英語學(xué)位論文寫作教學(xué)課件 CHAPTER10

HowtoWriteaDissertationInEnglish黃國文M.

Ghadessy高等教育出版社HowtoWriteaDissertation黃國文Introduction10.1Creatingtheoverallplan10.2Outlinesandsectionheadings10.3Theproportionalsuggestion10.4Chapter10Writing(3):WritingandRevisingDevelopingthefirstdraft

andpossibleproblems10.5Researchingbeforewriting10.6Revisingthefirstdraft10.7Summary10.8Exercises10.9Introduction10.1Creatingtheo10.1IntroductionHowtowriteadissertationinEnglish

Thepurposeofthischapteristodealwithissuesconcerningthewritingand

revisingofthedissertation.Beforeyoustarttowrite,youshouldhavecreatedtheoverall

planforthedissertation.Onethingthatneedstobedonebeforeyoubegintowrite

istoworkonanoutline,asdetailedaspossible,whichshouldincludethemainpoints

ineachsectionandchapter.Asthedifferentelementsofstructureinthedissertation

havedifferentfunctionsandplaydifferentrolesinthedissertation,wesuggestthata

dissertation,likeahouseorabuilding,shouldhaveaproportionalstructure,which

meansthattheresearchershouldbeclearaboutthegenerallengthofeachchapter.In

thischapterwewillalsopredictandanalysethepossibleproblemsthatyoungresearchers

mayencounterwhenheiswritingthefirstdraft,andwewillsuggestthatresearchmust

becompletedbeforeyoustarttowrite.Finally,wewilltalkabouttherevisionofthefirst

draft,advisingyoungresearcherstopayattentiontobothcontentandform.10.410.510.610.710.810.910.1IntroductionHowtowrite10.2CreatingtheoverallplanHowtowriteadissertationinEnglish

Inanumberofplaces,wesuggestthatadissertationislikeahouseinthatboth

haveobligatoryandoptionalelementsofstructure.Wealsosuggestthatthefollowing

elementsaregenerallyfoundinadissertation:(1)Title,author,matriculationnumber,tutor,affiliation,yearofsubmission,etc.,(2)Abstract,oneinChinese,oneinEnglish;keywords,(3)Introduction,whichincludesbriefinformationconcerningtheresearchbackground,theaimsandobjectives,researchquestions,researchmethod,theoreticalframework,data,thestructureofthedissertation,(4)Literaturereviewandtheoreticalpreliminaries,(5)Researchmethod,dataanalysis,(6)Resultsanddiscussion,(7)Conclusion,and(8)Notes,Appendix,References,Acknowledgements.Inpreviouschapters(especiallyChapters3,5,6,7,8,9,10),wedealtwithmanyoftheelementsinourdiscussion,somebrieflyandsomeinmoredetail,andinoneofthe10.410.510.610.710.810.910.2Creatingtheoverallplan10.2CreatingtheoverallplanHowtowriteadissertationinEnglishexercisesinChapter8asampletableofcontentsofanMAdissertationwasprovided.Hereourfocusisonthefinaloutlineofadissertation.10.410.510.610.710.810.910.2Creatingtheoverallplan10.3OutlinesandsectionheadingsHowtowriteadissertationinEnglish

Therearebasicallytwoformatsforanoutline,onebeingthedecimalpatternand

theotherthenumber-lettersequence.Forexample,(a)Decimalpattern

1.Introduction

1.1Rationaleforthestudy

1.2Aimsandresearchquestions

1.2.1Aimsandobjectives

Generalaims

Specificobjectives

1.2.2Researchquestions

Thesisstatement

Researchquestionsandresearchobjectives

1.3Dataandresearchmethod

1.3.1Dataanddatacollection

1.3.2Researchmethod

1.4Structureofthedissertation 2.Literaturereview...10.410.510.610.710.810.910.3Outlinesandsectionhead10.3OutlinesandsectionheadingsHowtowriteadissertationinEnglish(b)Number-lettersequence

