考研考博-英語-北京電影學(xué)院現(xiàn)代創(chuàng)意媒體學(xué)院押題密卷附帶答案詳解篇2

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-北京電影學(xué)院現(xiàn)代創(chuàng)意媒體學(xué)院押題密卷附帶答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹(jǐn)慎購買！第壹套一.全考點押題密卷-綜合訓(xùn)練(共50題)1.單選題

Wetriedtonegotiatebuttheywereadamant.

問題1選項

A.disagreeable

B.confident

C.hostile

D.unyielding

【答案】D

【解析】【選項釋義】

A.disagreeable不愉快的，厭惡的，脾氣壞的B.confident自信的，確定的

C.hostile敵對的，敵意的D.unyielding不屈的，堅強的，堅定的

【答案】D

【考查點】形容詞辨析。

【解題思路】由but可知，前后句意為轉(zhuǎn)折，前面提到“我們試圖談判”，所以推斷adamant表示“態(tài)度堅決”。因此，D選項詞義與劃線部分單詞含義最為接近，故本題正確答案為D選項。

【干擾項排除】A、B、C項與劃線單詞的意思不符合。

【句意】我們試圖談判，但他們態(tài)度堅決。

2.單選題

Facebook’stopexecutiveareeligiblefortwice-a-yearbonusesofupto45percentoftheirbasesalaries.

問題1選項

A.optional

B.qualified

C.desirable

D.casual

【答案】B

【解析】考查上下文語義與形容詞辨析。A選項optional“可選擇的”；B選項qualified“合格的，有資格的”；C選項desirable“值得擁有的，可取的”；D選項casual“隨便的；臨時的”。句意：Facebook的高管有資格獲得一年兩次的獎金，最高可達基本工資的45%。根據(jù)句意可排除A、D兩項。C選項desirable與B選項qualified的區(qū)別在于：desirable通常修飾“值得的或可取的東西”，在這句話中則應(yīng)該是“一年兩次的獎金”，通常用于itisdesirablethat（XX是可取的。）或者itisdesirableforsbtodosth（做某事是值得的。），而劃線詞修飾的是“Facebook的高管”，兩者用法不搭，而qualified通常與介詞for連用，AbequalifiedforB（A具備完成/擁有B的資格或能力），該詞與原文areeligiblefor詞義、用法最相近。因此，本題最佳選項為B。

3.不定項選擇題

Theageatwhichyoungchildrenbegintomakemoraldiscriminationsaboutharmfulactionscommittedagainstthemselvesorothershasbeenthefocusofrecentresearchintothemoraldevelopmentofchildren.Untilrecently,childpsychologistssupportedpioneerdevelopmentalistJeanPiagetinhishypothesisthatbecauseoftheirimmaturity,childrenunderagesevendonottakeintoaccounttheintentionsofapersoncommittingaccidentalordeliberateharm,butrathersimplyassignpunishmentfortransgressionsonthebasisofthemagnitudeofthenegativeconsequencescaused.

AccordingtoPiaget,childrenunderagesevenoccupythefirststageofmoraldevelopment,whichischaracterizedbymoralabsolutism(rulesmadebyauthoritiesmustbeobeyed)andimminentjustice(ifrulesarebroken,punishmentwillbemetedout).Untilyoungchildrenmature,theirmoraljudgmentsarebasedentirelyontheeffectratherthanthecauseofatransgression.However,inrecentresearch,Keaseyfoundthatsix-year-oldchildrennotonlydistinguishbetweenaccidentalandintentionalharm,butalsojudgeintentionalharmasnaughtier,regardlessoftheamountofdamageproduced.Bothofthesefindingsseemtoindicatethatchildren,atanearlieragethanPiagetclaimed,advanceintothesecondstageofmoraldevelopment,moralautonomy,inwhichtheyacceptsocialrulesbutviewthemasmorearbitrarythandochildreninthefirststage.

Keasey’sresearchraisestwokeyquestionsfordevelopmentalpsychologistsaboutchildrenunderageseven:dotheyrecognizejustificationsforharmfulactions,anddotheymakedistinctionsbetweenharmfulactsthatarepreventableandthoseactsthathaveunforeseenharmfulconsequences?Studiesindicatethatjustificationsexcusingharmfulactionsmightincludepublicduty,self-defense,andprovocation.Forexample,NesdaleandRuleconcludedthatchildrenwerecapableofconsideringwhetherornotanaggressor’sactionwasjustifiedbypublicduty:five-year-oldsreactedverydifferentlyto“BonniewrecksAnn’spretendhouse”dependingonwhetherBonniedidit“sosomebodywon’tfalloverit”orbecauseBonniewanted“tomakeAnnfeelbad.”Thus,achildoffivebeginstounderstandthatcertainharmfulactions,thoughintentional,canbejustified;theconstraintsofmoralabsolutismnolongersolelyguidetheirjudgments.

