考研考博-英語-南京信息工程大學(xué)押題密卷附帶答案詳解篇2

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-南京信息工程大學(xué)押題密卷附帶答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹(jǐn)慎購買！第壹套一.全考點押題密卷-綜合訓(xùn)練(共50題)1.單選題

Shoppingmallshavesomeadvantageinsufferingfromshorterperiodsof（）business.

問題1選項

A.stale

B.slack

C.ferrous

D.abundant

【答案】B

【解析】形容詞辨析。stale不新鮮的，可以指食物，也可以指事情；slack松弛的，不活躍的；生意不景氣的；ferrous含鐵的；abundant大量的，充足的。句子中與business搭配的應(yīng)該是slack,slackbusiness指“生意不景氣，蕭條”。

2.單選題

Moreoftenthannot,itisdifficultto（

）theexactmeaningofaChineseidiominEnglish.

問題1選項

A.exchange

B.transfer

C.convey

D.convert

【答案】C

【解析】動詞辨析。句意:多數(shù)情況下，人們很難用英語（

）中國成語的意思。

Exchange交換,例如exchangeideas交換意見;transfer交換，改變;convey表達(dá);convert使轉(zhuǎn)變，改變信仰;。故C項符合句意。

3.單選題

_______nothingmoretosay,themangottohisfeet,saidgoodbyeandlefttheroom.

問題1選項

A.Therewas

B.Astherebeing

C.Being

D.Therebeing

【答案】D

【解析】考查therebe句型。therebe結(jié)構(gòu)的獨立主格的用法。選項D符合題意。句意：男子沒有多說什么，起身道別，離開了房間。

4.單選題

Resourcescanbesaidtobescarceinbothanabsoluteandrelativesense:ThesurfaceoftheEarthisfinite,imposingabsolutescarcity;butthescarcitythatconcernseconomistsistherelativescarcityofresourcesindifferentuses.Materialsusedforonepurposecannotatthesametimebeusedforotherpurposes;ifthequantityofaninputislimited,theincreaseduseofitinonemanufacturingprocessmustcauseittobecomelessavailableforotheruses.

Thecostofaproductintermsofmoneymaynotmeasureitstruecosttosociety.Thetruecostof,say,theconstructionofasupersonicjetisthevalueoftheschoolsandrefrigeratorsthatwillneverbebuiltasaresult.Everyactofproductionusesupsomeofsociety’savailableresources;itmeanstheforegoingofanopportunitytoproducesomethingelse.Indecidinghowtouseresourcesmosteffectivelytosatisfythewantsofthecommunity,thisopportunitycostmustultimatelybetakenintoaccount.

Inamarketeconomy,thepriceofagoodandthequantitysupplieddependonthecostofmakingit,andthatcost,ultimately,isthecostofnotmakingothergoods.Themarketmechanismenforcesthisrelationship.Thecostof,say,apairofshoesisthepriceoftheleather,thelabor,thefuel,andotherelementsusedupinproducingthem.Butthepriceoftheseinputs,inturn,dependsonwhattheycanproduceelsewhere—iftheleathercanbeusedtoproducehandbagsthatarevaluedhighlybyconsumers,thepricesofleatherwillbebidupcorrespondingly.

1.Whatdoesthispassagemainlydiscuss?

2.Accordingtothepassage,whataretheopportunitycostsofanitem?

3.Accordingtothepassage,whatistherelationshipbetweenproductionandresources?

4.Whatdeterminesthepriceofagoodinamarketeconomy?

5.WhichofthefollowingexamplesBESTreflectsacosttosocietyasdefinedinthepassage?

問題1選項

A.Thescarcityofmanufacturedgoods.

B.Thevalueofscarcematerials.

C.Themanufacturingofscarcegoods.

D.Thecostofproducingshoes.

問題2選項

A.Theamountoftimeandmoneyspentinproducingit.

B.Theopportunitiesapersonhastobuyit.

C.Thevalueofwhatcouldhavebeenproducedinstead.

