考研考博-英語-中國礦業(yè)大學(xué)押題密卷附帶答案詳解篇

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-中國礦業(yè)大學(xué)押題密卷附帶答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹(jǐn)慎購買！第壹套一.全考點(diǎn)押題密卷-綜合訓(xùn)練(共50題)1.單選題

Pleasegivemybest______toyourfamily.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.notice

B.attention

C.regards

D.cares

【答案】C

【解析】【試題解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)notice“察覺；通知”；B選項(xiàng)attention“注意力”；C選項(xiàng)regards“用在（bestregards）和（withkindregards）等表達(dá)方式中，表示對某人的良好祝愿”；D選項(xiàng)cares“關(guān)注”。句意：請代我向你的家人______。根據(jù)語境，這里是禮貌用語，表達(dá)對他人的關(guān)心，C選項(xiàng)regards符合題意。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

2.不定項(xiàng)選擇題

Researchersdisagreeonwhetherthe“useitorloseit”philosophyholdsforcognitiveaging,butthereisoneevidencethatkeepingmentallyactivecanslowage-relateddeclines.AtPennsylvaniaStateUniversity,SherryWillisandherhusband,K.WarnerSchaie,havestudied5000people,somesince1956.Peopleluckyenoughtoavoidchronicdiseasesmayalsofarebetterinintellectualfunction,theyfind,perhapsbecausechronicdiseasescanrestrictlifestyleandreducementalstimulation.Similarly,thoseluckyenoughtoberelativelyaffluentalsofarebetter,perhapsbecausemoneycanbuyintellectuallystimulatingthingsliketravel.

Educationhelpstoo.Researcherssaybecauseitinstillstheconvictionthatyoucanalwayslearnsomethingnew.TheSchaie-Willisteamalsohassomeotherobservations.Beinginastablemarriagewithastimulatingspouse,theysay,helpsmaintainintellectualvigor.

Flexibilitycountstoo.Peoplewhostaymentallyvibrantareoftenthosewhodonotinsistthat“theymustdothingstodayastheydidbefore”Schaiesays.Inneuropsychologicalterms,theabilitytoseeproblemsinnewwaysoftenyieldshigherscoresontestsofmentalfunction.Andpeoplesatisfiedwithlifealsostaymorementallyfit,hesays.

Ifyoufindyourmentalskillssagging,considerworkingonspecificdeficits.WhenWillisgave5-hourstutorialsoninductivereasoningorspatialskillstoabout200peoplewhoseskillshaddeclinedintheprevious14years,40percentregainedlostabilities.Thatadvantageheldupsevenyearslatewhentheywereretested.

Otherwaystostaysharp,Schaiesays,aredoingjigsawpuzzlestohonevisuo-spatialskills,workingcrosswordpuzzlesforverbalskills,andplayingbridgeformemoryandsimplymatchingwitsathomewithplayersonTVgameshows.

Finally,rememberthis.Eventhoughyoumaylosesomementalskillswithnormalaging,youalsogaininonekeyarea:wisdom.Thegrowthofwisdomcontinuesthroughoutthe40s,50sandeven60s.

1.Inthepassage,theauthormainlydiscusses（）.

2.Theword“it”inthesaying“useitorloseit”(paragraph1)refersto（）.

3.Accordingtotheresearchers,whichofthefollowingfactorsaffectscognitiveaging?

4.Fromthispassagewemaysafelyinferthat（）mighthelppreventmentaldeclines.

5.Accordingtotheauthor,allofthefollowingcantrulybesaidaboutwisdomEXCEPTthat（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.theroleofmentalstimulationinpreventingmentalaging

B.graduallossofmentalskillswithnormalaging

C.therelationshipbetweenmentalfunctionandspatialskills

D.effectivewaystokeepintellectualvigor

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.brainpower

B.cognitivedevelopment

C.mentalsimulating

D.intellectualfunction

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Education

B.Chronicillness

C.Standardofliving

D.Alloftheabove

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.physicalexercises

B.socialinterconnections

C.rigiddailyroutines

D.ahealthydiet

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.wisdommaybethoughtofasaspecialformofabilitiesandknowledgecompletelydevelopedwithlifeexperience

B.wisdommaystillgrowevenwhentheprocessofmentalagingstarted

C.wisdomissuperiorinimportancetomentalskillssuchinductivereasoningandspatialskills