I.Introduction

A.Rationaleforthestudy

B.Aimsandresearchquestions

1.Aimsandobjectives

a.Generalaims

b.Specificobjectives

2.Researchquestions

a.Thesisstatement

b.Researchquestionsandresearchobjectives

C.Dataandresearchmethod

1.Dataanddatacollection

2.Researchmethod

D.Structureofthedissertation

II.Literaturereview…10.410.510.610.710.810.910.3Outlinesandsectionhead10.3OutlinesandsectionheadingsHowtowriteadissertationinEnglish

Withthedecimalpattern,thenumberingislikethis:

1.→1.1→1.1.1→→.1→.1.1→.1.1.1

Withthenumber-lettersequence,youhave:

I.→A.→1.→a.→(1)→(a)→i)

Thetableofcontentsinyourfinalversionofthedissertationlooksliketheoutline

here,butinmostcasesitisnotasdetailedastheoutline,sincethelatterisdesignedto

beasdetailedaspossibleforthewritingplansothatnoimportantpointsaremissedorleftout.10.410.510.610.710.810.910.3Outlinesandsectionhead10.3OutlinesandsectionheadingsHowtowriteadissertationinEnglish

Ifyoufollowthedecimalpatterninorganizingyourdissertation,ChapterOneof

yourdissertationmaylooklikethefollowing:Chapter1:Introduction

1.1Rationaleforthestudy

1.2Aimsandresearchquestions

1.3Dataandresearchmethod

1.4Structureofthedissertation

Ifyoucomparethechapterandsectionheadingssuggestedherewiththedecimaloutlinepresentedearlier,youcanseethattheoutlineismoredetailedandspecific.