D.Thevalueoftheresourcesusedinitsproduction.

問題3選項

A.Availableresourcesstimulateproduction.

B.Resourcesaretotallyindependentofproduction.

C.Productionincreasesasresourcesincrease.

D.Productionlessenstheamountofavailableresources.

問題4選項

A.Thecostofallelementsinproduction.

B.Thecostofnotmakingothergoods.

C.Theefficiencyofthemanufacturingprocess.

D.Thequantityofmaterialssupplied.

問題5選項

A.Afamilybuyingadog.

B.Eatinginarestaurantinsteadofathome.

C.Usinglandforahouseinsteadofapark.

D.Stayingathomeinsteadofgoingtoschool.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:A

第5題:C

【解析】1.主旨大意題。根據(jù)全文可知文章三段均圍繞短缺原料的價值進(jìn)行說明。文章第一段說明了什么叫原料相對短缺，第二段說明了什么叫機(jī)會成本，第三段說明了原料的價格是由什么決定的。A選項“制成品的缺乏”說法錯誤，文章更多的是描寫原料的短缺，而非制成品；B選項“稀有材料的價值”符合題意；C選項“稀有商品的制造”文章沒有提到；D選項“生產(chǎn)鞋子的成本”可定位到文章第三段“Thecostof,say,apairofshoesisthepriceoftheleather,thelabor,thefuel,andotherelementsusedupinproducingthem.（比如說，一雙鞋的成本就是皮革、勞動力、燃料和其他生產(chǎn)過程中所消耗的元素的價格。）”，由此可知D選項只是文章中列舉的一個例子，并不能概括全文。因此B選項正確。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第二段“Everyactofproductionusesupsomeofsociety’savailableresources;itmeanstheforegoingofanopportunitytoproducesomethingelse.（每一種生產(chǎn)行為都會消耗一些社會可用資源；它意味著放棄一個生產(chǎn)其他東西的機(jī)會。）”，由此可知機(jī)會成本是用可生產(chǎn)的其他商品來衡量的，所以C選項“可生產(chǎn)的其他商品的價值”符合題意。A選項“生產(chǎn)它所花費的時間和金錢”只能說是生產(chǎn)成本，不是機(jī)會成本；B選項“人們必須購買它的機(jī)會”；D選項“在生產(chǎn)中使用的資源的價值”文中都沒有提到。因此C選項正確。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第一段“Materialsusedforonepurposecannotatthesametimebeusedforotherpurposes;ifthequantityofaninputislimited,theincreaseduseofitinonemanufacturingprocessmustcauseittobecomelessavailableforotheruses.（用于一個目的產(chǎn)品的材料不能同時用于其他產(chǎn)品；如果投入的材料數(shù)量是有限的，那么在另一個制造過程中增加投入材料的使用量必然會導(dǎo)致投入的其他用途的可用性降低。）”，由此可知社會總資源是有限的，用掉其中一些就會使總量減少并限制其他商品的生產(chǎn)，所以D選項“生產(chǎn)減少了可用資源的數(shù)量”符合題意。A選項“可用資源刺激生產(chǎn)”文中沒有提到；B選項“資源完全獨立于生產(chǎn)”說法錯誤，資源不可能獨立于生產(chǎn)；C選項“產(chǎn)量隨著資源的增加而增加”說法錯誤，產(chǎn)量的增加不止取決于資源。因此D選項正確。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第三段“Inamarketeconomy,thepriceofagoodandthequantitysupplieddependonthecostofmakingit（市場經(jīng)濟(jì)條件下，商品的價格和產(chǎn)量取決于其成本）”，然后又提到“Thecostof,say,apairofshoesisthepriceoftheleather,thelabor,thefuel,andotherelementsusedupinproducingthem.（比如說，一雙鞋的成本就是皮革、勞動力、燃料和其他生產(chǎn)過程中所消耗的元素的價格。）”，由此可知商品的價格取決于生產(chǎn)過程中所有要素的成本，所以A選項“生產(chǎn)中所有要素的成本”符合題意。B選項“不生產(chǎn)其他商品的成本”和C選項“制造過程的效率”以及D選項“材料的數(shù)量”都包含在A選項中，因此A選項正確。