D.wisdommakesupanimportantpartofbrainpower

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:C

【解析】第1題:主旨大意題。由題干定位到文章第一段中“thereisoneevidencethatkeepingmentallyactivecanslowage-relateddeclines有證據(jù)表明，保持思維活躍可以減緩與年齡有關(guān)的衰退”，可知A項(xiàng)與原文相符。A項(xiàng)“智力的刺激在防止智力老化方面的作用”；B項(xiàng)“隨著年齡的增長心智能力逐漸喪失”，與原文不符；C項(xiàng)“智力功能和空間技能之間的關(guān)系”，與原文不符；D項(xiàng)“保持智力活力的有效方式”，與原文不符，因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

第2題:推理判斷題。由題干定位到文章第一段中“Researchersdisagreeonwhetherthe‘useitorloseit’philosophyholdsforcognitiveaging,butthereisoneevidencethatkeepingmentallyactivecanslowage-relateddeclines.研究人員對‘要么使用它，要么失去它’的理論是否適用于認(rèn)知老化持不同意見，但有證據(jù)表明，保持思維活躍可以減緩與年齡有關(guān)的衰退?！笨赏浦猧t在這里指代“智力的能力”。A項(xiàng)“腦力”；B項(xiàng)“認(rèn)知的發(fā)展”；C項(xiàng)“腦力的模擬”；D項(xiàng)“智力功能”，因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

第3題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由題干定位到文章第一段中“Peopleluckyenoughtoavoidchronicdiseasesmayalsofarebetterinintellectualfunction幸運(yùn)地沒有患慢性疾病的人在智力功能方面可能進(jìn)展得更好”可知B項(xiàng)“慢性疾病”與原文相符；由第一段中“thoseluckyenoughtoberelativelyaffluentalsofarebetter那些足夠幸運(yùn)的相對富裕的人也過得更好”可知C項(xiàng)“生活水平”與原文相符；由第二段中“Educationhelpstoo教育也有幫助”可知A項(xiàng)“教育”與原文相符，A、B、C選項(xiàng)均正確。A項(xiàng)“教育”；B項(xiàng)“慢性疾病”；C項(xiàng)“生活水平”；D項(xiàng)“以上所有各項(xiàng)”，因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

第4題:推理判斷題。由題干定位到文章第五段中“Otherwaystostaysharp…playingbridgeformemoryandsimplymatchingwitsathomewithplayersonTVgameshows.還有其他保持思維敏捷的方法……比如靠記憶打橋牌，或者在家與電視游戲節(jié)目中的玩家斗智?！笨芍狟項(xiàng)“社會聯(lián)系”與原文相符。A項(xiàng)“身體鍛煉”；B項(xiàng)“社會聯(lián)系”；C項(xiàng)“固定的日常生活”；D項(xiàng)“健康的飲食”，因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

第5題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由題干定位到文章最后一段中“Eventhoughyoumaylosesomementalskillswithnormalaging,youalsogaininonekeyarea:wisdom.Thegrowthofwisdomcontinuesthroughoutthe40s,50sandeven60s.雖然隨著年齡的增長，你可能會失去一些心智能力，但你也會在一個關(guān)鍵領(lǐng)域獲得收獲：智慧。在40、50，甚至60歲，心智力都在不斷增長。”，可知A項(xiàng)“智慧可以被認(rèn)為是完全由生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)發(fā)展而來的能力和知識的一種特殊形式”、B項(xiàng)“即使大腦開始老化，智慧仍然會增長”及D項(xiàng)“智慧是腦力的重要組成部分”均與原文相符；而C項(xiàng)“智慧的重要性高于歸納推理和空間技能等心理技能”原文并未提及，因此C選項(xiàng)符合題意。

3.單選題

Thebeliefthattheuniverseisimprovingandthatgoodwill（）triumphoverevilprevails.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.ultimately

B.conclusively

C.feasibly

D.terminally

【答案】A

【解析】ultimately最后，根本，基本上；conclusively最后地，決定性地；feasibly可行地；terminally最后，在末端，致命地。句意：宇宙正在進(jìn)步，正義終將戰(zhàn)勝邪惡的信念盛行。選項(xiàng)A符合句意。

4.單選題

FoodanddrinkplayamajorroleinChristmascelebrationsinmostcountries,butinfewmoresothaninMexico.Manyfamiliesoverthefestiveseasonwilldolittlemorethancookandingestaseeminglyconstantcycleoftortillas,friedbeans,meatbothroastedandstewed,andstickydessertsfordaysonend.Thusdoestheextendedfamilykeeponextending—furtherandfurtherovertheircollectivewaistlines.

Luckythem,youmightthink.ExceptthatMexico’sbadeatinghabitsareleadingtoahealthcrisisthatmostMexicansseemblissfullyunawareof.Obesityanditsrelateddisorder,diabetes,arenowmajorhealthconcernsinacountrywherelargeruralregionsarestillconcernedmorewithunder-nourishmentthanwithover-nourishment.InitsperennialrivalrywiththeUnitedStates,Mexicohasatlastfoundanareainwhichitcanmatchitsnorthernneighbor—mouthfulformouthful.

