那個主語相呼應(yīng)。deliciousfood!I'dlikesomemore.AwhataBHowaCWhatDHow［答案］c.［析］因food為不可數(shù)名詞。thereacatunderthechair?AAreBIsCHasDHave［答案］B.［析］這是therebe句型的疑問句。Couldyoutellme?AwhenthetrainwillarriveBwhenthetrainarrivedCwhendidthetrainarriveDwhendoesthetrainarrives［答案］A.［析］could用于現(xiàn)在時(shí)疑問句表達(dá)了口氣的委婉,并不是過去時(shí)態(tài)。且賓語從句要用陳述語句。-badweather!-Yes,Butit'sgoingtobefinesoon,IthinkAHowBWhataCWhatanDWhat［答案］D.［析］weather為不可數(shù)名詞。-Couldyoutellme?-Yes,TheytothelibraryAwherearethetwins,havebeenBwherewerethetwins,havebeenC wherethetwinsare,havegoneD wherethetwinswere,havegone［答案］C.［析］havebeento是去過什么地方,而現(xiàn)在冋來了。havegoneto是到某地去了,人現(xiàn)在不在這里。GoandtheTVquicklyThevolleyballmatchwillbeginrightaway.AturnoffBturndownCturnupDturnon［答案］d.［析］這是個祈使句,它由and連接兩個動詞。注意詞組搭配的不同含義。18Lefsgoforsometea,?AshallweBwillweCdoweDdon'twe［答案］A.［析］Let'sgo...,shallwe?Letusgo...,willyou?這是兩個特殊的反意疑問句。19Joan'sshort,?Awasn*tsheBhasn*tsheCisn'tsheDdoesn'tshe［答案］C.［析］在此句中應(yīng)視‘s為is,而不是has或was〇20Idon'tknowtoreadtheword.AwhichBwhatCwhoseDhow［答案］D.［析］因不定式toread中的read是及物動詞,已有自己的賓語theword,所以應(yīng)用疑問副詞how021Hedidn'tgotoschool,hewasill.AforBbutCandDso［答案］A.［析］這里是表示因果的關(guān)系,從句表示原因,所以用for,放于句尾,且常常前面有,個逗號。so引起的是結(jié)果狀語從句,如:Hewasonlytwelve,s〇hecouldn'tjointhearmy22Theyoungwomancanhardlyrideabike,she?A doesn'tB doesCcan'tDcan［答案］D.［析］hardly為否定詞,所以應(yīng)視此句為否定句。其后的反意疑問句應(yīng)用肯定句。23TomnevergoestothecinemaonSundays.?AdoesheBdoesn'theCisn'theDishe［答案］A.［析］never也是否定詞,所以應(yīng)將句子看作否定句。24Mothersaidtohim,"Don'tonfootball."AspendtoomuchtimeB tospendtoomuchtimeCspendtoomanytimeD tospendtoomanytime［答案］A.［析］time作為“時(shí)間”講為不可數(shù)名詞,應(yīng)用much來修飾。當(dāng)作“次數(shù)”講是可數(shù)名詞,如threetimes三次,而Don't…這一句是祈使句的否定句。25MrWhite,togetherwithsomeJapanesefriends,visitourschoolthisafternoon.AaregoingtoBisgoingtoChaveDhas［答案］B.［析］句子的主語是MrWhite,而togetherwith…是伴隨狀況,不影響句子的主語。26Thereislittlewaterintheglass,?AisitBisthereCisn'titDisn*tthere［答索］B.［析］這是therebe句型的反意疑問句。27Amperewasthinkingaboutamathsproblem,?Adidn'theBwasn'theCdidheDishe［答案］B.［析］這是進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)的反意疑問句。28Shehadagoodtimeyesterday,she?Awasn'tBdidn'tChasn'tDisn't［答案］B.［析］had這里是實(shí)意動詞而不是助動詞。29We'llmakeforyouinthefrontofthecar.AaroomBroomCroomsDsomerooms［答案］B.［析］room此處為不可數(shù)名詞,意為”地方,空間”。30NeithershenorItotheGreatwallbefore.AhasgoneBhavegoneChavebeenDhasbeen［答案］c.