河海大學(xué)水文專業(yè)水文測(cè)驗(yàn)課程設(shè)計(jì)陳建軍小組報(bào)告

長(zhǎng)江奉節(jié)站1975年

水文數(shù)據(jù)處理報(bào)告班級(jí)：2008級(jí)水文水資源工程1班指導(dǎo)老師：謝悅波負(fù)責(zé)人:陳建軍小組成員：0801010102傅航0801010103劉彤0801010104潘垣臻0801010106束慧連0801010107龔曉璐0801010108周密0801010114李浩0801010115陳建軍0801010116廖敏杰0801010117安冬0801010118徐琨0801010119高鵬0801010121馮祥進(jìn)0801010122王超0801010123柯軍0801010124焦偉杰水文水資源學(xué)院2011-7-7目錄TOC\o"1-5"\h\z摘要 1前言 2測(cè)站概況 3測(cè)站特性分析 3處理方法說(shuō)明 3(1)連時(shí)序法 4(2)單一線法 6(3)水力因素法 14(4)方法比較 22結(jié)論 22懸移質(zhì)泥沙定線 23參考文獻(xiàn) 24附錄 24心得體會(huì) 102摘要本次課程設(shè)計(jì)主要是運(yùn)用連時(shí)序法和水力因素法（包括校正因素法、本站水位后移法、落差指數(shù)法以及定落差法）對(duì)長(zhǎng)江奉節(jié)站1975年數(shù)據(jù)資料進(jìn)行整編，同時(shí)進(jìn)行懸移質(zhì)泥沙定線分析。主要成果包括：在不同方法下的定線、推流以及誤差分析比較結(jié)果；單沙斷沙關(guān)系圖；小組成員心得體會(huì)。SummaryThiscurriculumdesignedforhydrometrymainlyconcentratesonusingchronologicalmethodandhydraulicfactormethodwhichincludesadjustingfactorsandcharacteristicriverlengthmethodandfallpowermethodandfixedfallmethodtoreorganizethedatafor1975ofFengjiestationwhichlocatesonChangjiangRiver.alsowewilldealwiththedataforsuspendedloadtodecidetherelationUne.ThemainachievementsincludetheprojecttodecidetherelationUneandgettingthedisachargeandtheanalysisandcomparisionoftheerrorunderdifferentmethod.A/sowecangettherelationshipbetweentheaveragesiltcontentonthecrosssectionandthesiltcontentofaunitofvolume.Ofcourseyoucanseethefeelingsofthemembersofourteam!前言作為水文專業(yè)的核心課程之一，水文測(cè)驗(yàn)學(xué)經(jīng)過(guò)了漫長(zhǎng)的發(fā)展，時(shí)至今日，累計(jì)了大量的水文數(shù)據(jù)處理的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和方法。如何讓學(xué)生學(xué)會(huì)并能夠靈活運(yùn)用這些經(jīng)驗(yàn)和方法就顯得尤其重要，而水文測(cè)驗(yàn)學(xué)課程設(shè)計(jì)正好搭建了這樣一個(gè)平臺(tái)，讓大家都能夠近距離去感受、去學(xué)會(huì)這些方法。本次水文測(cè)驗(yàn)課程設(shè)計(jì)主要是通過(guò)不同方法對(duì)長(zhǎng)江奉節(jié)站1975年相關(guān)的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行整編，使得同學(xué)們?nèi)娴恼莆账臄?shù)據(jù)處理方法，在此基礎(chǔ)上學(xué)會(huì)水文資料整編方法，同時(shí)加深對(duì)課程內(nèi)容的理解與認(rèn)識(shí)。整個(gè)整編過(guò)程圍繞連時(shí)序法、本站水位后移法等5種方法展開(kāi)。其中連時(shí)序法由龔曉璐、周密、束慧連、陳建軍、廖敏杰、高鵬、馮祥進(jìn)負(fù)責(zé)，本站水位后移法由傅航、潘垣臻、李浩、陳建軍、馮祥進(jìn)、徐琨、高鵬負(fù)責(zé)，校正因素法由龔曉璐、周密、束慧連、安東、廖敏杰、馮祥進(jìn)、高鵬負(fù)責(zé)，落差指數(shù)法由劉彤、束慧連、安冬、王超、柯軍、焦偉杰負(fù)責(zé)，定落差法由傅航、潘垣臻、劉彤、安冬、徐琨、柯軍、焦偉杰負(fù)責(zé)，最后由陳建軍統(tǒng)稿。在這里要特別感謝王超同學(xué)為定落差法和落差指數(shù)法的計(jì)算做出了很大的貢獻(xiàn)。謝悅波教授在各種方法上給予了大量的講解與介紹，使得本次課設(shè)能夠順利進(jìn)行，在此表示感謝！由于時(shí)間倉(cāng)促，水平有限，整編中難免有不妥之處，歡迎批評(píng)指出。陳建軍201177于南京2一、測(cè)站概況測(cè)站基本水尺斷面位于左岸，河床左岸下部為礫石、卵石組成，中上部為泥沙，沖於變化較大。右岸耕地為沙土，下游約2km左岸有梅溪河匯入，河口形成卵石夾沙的磺壩流突出江心，低水江面收縮，水流湍急。再下游4km為瞿塘峽峽口，高水時(shí)起束水作用，使得水流平穩(wěn)，流量段位于基本斷面上游4km的兩彎道之間順直河段內(nèi)，河床右岸系亂石和卵石構(gòu)成，左岸為卵石夾沙及沙礫，斷面為復(fù)式河床，深槽偏右，斷面位于秤桿硬末端，上游700m有馬福灘，朱四灘，再上游2000m有二道河從左岸匯入。二、測(cè)站特性分析圖1奉節(jié)站1975年水位流量關(guān)系流量Q(m*3/s)上圖反映的是本站1975年水位流量關(guān)系，由圖中的關(guān)系曲線可以看出，該測(cè)站水位流量關(guān)系呈典型的繩套關(guān)系，由此可以推斷奉節(jié)站受洪水漲落影響明顯。另外，由測(cè)站概況的分析可以知道，奉節(jié)站上下游都分別有河段匯入，也就是說(shuō)該站還有可能會(huì)受到回水變動(dòng)的影響。三、處理方法說(shuō)明由圖1按照時(shí)序?qū)㈤L(zhǎng)江奉節(jié)站1975年資料點(diǎn)繪出的水位流量關(guān)系可以看出該站受洪水漲落影響，水位流量關(guān)系呈典型的復(fù)式繩套關(guān)系，由于復(fù)式繩套過(guò)多,在數(shù)據(jù)處理過(guò)程當(dāng)中，我們按照測(cè)點(diǎn)順序?qū)⑵鋭澐殖闪司艂€(gè)部分，即測(cè)點(diǎn)1-29、測(cè)點(diǎn)30-35、測(cè)點(diǎn)36-42、測(cè)點(diǎn)43-53、測(cè)點(diǎn)54-58、測(cè)點(diǎn)58-67、測(cè)點(diǎn)68-78、測(cè)點(diǎn)79-89、測(cè)點(diǎn)90-95（分別見(jiàn)《長(zhǎng)江奉節(jié)站1975年數(shù)據(jù)處理圖冊(cè)》圖1-1~圖1-8,圖1-23）,其中第一部分和第九部分（即低水和高水部分）分別呈單一線關(guān)系，故運(yùn)用單一-曲線方法進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)處理，而中間部分均呈單一繩套或者復(fù)式繩套關(guān)系，分別利用了校正因素法、本站水位后移法、落差指數(shù)法、定落差法進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)處理。.