Psychologistshavedeterminedthatduringkindergartenchildrenlearntomakesubtledistinctionsinvolvingharm.Darleyobservedthatamongactsinvolvingunintentionalharm,six-year-oldchildrenjustenteringkindergartencouldnotdifferentiatebetweenforeseeable,andthuspreventable,harmandunforeseeableharmforwhichtheperpetratorcannotbeblamed.Sevenmonthslater,however,Darleyfoundthatthesesamechildrencouldmakebothdistinctions,thusdemonstratingthattheyhadbecomemorallyautonomous.

66.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthepassageasawhole?

67.Accordingtothepassage,Keasey’sfindingssupportwhichofthefollowingconclusionsaboutsix-year-oldchildren?

68.Accordingtothepassage,theresearchofNesdaleandRulesuggestswhichofthefollowingaboutfive-year-oldchildren?

69.Accordingtothepassage,Darleyfoundthataftersevenmonthsofkindergartensix-year-oldsacquiredwhichofthefollowingabilities?

70.Accordingtothepassage,PiagetandKeaseywouldNOThaveagreedonwhichofthefollowingpoints?

問題1選項

A.Aconfirmationofanestablishedauthority’stheory.

B.Anexpandeddefinitionofcommonlymisunderstoodterms.

C.Ananalysisofadisputebetweentwotheories.

D.Adiscussionofresearchfindingsinanongoinginquiry.

問題2選項

A.Theyhavetheabilitytomakeautonomousmoraljudgments.

B.Theyregardmoralabsolutismasathreattotheirmoralautonomy.

C.Theydonotunderstandtheconceptofpublicduty.

D.Theyacceptmoraljudgmentmadebytheirpeersmoreeasilythandoolderchildren.

問題3選項

A.Theirreactionstointentionalandaccidentalharmdeterminetheseverityofthepunishmentstheyassign.

B.They,asperpetratorsofharmfulacts,disregardthefeelingsofthechildrentheyharm.

C.Theytakeintoaccountthemotivationsofactionswhenjudgingthebehaviorofotherchildren.

D.Theyviewpublicdutyasajustificationforaccidental,butnotintentionalharm.

問題4選項

A.Differentiatingbetweenforeseeableandunforeseeableharm.

B.Identifyingwiththeperpetratorofaharmfulaction.

C.Justifyingharmfulactionsthatresultfromprovocation.

D.Evaluatingthemagnitudeofnegativeconsequencesresultingfromthebreakingofrules.

問題5選項

A.Thekindsofexcuseschildrengiveforharmfulactstheycommit.

B.Theageatwhichchildrenbegintodiscriminatebetweenintentionalandunintentionalharm.

C.Theintentionschildrenhaveinperpetratingharm.

D.Thecircumstancesunderwhichchildrenpunishharmfulacts.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:A

第5題:B

【解析】1.【選項釋義】

1.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthepassageasawhole?1.下面哪個選項最好地描述了這篇文章的整體？

A.Aconfirmationofanestablishedauthority’stheory.A.對權(quán)威理論的確認(rèn)。

B.Anexpandeddefinitionofcommonlymisunderstoodterms.B.對常被誤解的術(shù)語的擴展定義。

C.Ananalysisofadisputebetweentwotheories.C.兩種理論之爭的分析。

D.Adiscussionofresearchfindingsinanongoinginquiry.D.在正在進行的調(diào)查中對研究發(fā)現(xiàn)的討論。

【考查點】主旨大意題。

【解題思路】首先根據(jù)文章第一句“幼兒在什么年齡開始對自己或他人有害的行為做出道德區(qū)分，一直是最近兒童道德發(fā)展研究的焦點”可知，文章的內(nèi)容是圍繞兒童擁有道德自主的年齡來展開，然后文章主要是討論了皮亞杰和凱西的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，用Nesdale和Rule，以及Darley的研究做補充說明，綜合理解可知，這篇文章主要是對兒童擁有道德自主的年齡進行的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)的討論，D項“在正在進行的調(diào)查中對研究發(fā)現(xiàn)的討論”符合題意。