Thestatisticsareimpressive,andalarming.AccordingtotheOECD,Mexicoisnowthesecondfattestnationinthatgroupof30countries.Ahealthpollin1999foundthat35%ofwomenwereoverweight,andanother24%technicallyobese,JuanRivera,anofficialattheNationalInstituteofPublicHealth,saysthatthecombinedfigureformenwouldbeabout55%,andthatasimilarpolltobecarriedoutnextyearwillshowthefatquotientrising.

OnlytheUnitedStates,withcombinedfiguresofover60%,isahead.

Thatsituationalsovariesgeographically.AlthoughMexicanspopulatethenorthoftheircountrymoresparelythanthesouth,theymakeupforitweight-wise.AStudypublishedbythePan-AmericanHealthOrganizationamonthagoshowedthatinthemostlyHispanicpopulationthatlivesoneithersideoftheAmerican-Mexicanborder,fully74%ofmenand70%ofwomenareeitheroverweightorobese.

Moreover,evenexpertshavebeensurprisedbyhowrapidlythenationhasswollen.Whereasthe1999pollshowed59%ofwomenoverweightorobese,only11yearspreviouslythatfigurewasjust33%.Nowhereisthetransformationmorenoticeablethanintheprevalenceofdiabetes,closelylinkedtoover-eatingandobesity.In1968,saysJoel,RodriguezoftheMexicanDiabetesFederation,thediseasewasin35thplaceasadirectcauseofmortalityinMexico,butnowitoccupiesfirstplace,abovebothcancerandheartdisease.Withabout6.5milliondiabeticsoutofapopulationof100million,Mexiconowhasahigherratethananyotherlargecountryintheworld.Notsurprisingly,Mr.RodriguezarguesthatMexicoisinthegripofan"epidemic".

NordoesittaxthebrainmuchtoworkoutthatthecausesoftheseexplosionsinobesityanddiabetesaretheMexicandietandalackofexercise.FormostMexicans,foodconsumption,notjustatChristmasbutallyearround,isanunvaryingcombinationofrefriedbeanstortillas,meatandrefrescos,orfizzydrinks;theyconsume101litersofcoladrinksperpersonperyear,justalittlelessthanAmericansandthreetimesasmuchasBrazilians.

Meanwhile,thelackofexercise,Mr.Riveraargues,isasymptomofrapidurbanizationoverthepast30years.Obesityanddiabetesratesremainslightlylowerinruralareas,indicatingthatmanuallaborenduresasaneffectivewaytostaveoffweightgain.InMexicoCity,though,pollutionandcrimehaveprogressivelydrivenpeopleoutoftheparksandthestreets,somostnowwalkaslittleaspossible—preferablynofortherthanfromthevalet-parkingservicetotherestaurant.Tocombatthefat,healthprofessionalssaythatthecountrymustfirstrealizethatitisindeedinthegripofanepidemic.Otherdiseases,suchasAIDsmidcancer,havecapturedmostofthepublicityinrecentyears;obesityanddiabeteshavebeencomparativelyneglected.

1.Thephrase"onend"inthefirstparagraphcanbereplacedby（

）.

2.WhichofthefollowingsentencesisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?

3.Theword"perennial"inthesecondparagraphprobablymeans

（

）.

4.WhichisthemostsignificantcauseofmortalityinMexico?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.untilallbeenconsumed

B.continuously

C.upright

D.untilthelastday

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Mexicansareeatingalotbecauseofthecountry'saffluence

B.MexicanscanmatchAmericansinthenourishmentoftheirdiet

C.Mexicansonlyovereatduringfestiveseasons

D.Mexicoisnowthesecondfattestnationinthisworld

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.perpetual

B.transient

C.recurring

D.perilous

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Cancer

B.Diabetes

C.Heartdisease.