RecallthatinChapters4,5,6,and8weusedtheexampleofresearchingonthetenseformsintheasifclause.Ifwewanttoworkonthistopic,thedecimaloutlineof10.410.510.610.710.810.910.3Outlinesandsectionhead10.3OutlinesandsectionheadingsHowtowriteadissertationinEnglishChapter2willlooklikethefollowing:2.LiteratureReview 2.1Introduction 2.2Analysesintraditionalandpedagogicalgrammars 2.2.1FowlerandFolwer(1906) InfluencesfromLatinandGreek Dataanddescription 2.2.2Poutsma(1916) … … 2.2.3Jespersen(1928) … … 2.2.4Pedagogicalgrammars … …10.410.510.610.710.810.910.3Outlinesandsectionhead10.3OutlinesandsectionheadingsHowtowriteadissertationinEnglish 2.3Meaning-basedstudies 2.3.1Wood(1969)andClose(1975) … … 2.3.2Quirketal.(1972,1985) 2.3.3Otherstudies 2.4Corpus-basedstudies 2.4.1Biberetal.(1999) … … 2.4.2HuddlestonandPullum(2002) 2.4.3CarterandMcCarthy(2006) 2.4.4Otherstudies10.410.510.610.710.810.910.3Outlinesandsectionhead10.3OutlinesandsectionheadingsHowtowriteadissertationinEnglish 2.5Evaluationoftheexistinganalyses 2.5.1Linguisticfactsandlinguisticsdescriptions … … 2.5.2Relationshipsbetweenformandmeaning 2.5.3Afunctionalviewoflanguage 2.6Summary10.410.510.610.710.810.910.3Outlinesandsectionhead10.3OutlinesandsectionheadingsHowtowriteadissertationinEnglishThisdetailedoutlinecanberevisedandmodifiedsothatitwillformpartofthetableofcontentsinthefinaldissertation:Chapter2:LiteratureReview 2.1Introduction 2.2Analysesintraditionalandpedagogicalgrammars 2.2.1FowlerandFolwer(1906) 2.2.2Poutsma(1916) 2.2.3Jespersen(1928) 2.2.4Pedagogicalgrammars 2.3Meaning-basedstudies 2.3.1Wood(1969)andClose(1975) 2.3.2Quirketal.(1972,1985) 2.3.3Otherstudies10.410.510.610.710.810.910.3Outlinesandsectionhead10.3OutlinesandsectionheadingsHowtowriteadissertationinEnglish 2.4Corpus-basedstudies 2.4.1Biberetal.(1999) 2.4.2HuddlestonandPullum(2002) 2.4.3CarterandMcCarthy(2006) 2.4.4Otherstudies 2.5Evaluationoftheexistinganalyses 2.5.1Linguisticfactsandlinguisticsdescriptions 2.5.2Relationshipsbetweenformandmeaning 2.5.3Afunctionalviewoflanguage 2.6Summary10.410.510.610.710.810.910.3Outlinesandsectionhead10.3OutlinesandsectionheadingsHowtowriteadissertationinEnglishForthetableofcontentsinaBAdissertation,wefeelthattheaboveversionisabittoocomplicatedandthatitmaybesimplifiedbyonlyhavingthemajorheadings:Chapter2:LiteratureReview 2.1Introduction 2.2Analysesintraditionalandpedagogicalgrammars 2.3Meaning-basedstudies 2.4Corpus-basedstudies 2.5Evaluationoftheexistinganalyses 2.6SummaryThereasonforhavingadetailedoutlineisthatontheonehandwedonotwanttomissanyimportantpointsandontheotherwewanttobesurethatwehavesufficientcontentineachsection.Bycontrast,havingtoodetailedatableofcontentswilldistract10.410.510.610.710.810.910.3Outlinesandsectionhead10.3OutlinesandsectionheadingsHowtowriteadissertationinEnglishthereader’sattentionandthewholedissertationwilllookuntidy.Theoutlineoftheconcludingchapterwillbeformulaicinthatalmosteverypieceofworkwillhavemoreorlessthesamecomponents.InSection8.9ofChapter8,wecitedtheconcludingchapterfromanMAdissertationtoillustratethestructureofthisfinalchapterinadissertation.Thefollowingcanbeapossibledecimaloutlineforadissertation,assumingthatthisfinalchapterisChapter6.6.Conclusions 6.1Introduction 6.1.1Purposeofthechapter 6.1.2Whatwillbedealtwithinthechapter 6.2Asummarizingoverview 6.2.1Majorpointsdiscussed 6.2.2Answerstotheresearchquestions 6.2.3Majorfindings10.410.510.610.710.810.910.3Outlinesandsectionhead10.3OutlinesandsectionheadingsHowtowriteadissertationinEnglish 6.3Implications 6.3.1Theoreticalimplications 6.3.2Implicationsandapplications 6.4Limitationsandsuggestionsforfurtherstudies 6.4.1Limitations 6.4.2Suggestionsforfurtherstudies 6.5Concludingremarks10.410.510.610.710.810.910.3Outlinesandsectionhead10.3OutlinesandsectionheadingsHowtowriteadissertationinEnglishIfwehavetheaboveoutlineforthefinalchapter,wecanhavethemajorelementsaspartofthetableofcontents.Chapter6:Conclusions 6.1Introduction 6.2Asummarizingoverview 6.3Implications 6.4Limitationsandsuggestionsforfurtherstudies 6.5ConcludingremarksResearchers,especiallythoseexperiencedscholars,prefertoorganizetheirwritingsinawaythatbestpresentstheirideas,andthiswillmeanthattherearevariationsintermsoftheorganizationandheadinginthedissertation.However,thereisonethingthatiscertain:nomatterwhatvariationsoneprefers,theessentialelementsofstructureshouldbetherebecausetheyformthecoreofadissertation.10.410.510.610.710.810.910.3Outlinesandsectionhead10.4