【干擾項排除】

A項“對權(quán)威理論的確認(rèn)”，文章并沒有對某種理論進行確認(rèn)，該項屬于反向干擾；

B項“對常被誤解的術(shù)語的擴展定義”，文中沒有提到對術(shù)語的誤解，該項屬于無中生有；

C項“兩種理論之爭的分析”，原文談到了不止兩種理論，該項屬于曲解原文。

2.【選項釋義】

2.Accordingtothepassage,Keasey’sfindingssupportwhichofthefollowingconclusionsaboutsix-year-oldchildren?2.根據(jù)文章，凱西的發(fā)現(xiàn)支持以下關(guān)于六歲兒童的結(jié)論中的哪一個？

A.Theyhavetheabilitytomakeautonomousmoraljudgments.A.他們有能力做出自主的道德判斷。

B.Theyregardmoralabsolutismasathreattotheirmoralautonomy.B.他們認(rèn)為道德絕對主義是對他們道德自主的威脅。

C.Theydonotunderstandtheconceptofpublicduty.C.他們不理解公共義務(wù)的概念。

D.Theyacceptmoraljudgmentmadebytheirpeersmoreeasilythandoolderchildren.D.他們比年齡較大的孩子更容易接受同齡人做出的道德判斷。

【考查點】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)第二段最后兩句“然而，在最近的研究中，凱西發(fā)現(xiàn)，六歲的孩子不僅會區(qū)分意外傷害和故意傷害，而且他們認(rèn)為不管造成的傷害有多大，故意傷害更淘氣。這兩項發(fā)現(xiàn)似乎都表明，兒童在比皮亞杰聲稱的更早的年齡就進入了道德發(fā)展的第二階段，即道德自主，在這個階段中，他們接受社會規(guī)則，但認(rèn)為它們比第一階段的兒童更武斷。”可知，凱西發(fā)現(xiàn)六歲的孩子能夠自主區(qū)分意外傷害和故意傷害，這表明他們進入了道德自主階段，綜合理解可以推斷，凱西的發(fā)現(xiàn)支持了六歲兒童能夠做出自主的道德判斷的觀點，該題選擇A項“他們有能力做出自主的道德判斷”符合題意。

【干擾項排除】

C項“他們不理解公共義務(wù)的概念”雖然在原文提及，但與題干無關(guān)，該項屬于出處錯位；

B項“他們認(rèn)為道德絕對主義是對他們道德自主的威脅”和D項“他們比年齡較大的孩子更容易接受同齡人做出的道德判斷”沒有提到，該項屬于無中生有。

3.【選項釋義】

3.Accordingtothepassage,theresearchofNesdaleandRulesuggestswhichofthefollowingaboutfive-year-oldchildren?3.根據(jù)文章，Nesdale和Rule的研究表明，以下哪一個是五歲左右的孩子？

A.Theirreactionstointentionalandaccidentalharmdeterminetheseverityofthepunishmentstheyassign.A.他們對故意傷害和意外傷害的反應(yīng)決定了他們所指定懲罰的嚴(yán)重程度。

B.They,asperpetratorsofharmfulacts,disregardthefeelingsofthechildrentheyharm.B.作為有害行為的作惡者，他們無視他們所傷害的兒童的感情。

C.Theytakeintoaccountthemotivationsofactionswhenjudgingthebehaviorofotherchildren.C.在判斷其他孩子的行為時，他們會考慮行為的動機。

D.Theyviewpublicdutyasajustificationforaccidental,butnotintentionalharm.D.他們認(rèn)為公共義務(wù)是意外傷害而非故意傷害的正當(dāng)理由。

【考查點】細(xì)節(jié)事實題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干定位至文章第三段對Nesdale和Rule的研究的描述，由最后兩句“Nesdale和Rule得出的結(jié)論是，兒童能夠考慮侵犯者的行為是否符合公共義務(wù)……因此，五歲的孩子開始明白，某些有害的行為，盡管是故意的，也是合乎情理的；道德絕對主義的約束不再僅僅指導(dǎo)他們的判斷?！笨芍?，Nesdale和Rule的研究表明，五歲的兒童在做出判斷時，不再僅僅依靠道德絕對主義，而是會考慮某些行為的動機，C項“在判斷其他孩子的行為時，他們會考慮行為的動機”符合題意。