D.Obesity

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:B

第3題:A

第4題:B

【解析】1.推理判斷題。題干詢問‘第一段中“onend”一詞可替換為’。由第一段第二句“overthefestiveseason在節(jié)日期間”和“fordays數(shù)日”以及onend本身有“連續(xù)地；不斷地”的意思確定B選項(xiàng)“連續(xù)不斷地”可以替換嗎，正確。

2.推理判斷題。題干詢問‘根據(jù)短文，下列哪個句子是正確的?’。由第二段第二句“Obesityanditsrelateddisorder,diabetes,arenowmajorhealthconcernsinacountrywherelargeruralregionsarestillconcernedmorewithunder-nourishmentthanwithover-nourishment.肥胖及其相關(guān)疾病糖尿病目前是該國的主要健康問題，而該國廣大農(nóng)村地區(qū)仍然更關(guān)注營養(yǎng)不良，而不是營養(yǎng)過剩?！贝_定A選項(xiàng)“墨西哥人吃很多是因?yàn)樵搰母辉！迸c原文不符，排除；C選項(xiàng)“墨西哥人只是在節(jié)日期間吃得過多”在文中沒有提及，排除；第三段第二句“Mexicoisnowthesecondfattestnationinthatgroupof30countries.墨西哥現(xiàn)在是（OECD）30個國家中第二肥胖的國家”確定D項(xiàng)“墨西哥現(xiàn)在是世界上第二肥胖的國家”錯誤，范圍錯誤，排除；由第二段最后一句“InitsperennialrivalrywiththeUnitedStates,Mexicohasatlastfoundanareainwhichitcanmatchitsnorthernneighbor-mouthfulformouthful.在與美國的長期競爭中，墨西哥終于找到了一個可以與它的北方鄰國旗鼓相當(dāng)大口大口的吃?！蓖茢嗄鞲绾兔绹娘嬍沉?xí)慣相似；而第三段講到墨西哥是OECD第二大肥胖的國家，美國位居第一；所以綜合考慮確定B選項(xiàng)“墨西哥人在飲食的營養(yǎng)供給上比得上美國人”符合文意，正確。

3.詞匯題。題干詢問‘第二段中“perennial”一詞可能是指…’。A選項(xiàng)perpetual“長期的；不斷的；無期限的”；B選項(xiàng)recurring“循環(huán)的；再發(fā)的”；C選項(xiàng)transient“短暫的；路過的”；D選項(xiàng)perilous“危險(xiǎn)的，冒險(xiǎn)的”。找到第二段中單詞所在的原句子“Mexicohasatlastfoundanareainwhichitcanmatchitsnorthernneighbor—mouthfulformouthful.在它與美國的perennial競爭中，墨西哥最后發(fā)現(xiàn)一個它能與它北部的鄰居相比的領(lǐng)域，即食量?！备鶕?jù)句意和上一題可推斷perennial的意思為“長期的”，所以A選項(xiàng)正確。

4.推理判斷題。題干詢問‘墨西哥最重要的死亡原因是什么?’。由第五段第三句“Nowhereisthetransformationmorenoticeablethanintheprevalenceofdiabetes,closelylinkedtoover-eatingandobesity.In1968,thediseasewasin35thplaceasadirectcauseofmortalityinMexico,butnowitoccupiesfirstplace,abovebothcancerandheartdisease.這種轉(zhuǎn)變在糖尿病的流行上最為明顯，糖尿病與暴飲暴食和肥胖密切相關(guān)。1968年，這種疾病是墨西哥第35位的直接死亡原因，但現(xiàn)在它占據(jù)了首位，超過了癌癥和心臟病?！彼訠選項(xiàng)“糖尿病”正確。

5.單選題

Heisnotaverycrediblelecturer.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.well-known

B.religious

C.ordinary

D.believable

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。credible表示“可靠的；可信的”；A選項(xiàng)為“著名的；眾所周知的”；B選項(xiàng)為“宗教的，嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)摹?；C選項(xiàng)為“普通的；一般的”；D選項(xiàng)為“可信的”。根據(jù)句意可知，他不是一個可信的演講者。因此，D項(xiàng)為正確答案。

6.單選題

Questions9to11arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Consumersvisualizetheiractivitiesindifferentweather.

B.Goodweathertriggersconsumers’desiretogoshopping.

C.Weatherconditionsinfluenceconsumers’buyingbehavior.

D.Consumers’mentalstateschangewiththepricesofgoods.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Directcorrelation.

B.Mentalvisualization.

C.Individualassociation.

D.Activeconsumption.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Helpingthemadvertiseagreatervarietyofproducts.

B.Enablingthemtoselltheirproductsatahigherprice.

C.Enablingthemtosimplifytheirmathematicalformulas.

