大學(xué)英語四級英語閱讀猜詞公開課一等獎省優(yōu)質(zhì)課大賽獲獎?wù)n件

WordAttackStrategies

閱讀猜詞技巧所謂猜測詞義,是指在閱讀過程中依據(jù)對語篇信息、邏輯、背景知識及語言結(jié)構(gòu)等綜合了解去猜測或推斷某一生詞、難詞、關(guān)鍵詞詞義。猜詞技巧也是一個很主要應(yīng)試技巧.在很多英語測試中,幾乎都包含有判斷生詞或關(guān)鍵詞詞義題目.如:1)InLine...theword"..."couldbestbe

replacedbywhichofthefollowing?2)Accordingtotheauthortheword

"..."means_____.3)Byword"..."theauthormeans____.4)Whichofthefollowingisnearest/

closestinmeaningto"..."?

一針對性解釋

1．依據(jù)定義(definition)猜測詞義假如生詞是句子或段落所解釋定義，了解句子或段落本身就是推斷詞義。E.g.

1)

Anthropologyisthescientificstudyofman.

2)Inslangtheterm"jam"constitutesastateofbeinginwhichapersonfindshimselforherselfinadifficultsituation.Ventilation,asyouknow,isasystemormeansofprovidingfreshair.Itplaysaveryimportantpartinthefieldofengineering."ventilation"這個詞意思是"通風(fēng)".定義句謂語動詞多為：be,tobe,

mean,define,

dealwith,beconsidered,referto,becalled,beknownas,

betermed"(被定義為)represent,signify,constitute等。Apersonorthingbeyondcomparison,amodelofexcellence,isknownasaparagon."paragon：模范、優(yōu)異人或物"2.依據(jù)復(fù)述(restatement)猜測詞義

即使復(fù)述不如定義那樣嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、詳細(xì)，不過提供信息足以使閱讀者猜出生詞詞義。復(fù)述部分能夠適當(dāng)詞、短語或是從句。e.g.1)Semantics,thestudyofthemeaningofwords,isnecessaryifyouaretospeakandreadintelligently.e.g.2)Modernmedicineandnewmethodsoffoodproductionallowadultstolivelongerandbabiestosurvive,notdiesoonafterbirth.(Here“notdie”helpsustoknowwhatsurvivemeans.)

3）Hewasaprestidigitatorwhoentertainedthechildrenbypullingrabbitsoutofhats,swallowingfire,andothersimilartricks.（以定語從句為線索猜測詞義）prestidigitator："變戲法者".

4)Jackisnowaflorist,whokeepsashopforsellingflowersinourdistrict.

florist"花店主"

在復(fù)述中組成同位關(guān)系兩部分之間多用逗號連接，有時也使用破折號，冒號，分號，引號，和括號等。

e.g.Capacitance,ortheabilitytostoreelectriccharge,isoneofthemostcommoncharacteristicsofelectroniccircuits.

Tornadoes(violentanddestructivewhirlwind)

normallyoccuronhot,humid(alittlewet)

day,butnotnecessarilyinthesummer.tornado"即一個非常猛烈、破壞性很大旋轉(zhuǎn)風(fēng).很顯著,這是"旋風(fēng)﹑龍卷風(fēng)";humid即有點(diǎn)濕,其詞義很清楚是"潮濕"意思.

需要注意是：同位語前還常有or,similarly,thatistosay,

thatis,toputitanotherway,inotherwords,namely,orother,tobeprecise,say,i.e.等副詞或短語出現(xiàn)。

e.g.HesuffersfromSAD,

whichisshortforseasonal

affectivedisorder,

asyndromecharacterizedbysevereseasonalmoodswings.Beforethemainbusinessofaconferencebeginsthechairmanusuallymakesashortpreliminary(roductory)speech,ormakeafewpreliminaryremarks.Inotherwords,hesaysafewthingsbywayofintroduction.