【干擾項排除】

A項“他們對故意傷害和意外傷害的反應(yīng)決定了他們所指定懲罰的嚴(yán)重程度”，根據(jù)解題思路可知，原文定位處沒有提到懲罰，該項屬于曲解原文；

B項“他們作為有害行為的作惡者，無視他們所傷害的兒童的感情”在原文沒有依據(jù)，該項屬于無中生有；

D項“他們認(rèn)為公共義務(wù)是意外傷害而非故意傷害的正當(dāng)理由”，文中提到即便有些有害行為是故意的，但是了解了行為的動機后，孩子們也會認(rèn)為是情有可原的，所以不管是意外傷害還是故意傷害，他們都會考慮到公共義務(wù)，該項屬于曲解原文。

4.【選項釋義】

4.Accordingtothepassage,Darleyfoundthataftersevenmonthsofkindergartensix-year-oldsacquiredwhichofthefollowingabilities?4.根據(jù)文章，Darley發(fā)現(xiàn)，在七個月的幼兒園之后，六歲的孩子獲得了下列哪一種能力？

A.Differentiatingbetweenforeseeableandunforeseeableharm.A.區(qū)分可預(yù)見和不可預(yù)見的傷害。

B.Identifyingwiththeperpetratorofaharmfulaction.B.認(rèn)同一個有害行為的作惡者。

C.Justifyingharmfulactionsthatresultfromprovocation.C.為因挑釁而導(dǎo)致的有害行為辯護。

D.Evaluatingthemagnitudeofnegativeconsequencesresultingfromthebreakingofrules.D.評估違反規(guī)則所導(dǎo)致的負(fù)面后果的嚴(yán)重程度。

【考查點】細(xì)節(jié)事實題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干定位至最后一段最后兩句“Darley觀察到，在涉及無意傷害的行為中，剛剛進入幼兒園的六歲兒童無法區(qū)分可預(yù)見的、可預(yù)防的傷害和不可預(yù)見的傷害，而這些傷害不能歸咎于肇事者。然而，七個月后，Darley發(fā)現(xiàn)這些孩子能夠做出這兩種區(qū)分，從而證明他們已經(jīng)變得道德自主?！睆闹锌芍鶜q的孩子在幼兒園呆了七個月后，能夠?qū)深A(yù)見的、可預(yù)防的傷害和不可預(yù)見的傷害做出區(qū)分，A項“區(qū)分可預(yù)見和不可預(yù)見的傷害”符合題意。

【干擾項排除】

B項“認(rèn)同一個有害行為的作惡者”，在七個月的幼兒園之后，六歲的孩子能夠區(qū)分可預(yù)見傷害和不可預(yù)見傷害的后果，該項屬于反向干擾；

C項“為因挑釁而導(dǎo)致的有害行為辯護”不是Darley的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，該項屬于出處錯位；

D項“評估違反規(guī)則所導(dǎo)致的負(fù)面后果的嚴(yán)重程度”，Evaluating在原文沒有提到，該項屬于無中生有。

5.【選項釋義】

5.Accordingtothepassage,PiagetandKeaseywouldNOThaveagreedonwhichofthefollowingpoints?5.根據(jù)文章，皮亞杰和凱西不會就以下哪一點達成一致？

A.Thekindsofexcuseschildrengiveforharmfulactstheycommit.A.孩子們?yōu)樗麄兯龅挠泻π袨榻o出的各種借口。

B.Theageatwhichchildrenbegintodiscriminatebetweenintentionalandunintentionalharm.B.兒童開始區(qū)分故意傷害和非故意傷害的年齡。

C.Theintentionschildrenhaveinperpetratingharm.C.孩子們實施傷害的意圖。

D.Thecircumstancesunderwhichchildrenpunishharmfulacts.D.兒童懲罰有害行為的環(huán)境。

【考查點】細(xì)節(jié)事實題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)第二段第一句“皮亞杰認(rèn)為，七歲以下的兒童處于道德發(fā)展的第一階段，這一階段的特征是道德絕對主義（必須遵守權(quán)威制定的規(guī)則）和即將到來的正義（如果違反規(guī)則，將會受到懲罰）”，和第三句“然而，在最近的研究中，凱西發(fā)現(xiàn)，六歲的孩子不僅會區(qū)分意外傷害和故意傷害，而且會認(rèn)為故意傷害更淘氣，不管造成的傷害有多大?！笨芍喗芎蛣P西對于兒童是否有道德自主的年齡有不同的分歧，所以該題選擇B項“兒童開始區(qū)分故意傷害和非故意傷害的年齡”符合題意。

【干擾項排除】

A項“孩子們?yōu)樗麄兯龅挠泻π袨榻o出的各種借口”是凱西的研究所發(fā)展出來的問題，與題干無關(guān)，該項屬于出處錯位；

C項“孩子們實施傷害的意圖”和D項“兒童懲罰有害行為的環(huán)境”沒有提到，這兩項屬于無中生有。

4.單選題

Weall______yourcomingtohelpus.