D.Helpingthemdeterminewhattosellandatwhatprice.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:D

【解析】PassageOne

Weatherisaconstantforceinourlives,butthere’slittlemarketingresearchonhowitaffectsbusinesses.[9]Now,anewstudyrevealshowsunnyandsnowyconditionsinfluenceconsumerbehavior.[10]Thoseweatherconditionstriggerconsumerstomentallyvisualizeusingproductsassociatedwiththerespectiveweather.Thisleadstoconsumersplacingahighervalueonthoseproducts,thatis,they’rewillingtopaymoremoneyforthem.Butthecorrelationisonlyfoundwithproductsrelatedtobeingoutside.Howdoesthiswork?Researchersgivetheexampleofabeachtowel.Onasunnyday,consumerswhoseethatproductarenotjustlookingatthetowelitself.Theyarelikelyimaginingthemselveslyingonthetowelinthesun.[10]Thismentalpictureofusingthetowelincreasesthevalueoftheproductintheconsumers’mind.Researchersputforwardthefollowinghypothesistoexplaintheirfindings.Theythinkthementalpictureworksinsunshineandsnowbecausetheseweatherconditionshaveapositiveassociationwithoutsideactivities.Theeffectisnotseenwithrainyweather.Researchersassertthisisbecausetherearen’tmanyactivitiesthatareenabledbyrain.Mostproductsassociatedwithrainlikeumbrellasareonlyusedforprotectionfromtheweatherandnotforanyactivities.Researchersbelievethatcompaniesthatsellawidearrayofproductsonlinecanbenefitmostfromtheinsightsthisstudyprovides.[11]Onlinesellersoftenusecomplexmathematicalformulastodeterminewhatproductstofeatureandhowtopricetheseproducts.Incorporatingmoredataaboutweatherwouldallowthemtomakebetterdecisions.Thiscouldbolstersales.

9.Whatdowelearnaboutthefindingsofthenewstudy?

【試題答案】C

【試題解析】題目問關(guān)于這項(xiàng)新研究的發(fā)現(xiàn)，我們可以知道什么？錄音開始不久便提到，一項(xiàng)新的研究揭示了晴雪天氣對消費(fèi)者行為的影響，C選項(xiàng)“天氣條件影響消費(fèi)者的購買行為”與錄音原文表述相符，因此正確。A選項(xiàng)“消費(fèi)者想象他們在不同天氣下的活動”和D選項(xiàng)“消費(fèi)者的心理狀態(tài)隨著商品價(jià)格的變化而變化”在錄音中均沒有信息提及，因此排除。B選項(xiàng)“好的天氣引發(fā)消費(fèi)者購物的欲望”，錄音中只是表明晴雪天氣會觸發(fā)消費(fèi)者將這些天氣與產(chǎn)品的使用聯(lián)想在一起，而這樣的聯(lián)想會增加產(chǎn)品在消費(fèi)者心目中的價(jià)值，也就是說，他們愿意為這些產(chǎn)品支付更多的錢。這表明他們愿意花更高的價(jià)格來購買東西，并不是說好天氣引發(fā)購物欲，因此B選項(xiàng)不正確。

10.Whatdoesthepassagesaymayincreasethevalueofproductsforconsumers?

【試題答案】B

【試題解析】題目問對消費(fèi)者來說，什么可以增加產(chǎn)品的價(jià)值。錄音中提及晴雪天氣會促使消費(fèi)者想象與這些天氣相關(guān)的商品使用情景，從而增加商品在消費(fèi)者心目中的價(jià)值，并以沙灘毛巾為例具體說明。因此，B選項(xiàng)“大腦想象”正確。A選項(xiàng)“直接關(guān)聯(lián)”利用correlation作干擾，消費(fèi)者通過天氣聯(lián)想商品使用的場景，然后想象的畫面使得商品增值，這是間接的關(guān)聯(lián)，因此A選項(xiàng)不正確；C選項(xiàng)“個人關(guān)聯(lián)”，新研究揭示的是一般消費(fèi)者的普遍行為，并沒有針對個人進(jìn)行研究，因此不正確；D選項(xiàng)“主動消費(fèi)”，錄音中并沒有表明消費(fèi)是主動還是被動，因此D選項(xiàng)也不正確。

11.Howcanthefindingsofthenewstudybenefitonlinesellers,accordingtotheresearchers?

【試題答案】D

【試題解析】題目問研究人員認(rèn)為這項(xiàng)新研究的發(fā)現(xiàn)可以怎樣使網(wǎng)上賣家受益？錄音結(jié)尾處提及，研究人員認(rèn)為網(wǎng)上賣家在決定賣什么和定什么價(jià)格時，如果能把更多的天氣信息納入考慮，會有助于做出更明智的決定，從而促進(jìn)銷售。因此，D選項(xiàng)“幫助他們決定賣什么和定什么價(jià)格”正確。A選項(xiàng)“幫助他們宣傳更多種類的產(chǎn)品”，錄音中并沒有提及“advertise（宣傳）”這一信息，因此不正確；B選項(xiàng)“使他們能以更高的價(jià)格銷售產(chǎn)品”，新研究發(fā)現(xiàn)跟某些天氣條件有正相關(guān)的產(chǎn)品可以在消費(fèi)者心中增值，從而使他們愿意支付更多的錢，但并非所有商品都有這些效應(yīng)，因此可排除B選項(xiàng)；C選項(xiàng)“使他們能夠簡化數(shù)學(xué)公式”利用mathematicalformulas設(shè)置干擾，錄音只提及網(wǎng)上賣家用復(fù)雜的數(shù)學(xué)公式去幫助做銷售決策，新研究的發(fā)現(xiàn)可以幫助他們更好地做決策，但沒說簡化數(shù)學(xué)公式，因此C選項(xiàng)也不正確。