5.判斷推理題。文章主要闡述了經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)里面的一個重要概念——“機(jī)會成本”，是講商品生產(chǎn)和社會資源之間的關(guān)系。A選項“一戶人家買了一只狗”；B選項“在餐館吃飯而不是在家里”；C選項“用土地建房子而不是建公園”；D選項“待在家里而不是去上學(xué)”。A、B、D選項均未涉及到生產(chǎn)領(lǐng)域，因此C選項正確。

5.單選題

OnJanuary1st,manypeoplemakeaNewYear（）.

問題1選項

A.intention

B.determination

C.dedication

D.resolution

【答案】D

【解析】考查固定搭配。A選項intention“意向，意圖，目的”；B選項determination“決心，果斷（指自覺地正式表示的決心,含極強(qiáng)的主觀能動意味）”；C選項dedication“奉獻(xiàn)，獻(xiàn)身”；D選項resolution“決議，決心（側(cè)重堅定不移的頑強(qiáng)意志力）”。句意：在1月1日，許多人都許下新年_____。NewYearresolution是固定搭配，意為“新年愿望”，因此D選項符合題意。

6.單選題

Thatstudentisdiscourteous;hegrumblesnomatterhowonetriestopleasehim.

問題1選項

A.giggles

B.scolds

C.complains

D.sneers

【答案】C

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A項giggle“咯咯地笑，傻笑”，B項scold“罵，責(zé)罵”，C項complain“抱怨，控訴”，D項sneer“嘲笑，冷笑”。句意：那個學(xué)生很無禮，不管別人怎么討好他，他總是發(fā)牢騷。根據(jù)句意可知，grumble在句中表示“發(fā)牢騷”，四個選項中意思與之相近的是C項。因此，該題選擇C項。

7.單選題

FossilsarethetracesofplantsandanimalsofpastgeologicalagesthathavebeenpreservedintheEarth'scrust

問題1選項

A.registers

B.residue

C.profusion

D.precursors

【答案】B

【解析】考查名詞辨析。trace意為“蹤跡，痕跡”；register意為“注冊，登記”；residue意為“殘留物，殘渣”；profusion意為“大量，眾多”；precursor意為“先驅(qū)，先鋒”。

句意：化石是過去地質(zhì)時代的動植物在地殼中保存下來的痕跡。

8.單選題

Becauseadegreefromagooduniversityisthemeanstoabetterjob,educationisoneofthemost（

）areasinJapaneselife.

問題1選項

A.sophisticated

B.competitive

C.considerate

D.superficial

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。sophisticated“久經(jīng)世故的；復(fù)雜的”；competitive“有競爭力的”；considerate“體貼的”；superficial“膚淺的”。句意：因為有一個好的大學(xué)文憑就能找到一個更好的工作，所以教育是日本生活中最具有競爭力的領(lǐng)域之一。選項B符合題意。

9.單選題

Ifwedon’tstopflirtingwiththosedeathlynuclearweapons,thewholeglobewillbe（

）.

問題1選項

A.contaminated

B.polluted

C.annihilated

D.invaded

【答案】C

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項contaminate“污染，玷污，腐蝕（人的思想或品德）”；B選項pollute“污染，弄臟”；C選項annihilate“消滅，毀滅，徹底擊敗”；D選項invade“侵入，侵略”。flirtwith表示“調(diào)戲，玩弄，不認(rèn)真地考慮”，deathlynuclearweapons表示“致命核武器”，結(jié)合語境可知C選項符合邏輯搭配。句意：如果我們不停止玩弄那些致命的核武器，整個世界將被毀滅。