問題1選項

A.appropriate

B.appreciate

C.admit

D.affect

【答案】B

【解析】【試題解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項appropriate“盜用；撥（?？畹龋?；B選項appreciate“欣賞；感激”；C選項admit“承認(rèn)（不好、不快或?qū)擂蔚氖聦崳保籇選項affect“（感情上）深深打動；使悲傷（或憐憫等）”。句意：我們都______你來幫助我們。根據(jù)語境，這里幫助對應(yīng)的應(yīng)該是B選項appreciate“欣賞；感激”。因此B選項正確。

5.單選題

Theexactcauseofthekillingdiseasewasnotknownuntilacountrydoctordiscoveredit（）.

問題1選項

A.bytheway

B.byandlarge

C.byallmeans

D.byaccident

【答案】D

【解析】bytheway順便說說；byandlarge大體上,總的來說；byallmeans一定,務(wù)必；byaccident偶然,意外地。句意：直到一位鄉(xiāng)村醫(yī)生偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)了這種致命疾病,人們才知道它的確切病因。選項D符合句意。

6.單選題

Eversincehumanshaveinhabitedtheearth,theyhavemadeuseofvariousformsofcommunication.Generally,theexpressionofthoughtsandfeelingshasbeenintheformoforalspeech.Whenthereisalanguagebarrier,communicationisaccomplishedthroughsignlanguageinwhichmotionsstandforletters,wordsandideas.Tourists,thedeaf,andthemutehavehadtoresorttothisformofexpression.Manyofthesesymbolsofwholewordsareverypicturesqueandexactandcanbeusedinternationally;spelling,however,cannot.

Bodylanguagetransmitsideasorthoughtsbycertainactions,eitherintentionallyorunintentionally.Awinkcanbeawayofflirtingorindicatingthatthepartyisonlyjoking.Anodsignifiesapproval,whileshakingtheheadindicatesanegativereaction.

OtherformsofnonlinguisticlanguagecanbefoundinBraille(asystemofraiseddotsreadwiththefingertips),signalflags,Morsecode,andsmokesignals.Roadmapsandpicturesignsalsoguide,warn,andinstructpeople.

Whileverbalizationisthemostcommonformoflanguage,othersystemsandtechniquesalsoexpresshumanthoughtsandfeeling.

1.Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestsummarizesthispassage?

2.Whichofthefollowingstatementsisnottrue?

3.Whichformotherthanoralspeechwouldbemostcommonlyusedamongblindpeople?

4.Howmanydifferentformsofcommunicationarementionedhere?

5.Signlanguageissaidtobeverypicturesqueandexactandcanbeusedinternationallyexceptfor（）

問題1選項

A.Whenlanguageisabarrier,peoplewillfindotherformsofcommunication.

B.Everybodyusesonlyoneformofcommunication.

C.Nonlinguisticlanguageisinvaluabletoforeigners.

D.Althoughotherformsofcommunicationexist,verbalizationisthefastest.

問題2選項

A.Therearemanyformsofcommunicationinexistencetoday.

B.Verbalizationisthemostcommonformofcommunication.

C.Thedeafandmuteuseanoralformofcommunication.

D.Ideasandthoughtscanbetransmittedbybodylanguage.

問題3選項

A.picturesigns

B.Braille

C.bodylanguage

D.signalflags

問題4選項

A.5

B.7

C.9

D.11

問題5選項

A.spelling

B.ideas

C.wholewords

D.expressions

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:C

第5題:A

【解析】1.主旨大意題。結(jié)合全文內(nèi)容可知,本文主要是講肢體語言。一般來說,思想和感情的表達都是以口頭語言的形式進行的。但當(dāng)有語言障礙時,交流可以通過其他形式完成,比如肢體語言。所以選項A符合原文。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)第一段的三四句可知,游客,盲人和聾啞人使用的是signlanguage,而不是oralformofcommunication。所以選項C表述錯誤。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)原文可知Braille是一種用指尖閱讀的凸點系統(tǒng),即盲文,適合盲人使用。所以選項B正確。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。文章中提到了oralspeech、signlanguage,bodylanguage、Braille、signalflags,Morsecode、smokesignals、roadmaps、picturesigns這9種交際方式,所以選項C正確。

5.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)第一段的最后一句“Manyofthesesymbolsofwholewordsareverypicturesqueandexactandcanbeusedinternationally;spelling,however,cannot.”這些完整的文字符號中有許多是非常生動和準(zhǔn)確的,可以在國際上使用；然而拼寫不能。所以本題選A。

7.單選題

Youdidn’tputonmoreclothes;otherwiseyou______cold.