TheproportionalsuggestionHowtowriteadissertationinEnglishInSection4.2,wetalkedabouttheimportanceoftimemanagement.Herewewouldliketoemphasizetheimportanceofhavingaproportionalstructureforadissertation.Tosaythatadissertationshouldbeproportionalintermsofitselementsofstructuremeansthatyoushouldbeclearaboutthegenerallengthofeachchapter.AlthoughitisverydifficultorevenimpossibletodecideonthenumberofwordsineachsectionorchapterinaBAdissertation,wefeelthatitisusefultogivetheundergraduatesomesortofageneralpictureforreference.Inmostcases,thetableofcontentsusuallyhasabouttwopages.Theacknowledgementsshouldnotnormallybemorethanonepage.TheabstractofaBAdissertationhasabout200EnglishwordsandtheChineseabstracthasabout400Chinesecharacters,eachofwhichwillbenomorethanapageofA4.Asforthelistof10.410.510.610.710.810.910.4Theproportionalsuggest10.4

TheproportionalsuggestionHowtowriteadissertationinEnglishabbreviations,thelistoffiguresandthelistoftables,ifthereareany,eachwillbeonseparatepages.Thenumberofreferenceswillbeabout15,whichoccupyonetotwopages.Finally,theappendix,ifany,willhaveonetofivepages.

SupposethatyouneedtowriteaBAdissertationofabout6,000words,basedon

eachpage(1.5spaced)having300words,youwillneedtowriteabout20pages.Here

isageneralsuggestionforbalancingthenumberofwordsineachofthechaptersinthe

dissertation:(1)Introduction(600words,2pages),(2)Literaturereviewandtheoretical

preliminaries(1,500words,5pages),(3)Researchmethod,dataanalysis,andresults

(2,400words,8pages),(4)Discussion(900words,3pages),and(5)Conclusion(600

words,2pages).Thefollowingtablecanserveasachecklist:10.410.510.610.710.810.910.4Theproportionalsuggest10.4

TheproportionalsuggestionHowtowriteadissertationinEnglish10.410.510.610.710.810.910.4Theproportionalsuggest10.4

TheproportionalsuggestionHowtowriteadissertationinEnglishNotethatthenumberofwordsandpagesareestimatedandpredictedonanormalcase,andthestudentresearcherisaskedtochangetheallocationaccordingtotheactualcircumstances,e.g.thesubjectmatter,theresearchtopic,thetypeofdata,theresearchbackgroundandsituation,etc.10.410.510.610.710.810.910.4Theproportionalsuggest10.5DevelopingthefirstdraftandpossibleproblemsHowtowriteadissertationinEnglish

Ifyouhaveworkedonadetailedoutlineofallthechaptersinthedissertationandifyouhaveageneralplanintermsofboththeessentialelementsofstructureandtheirestimatednumberofwordsandpages,youshouldhavenodifficultiesinputtingtheinformationintheappropriateplacesinthedissertation.Ifyouarenotsureofwhattoincludeinacertainchapterorsectionorifyouarenotsureofwheretoputacertainkindofinformation,thatwillsuggestthateitheryouarenotclearabouttheessentialelementsofstructureofadissertationoryouarenotclearaboutthefunctionofeachoftheelementsofstructure.Inthatcase,wesuggestyougothroughtheprocessofdoingtheresearchandtheprocessofwritingthedissertation,totaketheyo-yoapproachintroducedinSection1.4inChapter1.Ifyouarenotclearaboutacertainchapterorsection,youmustalsotrytounderstandthefunctionofthatchapterorsection.Forexample,ifyouarenotfamiliarwiththeresearchsituationandtheresearch10.410.510.610.710.810.910.5Developingthefirstdraf10.5DevelopingthefirstdraftandpossibleproblemsHowtowriteadissertationinEnglishbackgroundofyourresearchtopic,itisunlikelythatyouwillwritethesection/chapteronpreviousstudies/literaturereviewwell.Ifyoufindthatyouhaveverylittleornothingtostateafteranalysingthedata,theproblemmaybethatyouhavenotchosentheappropriatedatathatcanbeusedinyourresearchorthatyoudonothaveenoughtheoreticalideasthatcansupportyourresearch.Thatwouldmeanthatyouhadnotdoneenoughreadingoftherelevantliteraturebeforeyoubegantoconducttheprimaryresearch.10.410.510.610.710.810.910.5Developingthefirstdraf10.6ResearchingbeforewritingHowtowriteadissertationinEnglish