7.翻譯題

Thetermeducationcanbeappliedtoprimitivecultureonlyinthesenseofenculturation,whichistheprocessofculturaltransmission.Aprimitiveperson,whosecultureisthetotalityofhisuniverse,hasarelativelyfixedsenseofculturalcontinuityandtimelessness.Themodeloflifeisrelativelystaticandabsolute,anditistransmittedfromongenerationtoanotherwithlittledeviation.Asforprehistoriceducation,itcanonlybeinferredfromeducationalpracticesinsurvivingprimitivecultures.Thepurposeofprimitiveeducationisthusguidechildrentobecomegoodmembersoftheirtribeorband.

Historicallyallculturesandsocietieshaveprovidedsomeformof“education”,formalandinformal.WhetherwearediscussinginformaleducationofademonstrationvarietyorthehighlyritualizedandformalmechanismsofadoctoralprogramintheUnitedStates,allsystemsofeducationoperateimplicitlyorexplicitlywithasetofpedagogicalobjectives.Inabroadsensetheoverallgoalsofeducation,formalandinformal,aretotransmittheskills,competencies,andvaluesthatthespecificculturedeemsnecessarytoassurethemaintenanceofthesociety.

【答案】只有從表示文化傳播過程的文化適應(yīng)的意義上來看,教育這一詞才能應(yīng)用于原始文化中。對于一個把他自己的文化當(dāng)做他的全部世界的原始人而言,他對文化連續(xù)性和永恒性有著相對固定的理解。他的生活方式相對穩(wěn)定和純粹,而在代代相傳的過程中,這種生活方式也不會發(fā)生很大的改變。至于史前教育,它只能從幸存的原始文化中通過教育實(shí)踐推知。原始教育的目的在于引導(dǎo)孩子成為他們一伙或樂隊(duì)中的一名優(yōu)秀的成員。

從歷史角度上看,每個文化和社會都提供了某種形式的教育,不管是正式的,還是非正式的。不管是我們正在討論的非正式教育的示范還是美國高度儀式化和正式的博士項(xiàng)目機(jī)制,所有的教育形式都直接或間接地帶有一套教育目的。從廣義上講,教育的總目的,正式或非正式的,是為了傳播特定文化所需的用來保證社會群體維持的技能、能力和價(jià)值觀。

8.單選題

ItisGasNatural’sthirdattempttohookupwithabigpartnerinSpain’srapidlyconsolidatingpowerindustry,havingbeenrebuffedbyEndesain2005andIberdrolain2003.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.repulsed

B.disclaimed

C.excoriated

D.redintegrated

【答案】B

【解析】考查近義動詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)repulse“驅(qū)逐；憎惡”；B選項(xiàng)disclaim“否認(rèn)，拒絕；放棄，棄權(quán)；拒絕承認(rèn)”；C選項(xiàng)excoriate“嚴(yán)厲的責(zé)難；擦破……的皮膚”；D選項(xiàng)redintegrate“使復(fù)原；重建；使更新”。句意：這是西班牙天然氣公司第三次嘗試在西班牙快速鞏固的電力行業(yè)中與大型合作伙伴結(jié)盟，2005年被Endesa公司拒絕，2003年被Iberdrola公司拒絕。rebuff“斷然拒絕”，B選項(xiàng)與該詞詞意最相近，因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

9.單選題

Hetoldmethatthemusicwasbarelyaudibleinthehallthatnight.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.distinct

B.passionate

C.pathetic

D.perpetual

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A項(xiàng)distinct“明顯的，獨(dú)特的，清楚的”，B項(xiàng)passionate“熱情的，熱烈的”，C項(xiàng)pathetic“可憐的，悲哀的”，D項(xiàng)perpetual“永久的，不斷的”。句意：他告訴我那天晚上音樂廳里的音樂幾乎聽不見。audible在句中表示“聽得見的”，四個選項(xiàng)中意思與之相近的是A項(xiàng)。因此，該題選擇A項(xiàng)。