問題1選項

A.wouldn’thavecaught

B.wouldn’tcatch

C.can’tcatch

D.can’thavecaught

【答案】A

【解析】考查虛擬語氣。otherwise表示“否則，要不然”時，其后的句子應(yīng)用虛擬語氣。由Youdidn’tputonmoreclothes可知此處是對過去的虛擬，故空格處用過去完成時。句意：你沒有多穿衣服，否則就不會感冒了。因此A選項正確。

8.翻譯題

Directions:ReadthefollowingtwotextscarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Ahundredyearsagoitwasassumedandscientifically“proved”byeconomiststhatthelawsofsocietymadeitnecessarytohaveavastarmyofpoorandjoblesspeopleinordertokeeptheeconomygoing.(1)Today,hardlyanybodywoulddaretovoicethisprinciple.Itisgenerallyacceptedthatnobodyshouldbeexcludedfromthewealthofthenation,eitherbythelawsofnatureorbythoseofsociety.Theopinions,whichwerecurrentahundredyearsago,thatthepoorowedtheirconditionstotheirignorance,lackofresponsibility,areoutdated.InallWesternindustrializedcountries,asystemofinsurancehasbeenintroducedwhichguaranteeseveryoneaminimumofsubsistenceincaseofunemployment,sicknessandoldage.Iwouldgoonestepfurtherandarguethat,eveniftheseconditionsarenotpresent,everyonehastherighttoreceivethemeanstosubsist,inotherwords,hecanclaimthissubsistenceminimumwithouthavingtohaveany“reason”.(2)Iwouldsuggest,however,thatitshouldbelimitedtoadefiniteperiodoftime,let’ssaytwoyears,soastoavoidtheencouragingofanabnormalattitudewhichrefusesanykindofsocialobligation.

Thismaysoundlikeafantasticproposal,butso,Ithinkourinsurancesystemwouldhavesoundedtopeopleahundredyearsago.Themainobjectiontosuchaschemewouldbethatifeachpersonwereentitledtoreceiveminimumsupport,peoplewouldnotwork.(3)Thisassumptionrestsonthefallacyoftheinherentlazinessinhumannature;actually,asidefromabnormallylazypeople,therewouldbeveryfewwhowouldnotwanttoearnmorethantheminimum,andwhowouldprefertodonothingratherthanwork.

(4)However,thesuspicionsagainstasystemofguaranteedsubsistenceminimumarenotgroundlessfromthestandpointofthosewhowanttouseownershipofcapitalforthepurposeofforcingotherstoaccepttheworkconditionstheyoffer.Ifnobodywereforcedtoacceptworkinordernottostarve,workwouldhavetobesufficientlyinterestingandattractivetoinduceonetoacceptit.(5)Freedomofcontractispossibleonlyifbothpartiesarefreetoacceptandrejectit;inthepresentcapitalistsystemthisisnotthecase.

Butsuchasystemwouldnotonlybethebeginningofrealfreedomofcontractbetweenemployersandemployees;itsprincipaladvantagewouldbetheimprovementoffreedomininterpersonalrelationshipsineverysphereofdailylife.

【答案】1.而今天，幾乎沒有人再敢提出這條原則，現(xiàn)在人們一般認(rèn)為，不能用自然法則或社會法則把任何人排斥在國家財富之外。

2.但我想建議，這種生活維持費必須限制在一定的限期內(nèi)，譬如說2年，以避免鼓勵一種反常的態(tài)度，即不被承擔(dān)任何社會義務(wù)。

3.這種假設(shè)是依據(jù)這樣一種謬論：人的本性中具有內(nèi)在惰性。而實際上，除了特別懶惰的人以外，幾乎沒有人愿意只掙相當(dāng)于最低生活費的錢，也沒有人愿意無所事事。

4.然而，有些人想利用資本所有權(quán)來迫使其他人接受提供的工作條件，從這些人的立場看來，對最低生活保障制度持懷疑態(tài)度不是沒有道理的。

5.只有雙方都能自由地接受和拒絕合同，才可能有立約自由：在目前的資本主義制度下情況并非如此。

9.單選題

Thefounders,aswasthecaseofalmostalltheirsuccessors,werelongonexhortationandrhetoricregardingthevalueofciviceducation,buttheyleftittothetextbookwriterstodistilltheessenceofthosevaluesforschoolchildren.