Averysuccessfulpieceofacademicwritingdependsontwofactors.Oneiswhether

youknowhowtodoresearchandwhetheryouhavedonetheresearch(bothprimary

andsecondaryresearch,seeChapter3),andtheotheriswhetheryouknowhowto

reportyourresearchtotheacademiccommunitybywriting.

Wesuggestthatanykindofacademicwritingisbasedontheresearchthatonehas

undertaken.Ifyouhavenotdoneanyresearch,youwillhavenothingtostateinyour

writing.Thisistrueofbothprimaryandsecondaryresearch,sincereadingtheexisting

literatureandsynthesizingotherpeople’sworkisalsoresearch,i.e.secondaryresearch.Therefore,ifyouhavelittleornothingtosayinyouracademicwriting,themostlikelypossibilityisthatyouhavenotdoneenoughresearch.Wecanmakethiscommentbecauseresearchisnecessarybeforewriting.10.410.510.610.710.810.910.6Researchingbeforewritin10.7RevisingthefirstdraftHowtowriteadissertationinEnglish

Differentscholarshavedifferentwaysofwritingthefirstdraftofaresearchpaperoradissertation,althoughtheymayagreewiththeessentialelementsofstructureintheresearchpaperordissertation.

Wewouldsuggestthatforyoungresearchersitisbettertowritedownwhatyouhaveinyourmindasquicklyasyoucan,accordingtothedetailedoutlinethatyouhaveworkedout.Youmayhavealottodiscussandthuswritetoomuchforacertainsectionorchapter.Donotworry,andcontinuewritingbecauseyoucanmovesomeparagraphsorpartstoanothersectionorchapter,orreviseyouroutlineandaddsomesectionshereandthere,atalatertime.Onceyouhavecompletedyourfistdraft,therearethreethingsthatyoumustadhereto.Thefirstistocheckwhetheryouhavealreadywrittentheessentialcomponents(elementsofstructure).Thesecondistoensurethecomponentsare10.410.510.610.710.810.910.7RevisingthefirstdraftH10.7RevisingthefirstdraftHowtowriteadissertationinEnglishproportionalintermsoftheirlength.Thethirdistocheckthelanguageofpresentation—whetheryouhaveusedtheappropriatewords,expressions,clauses,sentences,paragraphstoexpressyourintensionsandmeanings.Fornon-nativespeakersofEnglish,thisisaverydifficultjob.Withregardtothisproblem,therearethreepiecesofadvicethatwewouldliketogiveyou:(1)Whileyouarereadingtherelevantliterature,readforinformationandideasaswellasforlanguage,i.e.thewordsandstructuresforexpressingtheinformationandmeaning.Youaremostlikelytocomeacrosstheappropriatelanguageforyourownwritingwhenyouarereadingwritingsrelevanttothesubjectmatteryouaredealingwith.(2)Ifyouarenotsureoftheuseofcertainwordsandexpressionsorcertainstructures,consultdictionariesandgrammarbooks.Websitessuchasand10.410.510.610.710.810.910.7RevisingthefirstdraftH10.7RevisingthefirstdraftHowtowriteadissertationinEnglish<>arealsogoodplacestochecktheuseofcertainformsandexpressions.(3)Ifyoucannotfindanswerstothequestionsconcerningtheuseofcertainformsandexpressions,trynottousethembyemployingotherformsorwaysofexpression.10.410.510.610.710.810.910.7RevisingthefirstdraftH10.8