［析］由neither…nor連接兩個主語時(shí),其謂語動詞應(yīng)與相臨近的那個主語相呼應(yīng)。31Helpmecollectthesebooks,?AareyouBwillyouCdoyouDshallyou［答案］B.［析］祈使句的反意疑問句應(yīng)用willyou?而Lefsgo例外,其反意疑問句為shallwe?32Thenumberofdeer,mountainlionsandwildroseschangemuchifpeopleleavethingsastheyare.Adon'tBdoesn'tCisn'tDdidn't［答案］B.［析］thenumberof為“……的數(shù)量、數(shù)目”,所以謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。而anumberof要加復(fù)數(shù)名詞,其謂語動詞也用復(fù)數(shù)。33She'shadbreakfast,?AissheBisn'tsheChasn'tsheDhasshe［答案］C.［析］這里的‘s應(yīng)視為hasIwonder.A whosebicycleisitB itiswhosebicycleC isitwhosebicycleD whosebicycleitis［答索］D.［析］wonder后的賓語從句應(yīng)用陳述語序。Itisgoodforusmorningexercises.AdoBtodoCdidDdone［答案］B.［析］這里的it是形式主語,而真正的主語是不定式todo...Peterhassportsveryoften,?Adoes,PeterBdoesn'theCdoesn'tPeterDdoeshe［答案］B.［析］has這里是實(shí)意動詞,而主語為名詞時(shí)其反意疑問句中的主語要用代詞。MrBlacksaid,"Jenny,don'tbelatetomorrow"Mr BlacktoldJenny.A don'tbelatetomorrowB didn'tbelatetomorrowC notbelatenextmorningDnottobelatethenextday［答案］D.［析］tell-?般要加雙賓語,其間接賓語是Jenny,直接賓語是不定式。而這里用的是不定式的否定形式。LiMeireadthenewspapertothegranny,?AdoessheBdidn'tsheCdidsheDwasn'tshe［答案］B.［析］read這里是過去時(shí)態(tài),因其主語是第三人稱單數(shù),而read并未加s所以是過去時(shí)態(tài)。(read的過去時(shí)與過去分詞都是read,只不過讀音不同)定語從句(-)知識概要定語從句并不屬于中考范圍,但由于作者在多年的教學(xué)中體會到,這一語法現(xiàn)象影響了許多學(xué)生自學(xué)英語。這些學(xué)生一般是成績較好的學(xué)生,想進(jìn)行大量閱讀來提高自己的英語水平,但總是碰到ー些問題,百思不得其解?？嘤谧约旱乃街幌抻诔踔兴?無法提高,但各種補(bǔ)習(xí)班又都是為ー些水平較差的學(xué)生開設(shè)的,所以乂投師無門。為了解決這部分學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)困難,也為那些有志青年鋪平學(xué)習(xí)上的道路，特用這ー節(jié)講述定語從句,不是從語法上講述,而是從閱讀理解方面去講述?？晒┩瑢W(xué)們在學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)參考。這會對你的英語學(xué)習(xí)起到事半功倍的作用。 對于形容詞我們已十分熟悉了,如:agoodbook,形容詞good用來修飾書book〇我們也可以用一個句子來修飾名詞,這種句子叫做形容詞性從句，它起修飾名詞的作用,又被叫做賓語從句(Theattributiveclause)。但有一點(diǎn)不同的是這個從句で是像形容詞那樣放于名詞前,而是放在名詞之后。它所修飾的名詞又被叫作先行詞，如:Doyouknowthescientistwhogaveusthetalkthisafternoon?這句中的生句是Doyouknowthescientist?(你知道那位科學(xué)家嗎?)而whogaveusthetalkthisafternoon(他今天下午給我們作的報(bào)告。)是定語從句。所以這兩句話合為?體即是:你認(rèn)識今天下午給我們作報(bào)告的那位科學(xué)家嗎?這里scientist叫作先行詞,而who叫作定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞。who在定語從句中起主語的作用,who的數(shù)與它的先行詞相同。乂如：YoumustdoeverythingthatIdo 這里先行詞是everything,而thatIdo是定語從句，此句應(yīng)譯為：你必須作我所作的?切。that叫作定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞,在句中作do的賓語。