10.翻譯題

許多人覺得跟計算機(jī)打交道比跟人打交道更自在。計算機(jī)更有耐心，不會對操作的人評頭論足。許多學(xué)生向教師請教的時候，總會感到緊張，他們樂于向計算機(jī)提問。有些病人更愿意向計算機(jī)而不是向醫(yī)生說明自己的病情，甚至出現(xiàn)了能夠解決心理問題的計算機(jī)程序，因為許多人覺得與別人討論自己的心理問題不太自在。

【答案】答：

Manypeoplefeelthatit’smorecomfortabletodealwithcomputersthanwithpeople.Theywillnotfeeljudgedbecausethecomputerismorepatient.Manystudentsfeelnervouswhentheyaskteachersforadvice,sotheyaremorewillingtoturntocomputers.Somepatientsprefertoexplaintheirillnesstoacomputerratherthanadoctor.Asaresult,thereareevencomputerprogramsthatcandealwithpsychologicalproblems,becausemanyfeeluncomfortablediscussingtheirpsychologicalproblemswithothers.

11.單選題

Hecould（）shadowyfigureofamanstandingamongthetrees.

問題1選項

A.disguise

B.discern

C.disinterest

D.discover

【答案】B

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項disguise“掩飾；假裝”；B選項discern“察覺出；識別”；C選項disinterest“使不關(guān)心；使沒興趣”；D選項discover“發(fā)現(xiàn)；發(fā)覺”。句意：他能夠……站在樹與樹之間的人的模糊身影。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞shadowyfigureofaman“一個人的模糊身影”，在句中他有這個能力識別出那個模糊的身影。因此B選項符合題意。

12.單選題

Hewasfilledwithapprehensionaboutthefuture.

問題1選項

A.fear

B.hesitation

C.excitement

D.eagerness

【答案】A

【解析】根據(jù)句意可知，apprehension意為恐懼。fear害怕，恐懼；hesitation猶豫；excitement刺激，興奮；eagerness渴望，熱心。選項A與之意思相近。

13.問答題

Asimpleideaunderpinsscience:"trust,butverify".Resultsshouldalwaysbesubjecttochallengefromexperiment.Thatsimplebutpowerfulideahasgeneratedavastbodyofknowledge.Sinceitsbirthinthe17thcentury,modernsciencehaschangedtheworldbeyondrecognition,andoverwhelminglyforthebetter.

Butsuccesscanbreedcomplacency.Modernscientistsaredoingtoomuchtrustingandnotenoughverifying—tothedetrimentofthewholeofscience,andofhumanity.

Toomanyofthefindingsthatfilltheacademicetheraretheresultofshoddyexperimentsorpooranalysis(seearticle).Aruleofthumbamongbiotechnologyventure-capitalistsisthathalfofpublishedresearchcannotbereplicated.Eventhatmaybeoptimistic.Lastyearresearchersatonebiotechfirm,Amgen,foundtheycouldreproducejustsixof53"landmark"studiesincancerresearch.Earlier,agroupatBayer,adrugcompany,managedtorepeatjustaquarterof67similarlyimportantpapers.A

leadingcomputerscientistfretsthatthree-quartersofpapersinhissubfieldarebunk.In2000―2010roughly80,000patientstookpartinclinicaltrialsbasedonresearchthatwaslaterretractedbecauseofmistakesorimproprieties.

Evenwhenflawedresearchdoesnotputpeople'slivesatrisk—andmuchofitistoofarfromthemarkettodoso—itsquandersmoneyandtheeffortsofsomeoftheworld'sbestminds.Theopportunitycostsofstymiedprogressarehardtoquantify,buttheyarelikelytobevast.Andtheycouldberising.

Onereasonisthecompetitivenessofscience.Inthe1950s,whenmodernacademicresearchtookshapeafteritssuccessesintheSecondWorldWar,itwasstillararefiedpastime.Theentireclubofscientistsnumberedafewhundredthousand.Astheirrankshaveswelled,to6m—7mactiveresearchersonthelatestreckoning,scientistshavelosttheirtasteforself-policingandqualitycontrol.Theobligationto"publishorperish"hascometoruleoveracademiclife.Competitionforjobsiscutthroat.FullprofessorsinAmericaearnedonaverage$135,000in2012—morethanjudgesdid.EveryyearsixfreshlymintedPhDsvieforeveryacademicpost.Nowadaysverification(thereplicationofotherpeople'sresults)doeslittletoadvancearesearcher'scareer.Andwithoutverification,dubiousfindingsliveontomislead.