連時(shí)序法流量資料整編說(shuō)明（1）連時(shí)序法處理同樣是按照上述劃分方式將整個(gè)時(shí)間段劃分成為了九個(gè)計(jì)算時(shí)段，即4月16日~6月13日、6月14日~6月23日、6月24日~7月4日、7月5日~7月28日、7月29日~8月7日、8月8日~8月30日、9月1日~9月29日、9月29日~10月23日，這樣下來(lái)，只需要參考《長(zhǎng)江奉節(jié)站1975年數(shù)據(jù)處理圖冊(cè)》中的圖1-1~圖1-8中的水位流量關(guān)系曲線即可進(jìn)行連時(shí)序推流。（2）各段連時(shí)序中方法論證：對(duì)于沒(méi)有實(shí)測(cè)流量數(shù)據(jù)的峰、谷或者實(shí)測(cè)流量數(shù)據(jù)很少難以控制流量的變化過(guò)程的水位過(guò)程連線，一般可以同時(shí)參考水位過(guò)程線，通過(guò)水位過(guò)程線的走向來(lái)判斷水位流量關(guān)系的變化趨勢(shì)，這樣在很大程度上能夠彌補(bǔ)資料不足帶來(lái)的缺陷，減小誤差。（3）難點(diǎn)論證和對(duì)實(shí)測(cè)點(diǎn)的質(zhì)疑：從《長(zhǎng)江奉節(jié)站1975年數(shù)據(jù)處理圖冊(cè)》圖1-26水位流量關(guān)系線，可以看到首先一個(gè)難點(diǎn)就是高水部分實(shí)測(cè)點(diǎn)資料明顯偏少，難以準(zhǔn)確把握水位流量關(guān)系線的走向，故可能會(huì)帶來(lái)比較大的誤差。還一個(gè)質(zhì)疑就是對(duì)于在8月10日2點(diǎn)水位是94.75m,到了14點(diǎn)突然降到91.81m,然后9L80m、91.79m、91.79m、91.92m,然后又突然變化到95.29m,該點(diǎn)在水位過(guò)程線當(dāng)中明顯成一個(gè)突變點(diǎn)，所以當(dāng)時(shí)我們就對(duì)該點(diǎn)水位提出了質(zhì)疑，結(jié)合流量變化我們可以看到94.75m對(duì)應(yīng)的流量是20800m3/s,然后流量緩慢上升并穩(wěn)定下來(lái)，水位急劇下降而流量卻緩慢上升，這明顯不合常理，由此我們推斷14點(diǎn)水位應(yīng)該是94.80m,接下來(lái)的四個(gè)時(shí)刻水位均應(yīng)該高于94m,這樣改正以后正好符合常理。造成這種情況

的原因一個(gè)可能是刊印錯(cuò)誤，還一個(gè)可能是測(cè)量時(shí)錯(cuò)誤。（4）與刊印值比較：連時(shí)序處理該站得到年流量統(tǒng)計(jì)表如下表1,進(jìn)一步進(jìn)行徑流量比較可以得到表2,由表2的統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果顯示，5月、6月、7月以及8月、9月的徑流量相對(duì)誤差都控制的比較好，尤其是6月與8月，誤差都達(dá)到或者接近于0.00%,再看整個(gè)計(jì)算時(shí)段內(nèi)總徑流量的相對(duì)誤差絕對(duì)值能夠控制在0.58%,再結(jié)合附錄中的連時(shí)■序法瞬時(shí)流量與日平均流量計(jì)算精度比較可以看出，連時(shí)序法用于處理長(zhǎng)江奉節(jié)站精度很高。表1連時(shí).序法年流量統(tǒng)可卜表（流量單位m'/s）日'月份12345678910111211130018200249002760013300262002106001620023100278001320030400310600136002280026900144003840041050013200225002470015300444005104001280023700226001650042700610600128002500021300165003910071160014300317002020021800333008127001380034700207003170027100911700143003020020400303002280010112001760028900208003160020600111020019100324002110031100200001291002200034500242002560019400139250195003650032700226001900014966015800323003680021600195001599701440027800341002220020400164400118001610024000313502330021200175050135002350021100285002360021600186120136002770019600238002300021200197600132002510018800197002210019600208720144002280017900168002460017900218800150002010017100147002610016300227890145001760016900136502620015200237500138001500018000130002750014200247230121001320019100123002740013300256790112001360019300120502420012700266300107002450019300120002200012500277040118003160018900118002090028884013800339001860011950200005291210015100327002670012650191003012500179002840031900135002170031189002960013600平均1230019400248002080022600最大1890027700365003680031600日期3118131410最小910012800171001180013200日期12521272年統(tǒng)計(jì)最大流量月日最小流量月日平均流量徑流量?jī)|m3徑流模數(shù)徑流深附注空白處表示缺乏資料計(jì)算：傅航時(shí)間：6-30校核：傅航時(shí)間：6-30復(fù)核：傅航時(shí)間：6-30表2連時(shí)序法徑濟(jì)七量精度比較（V卜算時(shí)段為4.16-10.26）時(shí)間5月6月7月8月9月計(jì)算時(shí)?