引導(dǎo)定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞有關(guān)系代詞:that,which,who,whom,whose和關(guān)系副詞when,where,why,how〇不論關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞,都應(yīng)放于先行詞和定語從句之間,起聯(lián)系作用,但它們都耍在定語從句中起語法作用,充當(dāng)ー個成份。如關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中不是作主語便是作賓語,而關(guān)系副詞則是作狀語。我們先來看關(guān)系代詞的用法。①that的先行詞可以是人也可以是物。如：Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly 這里先行詞是machine而that是關(guān)系代詞,在定語從句中作主語。這句譯為:飛機(jī)是一種會飛的機(jī)器。又如:Ilikethebook(that)youlentmeyesterday 這里先行詞是book,關(guān)系代詞用that,它在定語從句中作lend(借)的賓語。要注意的是關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作賓語時(shí)可以省略,即：Ilikethebookyoulentmeyesterday②which關(guān)系代詞的先行詞只能是物。它在定語從句中作主語或賓語,如：Thebookshopisashopwhichsellsbooks這里shop是先行詞,which在從句中作主語。乂如：Thebook(which)Ireadlastnightwaswonderful這里主句是Thebookwaswonderfu!而定語從句是修飾主句的主語book,即我昨晚讀的那本書,which在定語從句中作read的賓語,可以省略。③who,whom,whosewho在定語從句中作主語,whom是who的賓格,在定語從句中作賓語,而whose則是形容詞性物主代詞,在從句中作定語,如:ThemanwhovisitedourschoolyesterdayisanAmericanfriend昨天參觀我們學(xué)校的人是一位美國朋友。Who在定語從句中作主語。乂如:Who*sthatwoman(whom)youjusttalkedto?你剛才與之談話的那個女人是誰?而whom作定語從句中介詞to的賓語,可以省略,而在現(xiàn)代英語中,句首的whom也常?？捎脀ho代替。Thisisourclassmate,Mary,whosehomeisnotfarfromourschoo!這是我們的同學(xué)瑪麗,她的家離我們學(xué)校不遠(yuǎn)。為了便于理解,我們來看看是如何將兩句話并為一句話的。.IsawthemanHeclosedthedoorIsawthemanwho(that)closedthedoorThegirlishappyShewontheraceThegirlwhowontheraceishappyThestudentsarefromChinaTheysitinthefrontrowThestudentswhositinthefrontrowarefromChina(要注意的是先行詞是students則who的數(shù)也應(yīng)看作復(fù)數(shù)。)Wearestudyingsentences TheycontainadjectivedauseWearestudyingsentencesthat(which)containadjectivedauseThetaxidriverwasfriendlyHetookmetotheairportThetaxidriverwhotookmetotheairportwasfriendlyThebookwasgoodIreaditThebookthatIreadwasgoodThebookIreadwasgoodThepeoplewereveryniceWevisitedthemyesterdayThepeoplewevisitedyesterdaywereveryniceThemancalledthepolice HiswalletwasstolenThemanwhosewalletwasstolencalledthepoliceIcomefromacountryItshistorygoesbackthousandsofyearsIcomefromacountrywhosehistorygoesbackthousandsofyearsIhavetocallthemanIpickeduphisumbrellaafterthemeetingIhavetocallthemanwhoseumbrellaIpickedupafterthemeeting關(guān)系代詞whom,which在定語從句中作介詞賓語時(shí),可以和介詞?起放于先行詞與定語從句之間,有時(shí)為了關(guān)系緊湊也可以將whom與which與先行詞緊挨著書寫,而將介詞置于定語從句的后面,如:Thatwastheroominwhichwehadlivedfortenyears或用以寫作:ThatwastheroomwhichwehadlivedinfortenyearsHewasthemanwhom(who)youwerelookingfor要注意的是此句的關(guān)系代詞whom可以用主格取代,而!ookfor是短語動詞也不可將for放于定語從句之前。