"preliminaryspeech"意思是在開會之前主席所做一些簡單介紹,或者說是"開場白".3.依據(jù)舉例(examples)猜測詞義

恰當(dāng)舉例能夠提供猜測生詞主要線索,表示列舉關(guān)系信號詞有:

like,

forexample,

forinstance,

suchas,especially,include,consistof,speciallye.g.1)Theconsequencesofepochaleventssuchaswarsandgreatscientificdiscoveriesarenotconfinedtoasmallgeographicalareaastheywereinthepast.

Definedmostbroadly,folkloreincludesallthecustoms,beliefandtraditionthatpeoplehavehandeddownfromgenerationtogeneration.

"folklore":"民俗學(xué),民俗傳統(tǒng)"e.g.2)Thesimplestwaytohelptheenvironmentisnottoimpactonit.Treadaslightlyasyoucan,takeaslittleaspossible,andputbackasmuchasyoucan.

(Impactcanbeunderstoodthroughtheexamplesoftreadinglightly,takinglittleandputtingbackmuch.)

3)Todayyoungcoupleswhoarejuststartingtheirhouseholdsoftenspendlotsoftheirmoneyonappliances,forinstance,washingmachines,refrigeratorsandcolorTVs.appliances即"家用電器"。二內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系

1．依據(jù)對比(opposite)

關(guān)系猜測詞義

在一個句子或段落中，有對兩個事物或現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行對比性描述，我們能夠依據(jù)生詞或難詞反義詞猜測其詞義。e.g.1)AndrewisoneofthemostsuperciliousmenIknow.Hisbrother,incontrast,isquitehumbleandmodest.

e.g.2)Mostofusseeeverythingasindependentfromoneanother.Buttherealityisthateverythingispartofoneinterconnected,interrelatedwhole.

(Withthehelpof“But”,wecanguessthatinterconnectedandinterrelatedhavetheoppositemeaningofindependent.)

表示對比關(guān)系詞匯和短語主要是or,unlike，not，but，however，despite，inspiteof，incontrast和while,whereas,though,instead(of),ratherthan,otherwise,nevertheless,nonetheless,ontheotherhandetc.引導(dǎo)并列句等。

e.g.Agoodsupervisorcanrecognizeinstantlytheadeptworkersfromtheunskilledones.

Inthepasttheworldseemedtoruninanorderlyway.Now,however,everythingseemstobeinastateofturmoil.turmoil:混亂.2．

依據(jù)比較關(guān)系猜測詞義

同對比關(guān)系相反，比較關(guān)系表示意義上相同(sameorsimilar)關(guān)系。e.g.Greenlovestotalk，andhisbrothersaresimilarlyloquacious.

表示比較關(guān)系詞和短語主要是similarly，like，justas，as...as...,thesameas,or,also等。Thenewtaxlawsupersedes,orreplaces,thelawthatwasineffectlastyear."supersede"一詞大約意思來,即"取代,接替".Motherwastall,fatandmiddle-aged.Theprincipaloftheschoolwasanolderwoman,almostasplumpasmother,andmuchshorter.plump:"肥胖"3．依據(jù)因果關(guān)系猜測詞義

在句子或段落種，若兩個事物、現(xiàn)象之間組成因果關(guān)系，我們能夠依據(jù)這種邏輯關(guān)系推知生詞詞義。

e.g.1)Tomisconsideredanautocraticadministratorbecausehemakesdecisionswithoutseekingtheopinionsofothers.

表示因果關(guān)系信號詞還有:since,as,for,so,

thus,consequently,therefore,hence,dueto,resultin,

resultfrom,asaresult,

forthisreason,

accordingly,

sothat,so...that,

such...that

2）SinceIcouldnotaffordtopurchasetheoriginalpainting,Iboughtareplica.Aninexperiencedeyecouldnottellthedifference.

"replica"應(yīng)是一張"復(fù)制品".3)ThereweresomanydemonstratorsintheRedSquarethathehadtoelbowhiswaythroughthecrowd.4．依據(jù)同義詞替換關(guān)系猜測詞義

在句子或段落種，我們能夠利用熟悉詞語，依據(jù)語言環(huán)境推斷生詞詞義.e.g.1)Althoughheoftenhadtheopportunity,Mr.Trittwasneverabletostealmoneyfromacustomer.Thiswouldhaveendangeredhispositionatthebank,andhedidnotwanttojeopardizehisfuture.