Careerismalsoencouragesexaggerationandthecherry-pickingofresults.Inordertosafeguardtheirexclusivity,theleadingjournalsimposehighrejectionrates:inexcessof90%ofsubmittedmanuscripts.Themoststrikingfindingshavethegreatestchanceofmakingitontothepage.Littlewonderthatoneinthreeresearchersknowsofacolleaguewhohaspeppedupapaperby,say,excludinginconvenientdatafromresults"basedonagutfeeling".Andasmoreresearchteamsaroundtheworldworkonaproblem,theoddsshortenthatatleastonewillfallpreytoanhonestconfusionbetweenthesweetsignalofagenuinediscoveryandafreakofthestatisticalnoise.Suchspuriouscorrelationsareoftenrecordedinjournalseagerforstartlingpapers.Iftheytouchondrinkingwine,goingsenileorlettingchildrenplayvideogames,theymaywellcommandthefrontpagesofnewspapers,too.

Conversely,failurestoproveahypothesisarerarelyevenofferedforpublication,letaloneaccepted."Negativeresults"nowaccountforonly14%ofpublishedpapers,downfrom30%in1990.Yetknowingwhatisfalseisasimportanttoscienceasknowingwhatistrue.Thefailuretoreportfailuresmeansthatresearcherswastemoneyandeffortexploringblindalleysalreadyinvestigatedbyotherscientists.

Thehallowedprocessofpeerreviewisnotallitiscrackeduptobe,either.Whenaprominentmedicaljournalranresearchpastotherexpertsinthefield,itfoundthatmostofthereviewersfailedtospotmistakesithaddeliberatelyinsertedintopapers,evenafterbeingtoldtheywerebeingtested.

Allthismakesashakyfoundationforanenterprisededicatedtodiscoveringthetruthabouttheworld.Whatmightbedonetoshoreitup?Onepriorityshouldbeforalldisciplinestofollowtheexampleofthosethathavedonemosttotightenstandards.Astartwouldbegettingtogripswithstatistics,especiallyinthegrowingnumberoffieldsthatsiftthroughuntoldoodlesofdatalookingforpatterns.Geneticistshavedonethis,andturnedanearlytorrentofspeciousresultsfromgenomesequencingintoatrickleoftrulysignificantones.

Ideally,researchprotocolsshouldberegisteredinadvanceandmonitoredinvirtualnotebooks.Thiswouldcurbthetemptationtofiddlewiththeexperiment'sdesignmidstreamsoastomaketheresultslookmoresubstantialthantheyare.(Itisalreadymeanttohappeninclinicaltrialsofdrugs,butcomplianceispatchy.)Wherepossible,trialdataalsoshouldbeopenforotherresearcherstoinspectandtest.

Themostenlightenedjournalsarealreadybecominglessaversetohumdrumpapers.Somegovernmentfundingagencies,includingAmerica'sNationalInstitutesofHealth,whichdishout$30billiononresearcheachyear,areworkingouthowbesttoencouragereplication.Andgrowingnumbersofscientists,especiallyyoungones,understandstatistics.Butthesetrendsneedtogomuchfurther.Journalsshouldallocatespacefor"uninteresting"work,andgrant-giversshouldsetasidemoneytopayforit.Peerreviewshouldbetightened—orperhapsdispensedwithaltogether,infavourofpost-publicationevaluationintheformofappendedcomments.Thatsystemhasworkedwellinrecentyearsinphysicsandmathematics.Lastly,policymakersshouldensurethatinstitutionsusingpublicmoneyalsorespecttherules.