10.單選題

Theytook______measurestopreventpoisonousgasesfromescaping.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.efficient

B.beneficial

C.valid

D.effective

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A項(xiàng)efficient“有效率的，有能力的”，B項(xiàng)beneficial“有益的，有利的”，C項(xiàng)valid“有效的，合法的”，側(cè)指文件的有效性，D項(xiàng)effective“有效果的，起作用的”。根據(jù)后面部分句子measurestopreventpoisonousgasesfromescaping“防止有毒氣體泄漏的措施”可知，D項(xiàng)符合語境。句意：他們采取了有效措施防止有毒氣體泄漏。因此，該題選擇D項(xiàng)正確。

11.單選題

Aliquidcanbekeptinanopencontainerandfillittothelevelofafreesurface.Agasformsnofreesurfacebut______todiffusethroughoutthespaceavailable.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.tends

B.intends

C.inclines

D.contends

【答案】A

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A項(xiàng)tend表示“趨向，傾向，照料”，tendto表示“趨向，注意，易于”，指朝著一個方向發(fā)展或者有某種品質(zhì)；B項(xiàng)intend表示“打算，想要，意指”，intendto表示“打算做，想要”；C項(xiàng)incline表示“傾向于，（使）傾向于，贊同（某人或某事）”，inclineto表示“傾向于……，向……傾斜”，指傾向于用某種方式思考或者表現(xiàn)，被要求做某事；D項(xiàng)contend表示“競爭，奮斗，斗爭”，不和to搭配。根據(jù)句子的主語gas（氣體），結(jié)合but轉(zhuǎn)折后面的動詞diffuse（擴(kuò)散）可知，A項(xiàng)“傾向于”符合語境。句意：液體可以保存在一個開放的容器中，并將其裝滿到一個自由面的水平；氣體沒有形成自由面，而是傾向于在整個可用的空間中擴(kuò)散。因此，該題選擇A項(xiàng)正確。

12.單選題

Amanof（）judgmentwillimmediatelyseethroughthelittlegame.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.severe

B.solemn

C.sober

D.stern

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。A:severe“嚴(yán)峻的”；B:solemn“莊嚴(yán)的，嚴(yán)肅的”；C:sober“頭腦清醒的，冷靜的”；D:stern“嚴(yán)厲的，嚴(yán)峻的”。句意：一個頭腦清醒有判斷力的人會立刻看穿這個小游戲。根據(jù)語境和句意可知C為正確答案。

13.單選題

Amysteriousblackcloudapproachestheearth—ourplanet’sweatherisseverelyaffected.

ThroughouttherestofJuneandJulytemperaturesrosesteadilyallovertheEarth.IntheBritishIslesthetemperatureclimbedthroughtheeighties,intothenineties,andmovedtowardsthehundredmark.Peoplecomplained,buttherewasnoseriousdisaster.

ThedeathnumberintheU.S.remainedquitesmall,thankslargelytotheair-conditioningunitsthathadbeenfittedduringpreviousyearsandmonths.Temperaturesrosetothelimitofhumanendurancethroughoutthewholecountryandpeoplewereobligedtoremainindoorsforweeksonend.Occasionallyair-conditioningunitsfailedanditwasthenthatfatalitiesoccurred.

Conditionswereutterlydesperatethroughoutthetropicsasmaybejudgedfromthefactthat7943speciesofplantsandanimalsbecametotallyextinct.ThesurvivalofManhimselfwasonlypossiblebecauseofthecavesandcellarshewasabletodig.Nothingcouldbedonetoreducethehotairtemperature.Morethansevenhundredmillionpersonsareknowntohavelosttheirlives.

Eventuallythetemperatureofthesurfacewatersofthesearose,notsofastastheairtemperature,butfastenoughtoproduceadangerousincreaseofhumidity.Itwasindeedthisincreasethatproducedthedisastrousconditionsjustremarked.MillionsofpeoplebetweenthelatitudesofCairoandtheCapeofGoodHopeweresubjectedtoachokingatmospherethatgrewdamperandhotterfromdaytoday.Allhumanmovementceased.Therewasnothingtobedonebuttoliebreathingquicklyasadogdoesinhotweather.

BythefourthweekofJulyconditionsinthetropicslaybalancedbetweenlifeandtotaldeath.Thenquitesuddenlyraincloudsappearedoverthewholeglobe.Thetemperaturedeclinedalittle,duenodoubttothecloudsreflectingmoreoftheSun’sradiationbackintospace.Butconditionscouldnotbesaidtohaveimproved.Warmrainfelleverywhere,evenasfarnorthasIceland.Theinsectpopulationincreasedenormously,sincetheburninghotatmospherewasasfavorabletothemasitwasunfavorabletoManandmanyotheranimals.