2)Doctorsbelievethatsmokingcigarettesisdetrimentaltoyourhealth.Theyalsoregarddrinkingasharmful.3)Ifyouhappenedtobesittinginthewoodsoutsidethecity,youmighthavewitnessedastrangesight.Youwouldhaveseenaveryproudlookingmanridingalonghorseback,sayingsomething三外部相關(guān)原因

外部相關(guān)原因是指篇章(句子或段落)以外其它知識。有時僅靠分析篇章內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系無法猜出詞義。這時,就需要利用生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)和普通常識確定詞義。E.g.

1)Husband：it'sreallycoldouttonight.Wife:

Sureitis.Myhandsare

practicallynumb.Howaboutlightingthestove?

2)Thesnakeslitheredthroughthegrass3)Treesbringwaterupfromtheground,

allowingwatertoevaporateintotheatmosphere.

(Fromourcommonsensewecangetthemeaningofevaporateas“tochangefromaliquidstatetoagas.”)

.四.構(gòu)詞法依靠方面知識，從生詞本身猜測詞義1．依據(jù)前綴猜測詞義

e.g.

1)Hefellintoaditchandlaythere,semiconscious,forafewminutes.

conscious（清醒，有意識），結(jié)合前綴semi（半，部分，不完全），我們便可猜出semiconscious詞義“半清醒，半昏迷”。

Whenadoctorperformsanoperationonapatient,heusuallygivesananaesthetictomakehimunconscious,becausehedoesnotwanthispatienttofeelpainortoknowwhatishappeningtohim.

"anaesthetic"一詞意思應(yīng)該是"麻醉劑".2)I'milliterateaboutsuchthings.

詞根literate意為“有文化涵養(yǎng)，通曉”，前綴il表示否定，所以illiterate指“一竅不通，不知道”。

2．依據(jù)后綴猜測詞義e.g.Insecticideisappliedwhereitisneeded.

后綴cide表示“殺者，殺滅劑”，結(jié)合大家熟悉詞根insect（昆蟲），不難猜出insecticide意為“殺蟲劑”。2)Thenthevapormaychangeintodroplets.

后綴"let"表示“小”，詞根drop指“滴，滴狀物”。將兩個意思結(jié)合起來，便可推斷出droplet詞義“小滴，微滴”3．依據(jù)復(fù)合詞各部分猜測詞義e.g.1)Growingeconomicproblemswerehighlightedbyaslowdowninoiloutput.

highlight或許是一個生詞，不過分析該詞結(jié)構(gòu)后，就能推測出其含義。它是由high（高，強(qiáng)）和light（光線）兩部分組成，合在一起便是“以強(qiáng)光照射，使突出”意思。

2)BullfightisverypopularinSpain.

Bull（公牛）和fight（打，搏斗）結(jié)合在一起，指一個在西班牙頗為流行體育運(yùn)動——斗牛。Practice

Readthefollowingsentencescarefullyandguessthemeaningofthewordsinyellow.1.Sheis

bilingual.Inotherwords,shespeaksEnglishandFrenchequallywell.(直接定義bilingual:會說兩種語言)2Itisdifficulttolistallofmyfather’sattributes

becausehehassomanydifferenttalentsandcharacters.(近義復(fù)述.attribute:特質(zhì)；才能)

3.Itisbelievedthatwhenashe-wolflosesherlitter,sheseeksahumanchildtotakeitsplace.(對比和比較表示.litter:狼仔;仔狼)4.Afteradayofhunting.Haroldisravenous.Yesterday,forexample,heatetwobowlsofsoup,salad,alargechicken,andapieceofchocolatecakebeforehewasfinallysatisfied…(舉例表示.ravenous:“餓極了”)5.Wehadlotsofcandlesonthetablesandthewaiterswerecarryingcandlesontheirtrays.(常識trays“托盤”或“盤子”)6.

Stillotherpeoplearenotavoidingwork;strictlyspeaking,theyaremerelyprocrastinating—delayin