段總徑流刊印值（億立方）333.7504.1641.1558.7598.23285計(jì)算值（億立方）328.9504.1663.3555.85873266相對(duì)誤差-1.44%0.00%3.46%-0.52%-1.87%-0.58%計(jì)算：陳建軍時(shí)間：7-1校核：陳建軍時(shí)間：7-1復(fù)核：陳建軍時(shí)間：7-1（5）存在問(wèn)題：連時(shí)序法要求實(shí)測(cè)資料一定要充分準(zhǔn)確，就比如說(shuō)如果水位流量關(guān)系資料不夠，就很難準(zhǔn)確把握水位流量線的走勢(shì)，即使可以參考水位過(guò)程線，可如果水位過(guò)程線的資料匱乏那也難以準(zhǔn)確把握，這樣下來(lái)，誤差難免會(huì)比較大。還有一些問(wèn)題，比如說(shuō)，在實(shí)測(cè)點(diǎn)1-29點(diǎn)里面，整體上來(lái)看的確是呈一個(gè)單一線，但是仔細(xì)看，里面還是存在小繩套的，只不過(guò)繩套跟整個(gè)單一線相比比較小，故忽略不計(jì)，但是這樣還是會(huì)帶來(lái)很大的誤差。.單一線法數(shù)據(jù)處理說(shuō)明（1）選擇依據(jù)：由該站水位流量關(guān)系曲線可以看到該站1-29實(shí)測(cè)點(diǎn)（4月16日?6月13日即《長(zhǎng)江奉節(jié)站1975年數(shù)據(jù)處理圖冊(cè)》中的圖1-1）以及90-95實(shí)測(cè)點(diǎn)（9月29日?10月23日即《長(zhǎng)江奉節(jié)站1975年數(shù)據(jù)處理圖冊(cè)》中的圖1-23）過(guò)程線均呈62011-7-7水文測(cè)驗(yàn)課程設(shè)計(jì)報(bào)告單一線關(guān)系，故可以考慮將兩段分別以單一線法進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)處理，在進(jìn)行定線檢驗(yàn)后，做出流率表，分別如下表3、表4。表3長(zhǎng)江奉節(jié)站1975年4月16日~6月13日流率表水位012345678976.0327032803290330033103320332033303340335076.1336033703380339034003400341034203430344076.2345034603470348034903500350035103520353076.3354035503560357035803580359036003610362076.4364036503660367036803680369037003710372076.5373037403750376037703780378037903800381076.6382038303840385038603860387038803890390076.7392039303940395039603960397039803990400076.8401040204030404040504060406040704080409076.9410041104120413041404140415041604170418077.0420042104220423042404240425042604270428077.1429043004310432043304340434043504360437077.2438043904400441044204420443044404450446077.3448044904500451045204520453045404550456077.4457045804590460046104620462046304640465077.5466046704680469047004700471047204730474077.6476047704780479048004800481048204830484077.7485048604870488048904900490049104920493077.8495049604970498049905000500050105020503077.9504050505060507050805080509051005110512078.0513051405150516051705180518051905200521078.1523052405250526052705280528052905300531078.2532053305340535053605360537053805390540078.3511()512()5430511()54505460546054705480549078.4551055205530554055505560556055705580559078.5560056105620563056405640565056605670568078.6569057005710572057305740574057505760577078.7579058005810582058305840584058505860587078.8588058905900591059205920593059405950596078.9597059805990600060106020602060306040605079.0606060706080609061006100611061206130614079.1616061706180619062006200621062206230624079.2625062606270628062906300630063106320633079.3634063506360637063806380639064006410642079.4644064506460647064806480649065006510652079.565306540655065606570658065806590660066107

79.6662066306640665066606660667066806690670079.7672067306740675067606760677067806790680079.8681068206830684068506860686068706880689079.9690069106920693069406940695069606970698080.0700070107020703070407040705070607070708080.1709071007110712071307140714071507160717080.27180719()7200721072207220723()721()7250726080.3728072907300731073207320733073407350736080.4737073807390740074107420742074307440745080.5746074707480749075007500751075207530754080.6756075707580759076007600761076207630764080.7765076607670768076907700770077107720773080.8774077507760777077807780779078007810782080.9784078507860787078807880789079007910792081.0793079407950796079707980798079908000801081.1802080308040805080608060807080808090810081.2812081308140815081608160817081808190820081.3821082208230824082508260826082708280829081