SummaryHowtowriteadissertationinEnglishWritingacompletedraftofadissertationtakesmanydays,andthelengthoftimedependsonanumberoffactors:(1)whetheryouhavedoneenoughprimaryandsecondaryresearch,(2)whetheryouareclearaboutwhattosayindifferentchapters,(3)whetheryouareabletoreportyourresearchinanacademicmanner.Inthischapterwebeganwiththepreparationoftheoverallstructureofthedissertationandadetailedoutline.Thischapterdiscussedthestructureoftheoutlineindetail.Wesuggestedthattheresearchershouldpayattentiontotheissueofhavingaproportionalstructureforthedissertation.Weunderstandthatyoungresearchersarelikelytoencountercertaintypesofproblemsintheirwritingandwehaveanalysedsomeproblemswhichtheymayface.Finally,wedealtwiththerevisionofthefirstdraft,emphasizingtheimportanceofbothideasandthewaystoexpresstheideas.10.410.510.610.710.810.910.8SummaryHowtowriteadis10.9

ExercisesHowtowriteadissertationinEnglish10.410.510.610.710.810.9Thinkofthefactorsthatwillinfluencethewritingofadissertation,apartfromthemanagementoftimeandtheresearcher’sinterestintheresearchtopic.1KeysWhyisitveryimportanttohaveanoverallplanandadetailedoutlinebeforeonestartstowrite?2Ifyoufindthatyoudonothaveenoughtosaywhenyouarewritingcertainchapters,whatcanyoudo?310.9ExercisesHowtowriteadSuggestedAnswerstothe

ExercisesHowtowriteadissertationinEnglish

Thethreequestionsareallopen-ended.Thepurposeofhavingthesethree

questionsistoremindthereaderofthepossiblefactorsandproblemsinvolvedinwriting

adissertation.Intermsofthefactorsthatwillinfluencethewritingofadissertation,

thereareanumberofotherswhicharecrucial,includingthetheoreticalassumptions,

thereadingoftheliterature,thefocusoftheresearch,theresearchquestions,theskills

necessaryforconductingresearch,theskillsofwritinginanacademicmanner,the

understandingoftheoverallstructureofthedissertation,etc.Asfortheimportance

ofanoverallplanandadetailedoutline,theyarecrucialinthecompletionofthetask

beforethedeadline.Theoverallplanwillensurethattheresearcherknowswhereto

goandwheretostop,andthedetailedoutlineistotellyouwhattowriteindifferent

componentsinthedissertation.Planningwellbeforewritingwillsavetheresearcher

timeandenergyaswell.Ontheotherhand,ifyoufindthatyoudonothaveenoughto

saywhenyouarewritingcertainchapters,theproblem10.410.510.610.710.810.9SuggestedAnswerstotheExercSuggestedAnswerstothe

ExercisesHowtowriteadissertationinEnglishmaylieintheplanningstageandthedetailedoutline.Oneofthewaystosolvetheproblemistore-structureyourdissertationandworkoutadetailedoutlineforthatchapterorsection.Anotherwayistodomorereadingsothatyouwillbelikelytocomeupwithmoreideas.10.410.510.610.710.810.9backSuggestedAnswerstotheExercHowtoWriteaDissertationInEnglish黃國文M.