問題1選項

A.infuse

B.disseminate

C.extract

D.demonstrate

【答案】C

【解析】劃線詞的賓語是theessenceofthosevaluesforschoolchildren，從那些價值觀中……本質(zhì)。A選項infuse“灌輸；浸漬”；B選項disseminate“宣傳；散步”；C選項extract“提??；提煉”；D選項demonstrate“證明；展示”。聯(lián)系句意可知“從那些價值觀中提取本質(zhì)”邏輯通順，因此C選項符合題意。

10.單選題

ItwaswithgreatdelightthatIreadinyourFebruary（）thelettertotheeditorwrittenbyProf.Johnson.

問題1選項

A.issue

B.printing

C.magazine

D.copy

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。A:issue“（報刊或雜志）期刊”；B:printing“印刷;印刷術(shù)”；C:magazine“雜志”；D:copy“一份；復(fù)制品”。句意：非常高興拜讀了貴刊二月的一期中所登載有關(guān)約翰遜教授致編輯的信。結(jié)合此處語義，A為正確答案。

11.單選題

Whatifarchitectscouldbuildlivingsystemsratherthanstaticbuildingsdynamicstructuresthatmodifytheirinternalandexternalformsinresponsetochangesintheirenvironment?Thisideaismakingwavesinthefieldofarchitecture.Houses,forexample,mightshrinkinthewintertoreducesurfaceareaandvolume,thuscuttingheatingcosts.Theycouldcoverthemselvestoescapetheheatofthesummersunorshakesnowofftheroofinwinter.Skyscraperscouldchangetheirprofiles,swayingslightlytodistributeincreasedloadsduringhurricanes.

Such“responsivearchitecture”woulddependontwosortsoftechnology:controlsystemscapableofdecidingwhattodo,andstructuralcomponentsabletochangethebuilding'sshapeasrequired.Architectshavebeenworkingtoimprovethecontrolsystemsinbuildingsformanyyears,butshape-shiftingtechnologyisatamuchearlierstageofdevelopment.

Oneapproachbeingpursuedbyresearchersistoimitatenature.Manynaturalconstructions,includingspiders'webs,are“tensegritysystems”strongstructuresmadeupofmanyinterconnectedelementswhichcanbemanipulatedtochangeshapewithoutlosingtheirstructuralintegrity.“Thesestructurescanbendandtwist,butnoelementinthestructurebendsandtwists,”saysRobertSkeltonoftheStructuralSystemsandControlLaboratoryattheUniversityofCaliforniainSailDiego.“It'sthearchitectureoflife.”

WhileDr.Skeltonisworkingonsolvingtheengineeringequationsassociatedwithtensegritysystems,Tristand’EstreeSterkattheOfficeforRoboticArchitecturalMedia&theBureauforResponsiveArchitecture,anarchitecturalpracticebasedinVancouver,Canada,hasbeguntoconstructprototypesofshape-changing“buildingenvelopes”basedontensegritystructures.Lightweightskeletalframeworks,composedofrodsandwiresandcontrolledbypneumatic（氣動的）“muscles”,serveasthewallsofabuilding;adjustingtheirconfigurationtochangethebuilding'sshape.Mr.Sterkisalsodevelopingthe‘brain’neededtocontextsuchabuildingbasedoninformationfrominternalandexternalsensors.

Carsarealreadycapableofmonitoringtheirownperformanceandactingwithacertaindegreeofautonomy,fromcruise-controlsystemstoairbagsensors.Suchresponsivebehaviorisconsiderednormalforacar,architectsarguethatthesamesortofideasshouldbeincorporatedintobuildings,too.Andjustastheperformanceofacarcanbesimulatedinadvancetochoosethebestdesignforarangeofdrivingconditions,thesameshouldbedoneforbuildings,arguesGianCarloMagnoli,anarchitectandtheco-directoroftheKineticDesignGroupattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology.Heisdevisingblueprintsforresponsivehouses.‘Weneedtoevolvedesignsforthebestperformingresponsive-buildingmodels,”hesays.