that作關(guān)系代詞作介詞賓語時(shí),不能緊跟介詞,而只能將介詞置于定語從句的后而。如:Themanthatweweretalkingabouthascometoourschoo!這時(shí)不可用aboutthat…請看下面例句:ThemeetingwasinterestingIwenttoitThemeetingthatIwenttowasinterestingThemanwasverykind ItalkedtohimyesterdayThemanwhoItalkedtoyesterdaywasverykindImustthankthepeople IgotapresentfromhimImustthankthepeoplewhoIgotapresentfromThepicturewasbeautifulShewaslookingatitThepicturethat(which)shewaslookingatwasbeautifulThemanisstandingoverthereItoldyouabouthimThemanwho1toldyouaboutisstandingoverthere除關(guān)系代詞外,還有關(guān)系副詞,when,where,why,其中when用來指時(shí)間,在定語從句中作時(shí)間狀語。如:IneverforgetthedaywhenIfirstcametotheGreatWal!而where則指地點(diǎn),如:Thisisthehousewheretheoldmanlives請看下面例句:ThecitywasbeautifulWespentourvacationthereThecitywherewespentourvacationwasbeautifulThatistherestaurantIwillmeetyouthereThatistherestaurantwhereIwillmeetyouThetownissmallIgrewupthereThetownwhereIgrewupissmallThatisthedrawer IkeepmynewpapersthereThatisthedrawerwhereIkeepmynewspapersMondayistheday WewillcomethenMondayisthedayWhenwewillcame7105isthetimeMyplanearrivesthen7105isthetimewhenmyplanearrives1960istheyearTherevolutiontookplacethen960istheyearwhentherevolutiontookplaceJulyisthemonthTheweatherisusuallythehottestthenJulyisthemonthwhentheweatherisusuallythehottest在定語從句中又可分為兩大類定語從句,即限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。①限制性定語從句是先行詞在意義上不可缺少的定語,如果去掉的話,主句的意思就不完整,意義就表述不明。這種句型?般定語從句緊接先行詞,如:Iwastheonlypersoninmyofficewhowasinvited②非限制性定語從句。它與主句的關(guān)系不十分密切,只是對其附加說明，也就是講即便去掉定語從句,句意也不受影響,仍然清晰明了。這樣的定語從句要在它和主句之間加一逗號分開。旦關(guān)系代詞不引導(dǎo)這種非限制性定語從句,如:AbrahamLincoln,wholedtheUnitedStatesthroughtheseyears,wasshotonApril14, 1865atatheatreinWashingtonD.C.又如:GalileolivedinthecityofPisa,wherethereisaleaningtowerabout180feethigh（二）正誤辨析［誤］Iwon'ttellyouthenameofthepersonwhoteachmeEnglish［正」Iwon'ttellyouthenameofthepersonwhoteachesmeEnglish［析］在定語從句中，關(guān)系代詞作主語時(shí),從它本身看不出其數(shù)的形式，這時(shí)要由它的先行詞決定。這里who應(yīng)由theperson單數(shù)決定,應(yīng)該用單數(shù)謂語動詞。又如:Iwhoamastudentwanttofindasparetimejob這里的who應(yīng)與I是一一致的,所以其謂語動詞應(yīng)該用am。［誤］WetalkedaboutthethingsandthepeoplewhowemetduringtheSecondWorldWar［正］WetalkedaboutthethingsandthepeoplethatwemetduringtheSecondWorldWar［析］這里的關(guān)系代詞不要用who,因?yàn)槠湎刃性~有兩個ー個是things（物），而另ー個是people（人）,這時(shí)既不可用who,又不可用which,因前者只能用于先行詞是人的情況下,而后者則用于先行詞是物的情況下,所以只能用that,因?yàn)樗南刃性~既可以是人乂可以是物。