.4830083108320833083408340835083608370838081.5840084108420843084408440845084608470848081.6849085008510852085308540854085508560857081.7858085908600861086208620863086408650866081.8868086908700871087208720873087408750876081.9877087808790880088108820882088308840885082.0886088708880889089008900891089208930894082.1895089608970898089909000900090109020903082.290509060907090809090910091009110912()913082.3914091509160917091809180919092009210922082.4923092409250926092709280928092909300931082.5933093409350936093709380938093909400941082.6942094309440945094609460947094809490950082.7951095209530954095509560956095709580959082.8960096109620963096409650966096709680969082.9970097109720973097409750976097709780979083.0980098109820983098409850986098709880989083.1988098909900991099209930994099509960997083.299809990100001000010000100001000010000101001010083.31010010100101001010010100102001020010200102001020083.41020010200102001020010200102001030010300103001030083.51030010300103001030010300104001040010400104001040083.6104001040010400104001040010400105001050010500105008

83.71040010400104001040010400104001050010500105001050083.81050010500105001050010500106001060010600106001060083.91060010600106001060010600106001070010700107001070084.01070010700107001070010700108001080010800108001080084.11080010800108001080010800108001090010900109001090084.21090010900109001090010900110001100011000110001100084.31100011000110001100011000110001110011100111001110084.41110011100111001110011100112001120011200112001120084.51120011200112001120011200112001130011300113001130084.61130011300113001130011300114001140011400114001140084.71140011400114001140011400114001150011500115001150084.81150011500115001150011500116001160011600116001160084.91160011600116001160011600116001170011700117001170085.01170011700117001170011700118001180011800118001180085.11180011800118001180011800118001190011900119001190085.21190011900119001190011900120001200012000120001200085.31200012000120001200012000120001210012100121001210085.41200012000120001200012000120001210012100121001210085.51210012100121001210012100122001220012200122001220085.61220012200122001220012200122001230012300123001230085.71230012300123001230012300124001240012400124001240085.81240012400124001240012400124001250012500125001250085.91250012500125001250012500126001260012600126001260086.01260012600126001260012600126001270012700127001270086.11270012700127001270012700128001280012800128001280086.21280012800128001280012800128001290012900129001290086.31290012900129001290012900130001300013000130001300086.41300013000130001300013000130001310013100131001310086.51300013000130001300013000130001310013100131001310086.61310013100131001310013100132001320013200132001320086.71320013200132001320013200132001330013300133001330086.81330013300133001330013300134001340013400134001340086.91340013400134001340013400134001350013500135001350087.01350013500135001350013500136001360013600136001360087.11360013600136001360013600136001370013700137001370087.21370013700137001370013700138001380013800138001380087.31380013800138001380013800138001390013900139001390087.41390013900139001390013900140001400014000140001400087.51400014000140001400014000140001410014100141001410087.61410014100141001410014100142001420014200142001420087.7142001420014200142001420014200143001430014300143009