Sciencestillcommandsenormous—ifsometimesbemused—respect.Butitsprivilegedstatusisfoundedonthecapacitytoberightmostofthetimeandtocorrectitsmistakeswhenitgetsthingswrong.Anditisnotasiftheuniverseisshortofgenuinemysteriestokeepgenerationsofscientistshardatwork.Thefalsetrailslaiddownbyshoddyresearchareanunforgivablebarriertounderstanding.

【答案】Inthispassage,theauthorpointsoutaseriousproblemexistinginmodernscience,thatis,scientistsaredoingtoomuchtrustingandnotenoughverifying,whichhasdeterioratedthewholescienceandhumanity.

Inthelatterpassage,theauthoranalyzedthereasonswiththedetailedexamplesasproofs.Thefirstreasonisthecompetitivenessofscience.Thegreatlyincreasingpopulationofthescientistsimposedfiercecompetitionandforcedthemtopublishtheirarticlesregardlessoftheacademicquality.What'smore,highrejectionratesoftheleadingjournalsencouragenegativelyresearcherstoexcludeinconvenientdatafromresultsbasedonlyonsensationstooptimizetheirresearchandwintheopportunitytobepublished.

Lateron,theauthorofferssomesuggestionstosolvetheproblem.Onepriorityistomakedisciplinestightenstandards.Journalsshouldsparespacefor"uninteresting"workandacceptthosepapersconcernedwiththe"negativeresults".Governmentfundingagenciesshouldsetasidemoneytosupportandencouragereplication.Peerreviewshouldbetightened.Lastly,policymakersshouldensurethatinstitutionsusingpublicmoneyalsorespecttherules.

Atlast,theauthorrestatesandemphasizestheimportanceforsciencetoberightanditscapacitytobecorrected.Thefalseresearchescanonlyhindertheprocessofunderstanding.

14.單選題

Ifeltmyself（）andmyhandstrembledasIread:Wehaveyourson.Heissafesofar.Ifyouobeyordershewillbesoonbebackwithyou.

問題1選項

A.begrowingcold

B.growcold

C.havegrowncold

D.togrowcold

【答案】B

【解析】感官動詞如feel,see,watch,hear后面接動詞原形或動名詞,

首先排除選項A和D。根據(jù)句意：當(dāng)我讀到:“你的兒子在我們手里,

他目前很安全,

只要你遵守約定,

他將很快回到你身邊”時,

我感到不寒而栗,

手也開始顫抖。這里用一般現(xiàn)在時即可,

選項B正確。

15.單選題

Investigatorsofmonkeys'socialbehaviorhavealwaysbeenstruckbymonkeys'aggressivepotentialandtheconsequentneedforsocialcontroloftheiraggressivebehavior.Studiesdirectedatdescribingaggressivebehaviorandthesituationsthatelicitit,aswellasthesocialmechanismsthatcontrolit,werethereforeamongthefirstinvestigationsofmonkeys’socialbehavior.

Investigatorsinitiallybelievedthatmonkeyswouldcompeteforanyresourceintheenvironment:hungrymonkeyswouldfightoverfood,thirstymonkeyswouldfightoverwater,andingeneral,anytimemorethanonemonkeyinagroupsoughtthesameincentivesimultaneously,adisputewouldresultandwouldberesolvedthroughsomeformofaggression.However,themotivatingforceofcompetitionforincentivesbegantobedoubtedwhenexperimentslikeSouthwick’sonthereductionofspaceorthewithholdingoffoodfailedtoproducemorethantemporaryincreasesinintra-groupaggression.Indeed,fooddeprivationnotonlyfailedtoincreaseaggressionbutinsomecasesactuallyresultedindecreasedfrequenciesofaggression.

Studiesofanimalsinthewildunderconditionsofextremefooddeprivationlikewiserevealedthatstarvingmonkeysdevotedalmostallavailableenergytoforaging,withlittleenergyremainingforaggressiveinteraction.