［誤］Thebook,thatIboughtyesterday,wasverygood［正］Thebook,whichIboughtyesterday,wasverygood［析］先行詞與定語從句被逗號分割開來時(shí)，即作為非限制性定語從句。在非限制性定語從句中which,when,who,whom,where,when,whose等都可以和限制性定語從句中的作用ー樣,而獨(dú)有that不易用于非限制性定語從句。［誤］ThedictionarywhichIlentityesterdayisaveryusefultool［正］ThedictionarywhichIlentyesterdayisaveryusefultool［析］關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中是要起語法作用的,它不是作主語就是作賓語。雖然在作賓語時(shí)它的位置由原來的賓語位置移到了句首，但它的作用依然存在,而且在原賓語位置上不能再出現(xiàn)賓語。［誤］TheteacherIwanttolearnEnglishfromistheonewhichcomesfromAmerica［正］TheteacherIwanttolearnEnglishfromistheonewhocomesfromAmerica［析］theone,anyone,those作代詞并且是指某人、物時(shí),其關(guān)系代詞不能用which應(yīng)用who〇［誤］Thisistheroominthattheoldmanlives［正］Thisistheroominwhichtheoldmanlives［正］Thisistheroomwhichtheoldmanlivesin［正］Thisistheroomthattheoldmanlivesin［析］that不能緊跟在介詞后作介詞賓語,但如果介詞不前置仍放于句尾,則可用that作引導(dǎo)詞,而且可以省略。如:Thisistheroomtheoldmanlivesin［味」Icandoeverythingwhichisgoodforyou［正］Icandoeverythingthatisgoodforyou［析］在先行詞是all,much,little,something,everything,anything,nothing,none,theone等不定代詞時(shí),雖然它們指的是物體,但不要用which而用that作定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞。［誤］Theonlythingwhichthestudentscandoisstudyinghard［正］Theonlythingthatthestudentscandoisstudyinghard［析］在先行詞前有only,any,few,little,no,all,oneof等詞修飾時(shí),雖然先行詞指的是物,也不要用which作關(guān)系代詞,而要用that0［咲］ThisisthefirstAmericanfilmwhichFveeverseen［正］ThisisthefirstAmericanfilmthatI'veeverseen［析］在先行詞是序數(shù)詞,或由序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí),其關(guān)系代詞不可用which這樣的用法還有在形容詞最高級修飾的先行詞之后,如:ThisisthebestbookthatIhaveeverseen［誤」HeisfromAfrica,thatwecanseefromthecolouroftheskin［正］HeisfromAfrica,aswecanseefromthecolouroftheskin［析］當(dāng)as或which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí),它可能沒有明確的先行詞,它們所指代的是前面整個句子。如例題應(yīng)譯為他是從非洲來這個事情是可以從其膚色上看出的。常見習(xí)慣用語（一）知識概要由于英語國家的語言習(xí)慣與中國的語言習(xí)慣有許多不同之處,所以造成了許多同學(xué)在做選擇或書寫,或與人交談中造成誤用中國方式來對英語的問句作解答。例如?個小女孩十分好看,可愛,外國人見到時(shí)會講:Youaresobeautiful這時(shí)的答語應(yīng)該是Thankyou如果外國人發(fā)現(xiàn)你的英語不錯,他們會講:YourEnglishisverygood這時(shí)中國人常常會說:不,我說的不好。這純是一種禮貌的答語,但是不符合英語習(xí)慣。它正確的答語應(yīng)是Thankyou雖然交際英語有?些規(guī)律可講,但更重要的是學(xué)習(xí)外國的生活習(xí)慣,了解他們的文化背景,歷史淵源,這樣才能真正的學(xué)好一門外語。（二）正誤辨析［誤］-WhatcanIdoforyou?-Yes,pleasehelpme［正］-WhatcanIdoforyou?"I'dliketobuyasweater［析］WhatcanIdoforyou?這?問語實(shí)際上用于的情景很多,要根據(jù)具體情況而定。