1.IntheBritishIslesthetemperature____________.

2.FewpeopleintheUnitedStateslosttheirlivesbecause____________.

3.MillionsofpeopleinCairoandtheCapeofGoodHopeweresubjectedtoachokingatmospherebecause____________.

4.BythefourthweekofJulyconditionsinthetropicsweresuchthat____________.

5.Theinsectpopulationincreaseddueto____________.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.stayedateighty

B.rangedfromeightytoninety

C.approachedonehundred

D.exceededthehundredmark

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.thetemperaturewastolerable

B.peopleremainedindoorsforweeks

C.thegovernmenthadtakeneffectivemeasurestoreducethehottemperature

D.peoplewereprovidedwiththemostcomfortableair-conditioners

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.thetemperaturegrewextremelyhot

B.thetemperaturebecamedamperandhotterasthehumidityofthesurfacewatersoftheseaincreased

C.theirconditionsweretoodangerous

D.nothingcouldbedonewiththehottemperature

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.humansurvivalwouldbeimpossible

B.moreandmorepeoplewouldlosetheirlives

C.fewerpeoplecouldbesaved

D.survivalordeathwasstillundecided

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.thehotair

B.thetropicalclimate

C.therainclouds

D.thedampatmosphere

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:D

第3題:B

第4題:D

第5題:A

【解析】1.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第二段第二句IntheBritishIslesthetemperatureclimbedthroughtheeighties,intothenineties,andmovedtowardsthehundredmark.（在不列顛群島，溫度從80度上升到90度，并接近100度。），可知不列顛群島的溫度快接近100度，故C選項(xiàng)“接近100”正確。A選項(xiàng)“保持在80度”，B選項(xiàng)“從80上升到90度”和D選項(xiàng)“超過100度”錯誤。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

2.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第二段第一句ThedeathnumberintheU.S.remainedquitesmall,thankslargelytotheair-conditioningunitsthathadbeenfittedduringpreviousyearsandmonths.（美國的死亡人數(shù)仍然很少，這在很大程度上要?dú)w功于前幾年和前幾個月安裝的空調(diào)設(shè)備。），可知，在美國很少人因?yàn)楦邷囟鴨噬靡嬗诳照{(diào)，故D選項(xiàng)“人們裝有最舒適的空調(diào)”正確。A選項(xiàng)“溫度還可以忍受”和B選項(xiàng)“人們在室內(nèi)待了幾個星期”：根據(jù)第三段第二句Temperaturesrosetothelimitofhumanendurancethroughoutthewholecountryandpeoplewereobligedtoremainindoorsforweeksonend.（全國各地氣溫上升到人類承受能力的極限，人們被迫連續(xù)數(shù)周待在室內(nèi)。），可知這氣溫已超出承受范圍，故A選項(xiàng)錯誤，并且因?yàn)闅鉁靥呷藗儾坏貌淮谑覂?nèi)，這是高溫帶來的影響而非只有少數(shù)人死亡的原因，故B選項(xiàng)錯誤。C選項(xiàng)“政府已經(jīng)采取了有效的措施來降低高溫”：文章沒有提到政府做了什么，故錯誤。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

3.實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第五段第一句Eventuallythetemperatureofthesurfacewatersofthesearose…toproduceadangerousincreaseofhumidity.（最終，海水表層的溫度上升了……致命的濕度增加。）和第三句grewdamperandhotterfromdaytoday（天氣一天比一天潮濕和炎熱），可知是海水溫度和濕度增加影響的開羅和好望角地區(qū)，故B選項(xiàng)“隨著海洋表層海水濕度的增加，溫度變得更潮濕、更熱”正確，A選項(xiàng)“溫度變得非常熱”中僅僅因?yàn)闇囟茸兓恢劣谠斐蛇@樣的結(jié)果。C選項(xiàng)“他們的條件太危險(xiǎn)了”：這是對這情況的描述而非原因，故錯誤。D選項(xiàng)“他們對高溫?zé)o計(jì)可施”：根據(jù)第四段第二句ThesurvivalofManhimselfwasonlypossiblebecauseofthecavesandcellarshewasabletodig.（人類之所以能活下來，完全是因?yàn)橥诘搅硕囱ê偷亟选＃?，可知人類運(yùn)用了一些對策面對高溫，故錯誤。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

4.語義推測題。根據(jù)第六段BythefourthweekofJuly…Thetemperaturedeclinedalittle…Butconditionscouldnotbesaidtohaveimproved…asitwasunfavorabletoManand