Furthermore,accumulatingevidencefromlaterstudiesofavarietyofprimategroups,forexample,thestudyconductedbyBernstein,indicatesthatoneofthemostpotentstimuliforelicitingaggressionistheintroductionofanintruderintoanorganizedgroup.Suchintroductionsresultinfarmoreseriousaggressionthanthatproducedinanyothertypesofexperimentscontrivedtoproducecompetition.

Thesestudiesofintruderssuggestthatadultmembersofthesamespeciesintroducedtooneanotherforthefirsttimeshowconsiderablehostilitybecause,intheabsenceofasocialorder,onemustbeestablishedtocontrolinter-animalrelationships.Whenasinglenewanimalisintroducedintoanexistingsocialorganization,thenewcomermeetsevenmoreseriousaggression,whereasinthefirstcaseaggressionestablishesasocialorderinthesecondcaseresidentanimalsmobtheintruder,therebyinitiallyexcludingthenewanimalfromtheexistingsocialunit.Thesimultaneousintroductionofseveralanimalslessenstheeffect,ifonlybecausethegroupdividesitsattentionamongthemultipletargets.If,however,theseveralanimalsintroducedtoagroupconstitutetheirownsocialunit,eachgroupmayfighttheopposinggroupasaunit;but,again,noindividualissubjectedtomassattack,andtheverycohesionofthegroupsprecludesprolongedindividualcombat.Thesubmissionofthedefeatedgroup,ratherthanunleashinguncheckedaggressiononthepartofthevictoriousgroup,reducesboththeintensityandfrequencyoffurtherattack.Monkeygroupsthereforeseemtobeorganizedprimarilytomaintaintheirestablishedsocialorderratherthantoengageinhostilitiesperse.

1.Theauthorofthepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith（

）.

2.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthefindingsreportedinthepassageabouttheeffectsoffooddeprivationonmonkeys’behavior?

3.Accordingtotheauthor,studiessuchasSouthwick’shadwhichofthefollowingeffectsoninvestigatorstheoriesaboutmonkeys'socialbehavior?

4.Thepassagesuggeststhatinvestigatorsofmonkeys'socialbehaviorhavebeenespeciallyinterestedinaggressivebehavioramongmonkeysbecause（

）.

5.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheestablishmentandpreservationofsocialorderamongagroupofmonkeysisessentialinorderto（

）.

6.Thepassagesuppliesinformationtoanswerwhichofthefollowingquestions?

問題1選項

A.advancinganewmethodologyforchangingamonkey’ssocialbehavior

B.comparingthemethodsofseveralresearchstudiesonaggressionamongmonkeys

C.explainingthereasonsforresearchers'interestinmonkeys'socialbehavior

D.discussingthedevelopmentofinvestigators’theoriesaboutaggressionamongmonkeys

問題2選項

A.Fooddeprivationhasnoeffectonaggressionamongmonkeys.

B.Fooddeprivationincreasesaggressionamongmonkeysbecauseoneofthemostpotentstimuliforelicitingaggressionisthecompetitionforincentives.

C.Fooddeprivationmayincreaselong-timeaggressionamongmonkeysinalaboratorysetting,butitproducesonlytemporaryincreasesamongmonkeysinthewild.

D.Fooddeprivationmaytemporarilyincreaseaggressionamongmonkeys,butitalsoleadstoadecreaseinconflict.

問題3選項

A.Theycastdoubtoninvestigators'theoriesthatcouldaccountforobservedpatternsofaggressionamongmonkeys.

B.Theysuggestedthatexistingtheoriesabouttheroleofaggressionamongmonkeysdidnotfullyaccountforthemonkeys'abilitytomaintainanestablishedsocialorder.