如在商店中售貨員講這句話應(yīng)譯為:您想要點(diǎn)什么?在其他場合也可以被譯為:我能為您做些什么?它的答語應(yīng)是直接講出想讓對方提供的幫助。［誤］-Whichcolourdoyoulike?-Sorry,Idon'tlike［正］-Whichcolourdoyoulike?-1preferblue［析］由which來提問的問句是要回答具體的選擇,而不能泛指,泛泛的回答。如Yes,Hikeit［誤］Doyouliketocomewithustonight?［正］Wouldyouliketocomewithustonight?［析］Doyoulike…問的是對方的習(xí)慣,如:Doyoulikeswimming?Doyoulikecollectingstamps?而wouldyoulike,??則是一次性的邀請、提議。邀請的英語表達(dá)法還有如ド幾種:Shallwego?我們走吧!Lefsgo?讓我們走吧!Howabouthavingacupoftea?喝杯茶如何?Whataboutacupofcoffee 喝杯咖啡如何?Whynotbuyit?為什么不買呢?其肯定答語一般為Certainly,Yes,O.K.Allright,Withpleasure［誤］Sorry,I'vekeptyouwaitingNotatall［正］Sorry,I'vekeptyouwaitingNevermind［析］”介意不介意”這ー問法與答語在中英文中有所不同。如:-Doyoumindmysmokinghere?-A.Yes,doitpleaseB.No,ofcoursenotC.Yes,takeitpleaseD.No,youcan'ttakeit這時(shí)正確的選擇應(yīng)是B。其意為：不介意,當(dāng)然不。而A選項(xiàng)則自相矛盾了,它應(yīng)譯為：是的我介意,請抽吧。而D選項(xiàng)是:不介意,你不能抽。當(dāng)向?qū)Ψ綘幥笠庖姇r(shí),可以有以下問法:DoyoumindifIopenthedoor?Wouldyoumindmailingtheletterforme其答語如果是同意應(yīng)為:Certainlynot,notatall而不同意時(shí)應(yīng)為Yes,或!'msorry［誤］What'sthatman?HeisMike［正］What'sthatman?Heisateacher［iE］Who'sthatman?HeisM汰e (HeisMike'sfather)［析］由what提問是問的職業(yè),由who提問問的是姓名或身份。［誤］-Howmucharethey?-Halfakilo?please［正」-Howmanybananasdoyouwant?-HalfakiloPlease［析］Howmucharethey?問的是價(jià)格而不是實(shí)際物品的多少。［誤］Fmsorry,butisthisthewaytothepark?［正］Excuseme，butisthisthewaytothepark?［析］Fmsorry是對?經(jīng)做錯了的事向?qū)Ψ降狼笗r(shí)的開始語。而Excuseme是在打擾對方之前表達(dá)歉意的話。［誤］-Haveagoodtimetonight!-Youarethesame［正］-Haveagoodtimetonight!-Thesametoyou［析］Thesametoyou是表達(dá)我也祝您有個愉快的夜晩,它是美語中的習(xí)慣用法。［誤］-What'stheproblem?-I'vegotaheadache［正］What'swrongwithyou?I'vegotaheadache［析］What'swrongwithyou?是詢問對方身體狀態(tài)如何,而What'stheproblem?是問對方遇到了什么麻煩。［誤］-Now,I'mbackCanIplay?-PerhapsYou'dbetterdoyourhomeworkfirst［正］-Now,I'mbackCanIplay?-I'mafraidnotYou'dbetterdoyourhomeworkfirst［析］Perhaps是衣示對?種拿不準(zhǔn)的事態(tài)的推論,如:AmIright?Perhaps而I'mafraidnot 則表達(dá)ー種不同意的態(tài)度。beafraid的幾種用法有:I'mafraidthatyouareright其后直接加賓語從句。-Willyoucometomybirthdayparty?-I'mafraidnotIhavetogotoseemyfatherHeisinhospital其后+not,表示否定。-Sorry,Idon'twanttogotherealone,Fmafraidofthedog其后十名詞,表示對某人,某物的害怕。Maryisafraidofmakingmistakesintheexam其后+of+動名詞,表示害怕做某事。Maryisafraidtoseetheteacherbecauseshedidn'tdowellintheexam其后+不定式,表示不敢去做某事。［狀」-Howsoonwillyoubeready?-Twodays［正］-Howsoonwillyoubeready?-Intwodays［析］此題關(guān)鍵是要根據(jù)情景,身臨其境,要注意的是對方問了什么,就應(yīng)答什么?；虼鹆耸裁淳蛻?yīng)問什么。How