87.81420014200142001420014200142001430014300143001430087.91430014300143001430014300144001440014400144001440088.01440014400144001440014400144001450014500145001450088.11450014500145001450014500146001460014600146001460088.21460014600146001460014600146001470014700147001470088.31470014700147001470014700148001480014800148001480088.41480014800148001480014800148001490014900149001490088.51490014900149001490014900150001500015000150001500088.61500015000150001500015000150001510015100151001510088.71510015100151001510015100152001520015200152001520088.81520015200152001520015200152001530015300153001530088.91530015300153001530015300154001540015400154001540089.01540015400154001540015400154001550015500155001550089.11550015500155001550015500156001560015600156001560089.21550015500155001550015500156001560015600156001560089.31560015600156001560015600156001570015700157001570089.41570015700157001570015700158001580015800158001580089.51580015800158001580015800158001590015900159001590089.61590015900159001590015900160001600016000160001600089.71600016000160001600016000160001610016100161001610089.81610016100161001610016100162001620016200162001620089.91620016200162001620016200162001630016300163001630090.01630016300163001630016300164001640016400164001640090.11640016400164001640016400164001650016500165001650090.21650016500165001650016500166001660016600166001660090.31660016600166001660016600166001670016700167001670090.41670016700167001670016700168001680016800168001680090.51670016700167001670016700168001680016800168001680090.61680016800168001680016800168001690016900169001690090.71690016900169001690016900170001700017000170001700090.81700017000170001700017000170001710017100171001710090.91710017100171001710017100172001720017200172001720091.01720017200172001720017200172001730017300173001730091.11730017300173001730017300174001740017400174001740091.21740017400174001740017400174001750017500175001750091.31750017500175001750017500176001760017600176001760091.41760017600176001760017600176001770017700177001770091.51770017700177001770017700178001780017800178001780091.61780017800178001780017800178001790017900179001790001.71790017900179001790017900180001800018000180001800091.818000180001800018000180001800018100181001810018100

91.91800018000180001800018000180001810018100181001810092.01810018100181001810018100182001820018200182001820092.11820018200182001820018200182001830018300183001830092.21830018300183001830018300184001840018400184001840092.31840018400184001840018400184001850018500185001850092.41850018500185001850018500186001860018600186001860092.51860018600186001860018600186001870018700187001870092.61870018700187001870018700188001880018800188001880092.71880018800188001880018800188001890018900189001890092.81890018900189001890018900190001900019000190001900092.91900019000190001900019000190001910019100191001910093.01910019100191001910019100192001920019200192001920093.11920019200192001920019200192001930019300193001930093.21920019200192001920019200192001930019300193001930093.31930019300193001930019300194001940019400194001940093.41940019400194001940019400194001950019500195001950093.51950019500195001950019500196001960019600196001960093.61960019600196001960019600196001970019700197001970093.71970019700197001970019700198001980019800198001980093.81980019800198001980019800198