C.Theyconfirmedinvestigators*theoriesaboutmonkeys’aggressiveresponsetocompetitionforfoodandwater

D.Theyconfirmedinvestigators’beliefsaboutthemotivationforcontinuedaggressionamongmonkeysinthesamesocialgroup

問題4選項

A.aggressionisthemostcommonsocialbehavioramongmonkeys

B.successfulcompetitionforincentivesdeterminesthesocialorderinamonkeygroup

C.mostmonkeysaresocial,yettheyfrequentlyrespondtonewcomersenteringexistingsocialunitsbyattackingthem

D.situationsthatelicitaggressivebehaviorcanbestudiedinalaboratory

問題5選項

A.keepthemonkeysfromstrayingandjoiningothergroups

B.controlaggressivebehavioramonggroupmembers

C.preventthedominationofthatgroupbyanther

D.protectindividualsseekingtobecomemembersofthatgroupfrommassattack

問題6選項

A.Howdoesthereductionofspaceaffectintra-groupaggressionamongmonkeysinanexperimentalsetting?

B.Dofamilyunitswithinamonkeysocialgroupcompetewithotherfamilyunitsforfood?

C.Whatarethemechanismsbywhichthesocialorderofanestablishedgroupofmonkeyscontrolsaggressionwithinthatgroup?

D.Howdomonkeysengagedinaggressionwithothermonkeyssignalsubmission?

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:B

第6題:A

【解析】1.文章主要介紹了猴群侵略和敵對行為的研究理論。根據(jù)文章第一句，即本文的中心和主旨句：Investigatorsofmonkeys'socialbehaviorhavealwaysbeenstruckbymonkeys'aggressivepotentialandtheconsequentneedforsocialcontroloftheiraggressivebehavior.研究猴子的社會行為的人總是被猴子的攻擊潛力和因此而產(chǎn)生的對其攻擊行為的社會控制的需要所震驚。確定D選項‘探討研究人員關(guān)于猴子攻擊性理論的發(fā)展‘正確。

2.根據(jù)文章第三段：Studiesofanimalsinthewildunderconditionsofextremefooddeprivationlikewiserevealedthatstarvingmonkeysdevotedalmostallavailableenergytoforaging,withlittleenergyremainingforaggressiveinteraction.在極端缺乏食物的情況下，對野生動物的研究同樣顯示，饑餓的猴子幾乎把所有可用的能量都用于覓食，幾乎沒有剩余的能量用于攻擊性的互動?！甪ooddeprivationnotonlyfailedtoincreaseaggressionbutinsomecasesactuallyresultedindecreasedfrequenciesofaggression可知答案為D選項‘食物匱乏可能會暫時增加猴子的攻擊性，但也會導(dǎo)致沖突減少。’正確。

3.根據(jù)文中第三段However,themotivatingforceofcompetitionforincentivesbegantobedoubtedwhenexperimentslikeSouthwick’sonthereductionofspaceorthewithholdingoffoodfailedtoproducemorethantemporaryincreasesinintra-groupaggression.然而，當(dāng)像Southwick關(guān)于減少空間或食物儲備的實驗沒有產(chǎn)生比群體內(nèi)攻擊性暫時增加更多的結(jié)果時，激勵競爭的動機(jī)開始受到質(zhì)疑。確定研究人員對Southwick’s的動機(jī)理論存在懷疑，而非涉及到社會秩序，所以A選項‘他們對研究人員的理論提出了質(zhì)疑，這些理論可以解釋猴子被觀察到的攻擊模式‘正確。

4.根據(jù)文章最后一段，可知猴群是等級秩序很嚴(yán)格的，猴子特別注重猴群內(nèi)的等級，猴群對于外來者，往往會產(chǎn)生敵對行為，而對于外來者來說，也是對猴群的威脅，C選項‘mostmonkeysaresocial,yettheyfrequentlyrespondtonewcomersenteringexistingsocialunitsbyattackingthem’符合題意。

5.根據(jù)文章最后一段：Thesestudiesofintruderssuggestthatadultmembersofthesamespeciesintroducedtooneanotherforthefirsttimeshowconsiderablehostilitybecause,intheabsenceofasocialorder,onemustbeestablishedtocontrolinter-animalrelationships.這些對入侵者的研究表明，同一物種的成年成員第一次相互介紹時表現(xiàn)出相當(dāng)大的敵意，因為在缺乏社會秩序的情