Sowillweendupwithcitiesofskyscrapersthatwaveinthebreeze?Itsoundscrazy.But,saysMr.Sterk,manyideasthatwereonceconsideredcrazyarenowcommonplace.“Electricitywasastrangeidea,butnowit'suniversal’hesays.Dynamic,intelligent,adaptablebuildingsare“thelogicalnextstep”,heclaims.

1.Whichtechnologyisneededforsuch“responsivearchitecture”?

2.AccordingtoPara.3,manynaturalconstructions（

）.

3.WhatcontributiondoesSterkmaketoresponsivearchitecture?

4.TowhichofthefollowingisMagnolilikelytoagree?

問題1選項

A.Thechangeofinternalandexternalforms.

B.Thealteractionofprofiles.

C.Controlsystemsappliedtomanualcontrols.

D.Structuralcomponentscapableofchangingthebuilding’sshape.

問題2選項

A.cancausechangetoelementsinthestructure

B.aremotivatedbybiologicalmaterialarchitecture

C.canchangetheirshapewithoutaffectingtheirstructuralintegrity

D.arefragilestructuresmadeupofmanyinterconnectedelements

問題3選項

A.Hemakesarchetypesofshape-changingbuildingframes.

B.Heusesrodsandwirestobethewallsofabuilding.

C.HedoesmoreforresponsivearchitecturethanDr.Skelton.

D.Hehasinventedthe‘brain’tocontrolbuilding.

問題4選項

A.Cruise-controlsystemsshouldbeincorporatedintobuildings.

B.Architectsneedtoperfecttitledesignsofresponsivebuildingforthebestmodels.

C.Thedevelopmentofbuildingsisnothingcomparedtothatofcars.

D.Theperformanceofabuildingshouldbemonitoredinadvance.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:A

【解析】1.根據(jù)文章第二段第一句‘Such“responsivearchitecture”woulddependontwosortsoftechnology:controlsystemscapableofdecidingwhattodo,andstructuralcomponentsabletochangethebuilding'sshapeasrequired.這種“響應(yīng)式建筑”將依賴兩種技術(shù)：能夠決定做什么的控制系統(tǒng)，以及能夠根據(jù)需要改變建筑形狀的結(jié)構(gòu)組件?！_定D選項‘能夠改變建筑物形狀的結(jié)構(gòu)部件’正確。

2.根據(jù)第三段‘Manynaturalconstructions,includingspiders'webs,are“tensegritysystems”strongstructuresmadeupofmanyinterconnectedelementswhichcanbemanipulatedtochangeshapewithoutlosingtheirstructuralintegrity.許多自然結(jié)構(gòu)，包括蜘蛛網(wǎng)，都是“張拉整體系統(tǒng)”——由許多相互關(guān)聯(lián)的元素組成的強大結(jié)構(gòu)，可以在不失去結(jié)構(gòu)完整性的情況下改變形狀?！_定C選項‘能在不影響其結(jié)構(gòu)完整性的情況下改變其形狀’正確。

3.根據(jù)文章第四段‘hasbeguntoconstructprototypesofshape-changing“buildingenvelopes”basedontensegritystructures.Lightweightskeletalframeworks,composedofrodsandwiresandcontrolledbypneumatic（氣動的）“muscles”,serveasthewallsofabuilding;adjustingtheirconfigurationtochangethebuilding'sshape.Mr.Sterkisalsodevelopingthe‘brain’neededtocontextsuchabuildingbasedoninformationfrominternalandexternalsensors.已經(jīng)開始構(gòu)建基于張拉整體結(jié)構(gòu)的可變形“建筑信封”原型。輕量級的骨骼框架,由金屬桿和電線和由氣動控制(氣動的)“肌肉”，作為建筑物的墻壁；調(diào)整他們的配置來改變建筑的形狀。斯特克還在開發(fā)一種“大腦”，這種大腦可以根據(jù)來自內(nèi)部和外部傳感器的信息為這樣一座建筑設(shè)定環(huán)境。確定B選項‘他用金屬桿和電線做建筑物的墻’表達不完整，C選項‘他在響應(yīng)式架構(gòu)方面比斯凱爾頓博士做得更多’沒有提及，D選項‘他發(fā)明了控制建筑的“大腦”’，文章是說‘還在開發(fā)中，沒有完成，’句意不符合，所以A選項正確。

4.根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段的第一句和第二句’Carsarealreadycapableofmonitoringtheirownperformanceandactingwithacertaindegreeofaut