001990019900199001990093.91990019900199001990019900200002000020000200002000094.02000020000200002000020000200002010020100201002010094.12010020100201002010020100202002020020200202002020094.22020020200202002020020200202002030020300203002030094.32030020300203002030020300204002040020400204002040094.42040020400204002040020400204002050020500205002050094.52050020500205002050020500206002060020600206002060094.62060020600206002060020600206002070020700207002070094.72070020700207002070020700208002080020800208002080094.82080020800208002080020800208002090020900209002090094.92090020900209002090020900210002100021000210002100095.021000210002100021000210002100021100211002110021100計(jì)算：潘垣臻時(shí)間：6-26校核：潘坦臻時(shí)間：6-26復(fù)核：潘坦臻時(shí)間：6-26表4長(zhǎng)江奉節(jié)站9月29日10月23日流率表m012345678978.4548054905490550055005510552055205530553011

78.5554055505550556055605570558055895590560078.6560056105610562056205630564056405650565078.7566056705670568056805690570057005710571078.8572057305730574057505760576057705780578078.9579058005800581058205830583058405850585079.0586058705870588058905900590059105920592079.1593059405940595059605970597059805990599079.2600060106020602060306040605060606060607079.3608060906100610061106120613061406140615079.4616061706180618061906200621062206220623079.5624062506260626062706280629063006300631079.6632063306340634063506360637063806380639079.7640064106420642064306440645064606460647079.8648064906500650065106520653065406540655079.9656065706580658065906600661066206620663080.0664066506660666066706680669067006700671080.1672067306740674067506760677067806780679080.2680068106820682068306840685068606860687080.3688068906900690069106920693069406940695080.4696069706980698069907000701070207020703080.57040705070607060707070807090710071007110

80.6712071307140714071507160717071807180719080.7720072107220722072307240725072607260727080.8728072907300730073107320733073407340735080.9736073707380738073907400741074207420743081.0744074507460746074707480749075007500751081.1752075307540755075607570757075807590760081.2761076207630764076507660766076707680769081.3770077107720773077407750775077607770778081.4779078007810782078307840784078507860787081.5788078907900791079207930793079407950796081.6797079807990800080108020802080308040805081.7806080708080809081008110811081208130814081.8815081608170818081908200820082108220823081.9824082508260827082808290829083008310832082.0833083408350836083708380838083908400841082.1842084308440845084608470847084808490850082.2851085208530854085508560856085708580859082.3860086108620863086408650866086708680869082.4870087108720873087408750876087708780879082.5880088108820883088408850886088708880889082.6890089108920893089408950896089708980899013

82.7900090109020903090409050906090709080909082.8910091109120913091409150916091709180919082.9920092109220923092409250926092709280929083.0930093109320933093409350936093709380939083.1940094109420943094409450946094709480949083.2950095109520953095409550956095709580959083.3960096109620963096409650966096709680969083.4970097109720973097409750976097709780979083.5980098109820983098409850986098709880989083.6990099109920993099409950996099709980999083.10001000100010001000100010101010101010107000000000083.10101010101010101010102010201020102010208000000000083.10201020102010201020102010301030103010309000000000084.10301030103010301030104010401040104010400000000000084.10401040104010401040104010501050105010501000000000084.10501050105010501050106010601060106010602000000000084.10601060106010601060106010701070107010703000000000084.10701070107010701070108010801080108010804000000000084.10801080108010801080108010901090109010905000000000084.10901090109010901090110011001100110011006000000000084.1100110011001100110011001110111()1110111070000000000