Ghadessy高等教育出版社HowtoWriteaDissertation黃國文Introduction10.1Creatingtheoverallplan10.2Outlinesandsectionheadings10.3Theproportionalsuggestion10.4Chapter10Writing(3):WritingandRevisingDevelopingthefirstdraft

andpossibleproblems10.5Researchingbeforewriting10.6Revisingthefirstdraft10.7Summary10.8Exercises10.9Introduction10.1Creatingtheo10.1IntroductionHowtowriteadissertationinEnglish

Thepurposeofthischapteristodealwithissuesconcerningthewritingand

revisingofthedissertation.Beforeyoustarttowrite,youshouldhavecreatedtheoverall

planforthedissertation.Onethingthatneedstobedonebeforeyoubegintowrite

istoworkonanoutline,asdetailedaspossible,whichshouldincludethemainpoints

ineachsectionandchapter.Asthedifferentelementsofstructureinthedissertation

havedifferentfunctionsandplaydifferentrolesinthedissertation,wesuggestthata

dissertation,likeahouseorabuilding,shouldhaveaproportionalstructure,which

meansthattheresearchershouldbeclearaboutthegenerallengthofeachchapter.In

thischapterwewillalsopredictandanalysethepossibleproblemsthatyoungresearchers

mayencounterwhenheiswritingthefirstdraft,andwewillsuggestthatresearchmust

becompletedbeforeyoustarttowrite.Finally,wewilltalkabouttherevisionofthefirst

draft,advisingyoungresearcherstopayattentiontobothcontentandform.10.410.510.610.710.810.910.1IntroductionHowtowrite10.2CreatingtheoverallplanHowtowriteadissertationinEnglish

Inanumberofplaces,wesuggestthatadissertationislikeahouseinthatboth

haveobligatoryandoptionalelementsofstructure.Wealsosuggestthatthefollowing

elementsaregenerallyfoundinadissertation:(1)Title,author,matriculationnumber,tutor,affiliation,yearofsubmission,etc.,(2)Abstract,oneinChinese,oneinEnglish;keywords,(3)Introduction,whichincludesbriefinformationconcerningtheresearchbackground,theaimsandobjectives,researchquestions,researchmethod,theoreticalframework,data,thestructureofthedissertation,(4)Literaturereviewandtheoreticalpreliminaries,(5)Researchmethod,dataanalysis,(6)Resultsanddiscussion,(7)Conclusion,and(8)Notes,Appendix,References,Acknowledgements.Inpreviouschapters(especiallyChapters3,5,6,7,8,9,10),wedealtwithmanyoftheelementsinourdiscussion,somebrieflyandsomeinmoredetail,andinoneofthe10.410.510.610.710.810.910.2Creatingtheoverallplan10.2CreatingtheoverallplanHowtowriteadissertationinEnglishexercisesinChapter8asampletableofcontentsofanMAdissertationwasprovided.Hereourfocusisonthefinaloutlineofadissertation.10.410.510.610.710.810.910.2Creatingtheoverallplan10.3OutlinesandsectionheadingsHowtowriteadissertationinEnglish

Therearebasicallytwoformatsforanoutline,onebeingthedecimalpatternand

theotherthenumber-lettersequence.Forexample,(a)Decimalpattern

1.Introduction

1.1Rationaleforthestudy

1.2Aimsandresearchquestions

1.2.1Aimsandobjectives

Generalaims

Specificobjectives

1.2.2Researchquestions

Thesisstatement

Researchquestionsandresearchobjectives

1.3Dataandresearchmethod

1.3.1Dataanddatacollection

1.3.2Researchmethod

1.4Structureofthedissertation 2.Literaturereview...10.410.510.610.710.810.910.3Outlinesandsectionhead10.3OutlinesandsectionheadingsHowtowriteadissertationinEnglish(b)Number-lettersequence

I.Introduction

A.Rationaleforthestudy

B.Aimsandresearchquestions

1.Aimsandobjectives

a.Generalaims

b.Specificobjectives

2.Researchquestions

a.Thesisstatement

b.Researchquestionsandresearchobjectives

C.Dataandresearchmethod

1.Dataanddatacollection

2.Researchmethod

D.Structureofthedissertation

II.Literaturereview…10.410.510.610.710.810.910.3Outlinesandsectionhead10.3OutlinesandsectionheadingsHowtowriteadissertationinEnglish

Withthedecimalpattern,thenumberingisli