84.81110011100111001110011100112001120011200112001120084.11201120112011201120112011301130113011309000000000085.11301130113011301130114011401140114011400000000000085.11401140114011401140114011501150115011501000000000085.11501150115011501150116011601160116011602000000000085.11601160116011601160116011701170117011703000000000085.11701170117011701170118011801180118011804000000000085.11801180118011801180118011901190119011905000000000085.11901190119011901190120012001200120012006000000000085.12001200120012001200120012101210121012107000000000085.12101210121012101210122012201220122012208000000000085.12201220122012201220122012301230123012309000000000086.12301230123012301230124012401240124012400000000000086.12401240124012401240124012501250125012501000000000086.12501250125012501250126012601260126012602000000000086.12601260126012601260126012701270127012703000000000086.12701270127012701270128012801280128012804000000000086.12801280128012801280128012901290129012905000000000086.12901290129012901290130013001300130013006000000000086.13001300130013001300130013101310131013107000000000086.131013101310131013101320132013201320132080000000000

86.91320013200132001320013200132001330013300133001330087.01330013300133001330013300134001340013400134001340087.11340013400134001340013400134001350013500135001350087.21350013500135001350013500136001360013600136001360087.31360013600136001360013600136001370013700137001370087.41370013700137001370013700138001380013800138001380087.51380013800138001380013800138001390013900139001390087.61390013900139001390013900140001400014000140001400087.71400014000140001400014000140001410014100141001410087.81410014100141001410014100142001420014200142001420087.9142001420014200142001420014200113()014300143001430088.01430014300143001430014300144001440014400144001440088.11440014400144001440014400144001450014500145001450088.21450014500145001450014500146001460014600146001460088.31460014600146001460014600146001470014700147001470088.41470014700147001470014700148001480014800148001480088.514800148001480014800148001480014900149001490014900計(jì)算徐琨那f間：6-26校核：徐琨時(shí)間：6-26復(fù)核：徐琨時(shí)間6-26(2)誤差分析及精度比較:單一線法推流次洪流量和日平均流量誤差分析成果見(jiàn)附錄。從比較結(jié)果來(lái)看總體誤差控制的比較好，滿足瞬時(shí)流量誤差＜5%,日平均流量誤差＜2%,精度較高。當(dāng)然也存在一些時(shí)刻或者日平均值超過(guò)了允許誤差，比如說(shuō)6月8日20點(diǎn)以及6月8日平均值，經(jīng)過(guò)分析，主要是單一-線中其實(shí)還是有小繩套，只不過(guò)跟單??線相比繩套很不明顯，故定線過(guò)程當(dāng)中忽略了小繩套的存在引起誤差，當(dāng)然也不排除這一點(diǎn)本身數(shù)據(jù)不合理性的存在，像這種情況可能是造成誤差的主要來(lái)源。另外還有讀數(shù)方面也會(huì)帶來(lái)誤差。實(shí)測(cè)點(diǎn)90-95,由于無(wú)刊印值，故無(wú)法比較。（3）存在問(wèn)題：主要的問(wèn)題還是在于定線過(guò)程中將所有的點(diǎn)概化為單一線帶來(lái)的誤差難以避免,始終存在一兩個(gè)突出點(diǎn)，按照上面的分析有可能本身就是數(shù)據(jù)的不合理性,還有可能就是現(xiàn)在所說(shuō)的“概化誤差”。3.水力因素法數(shù)據(jù)處理說(shuō)明（1）校正因素法1）選擇依據(jù)：從該站1975年實(shí)測(cè)資料點(diǎn)繪出的水位流量關(guān)系圖可以看到，圖中基本上所有的繩套都是逆時(shí)針繩套，從這一點(diǎn)就可以斷定，該站水位受洪水漲落影響明顯,而校正因素法正好適用于洪水漲落數(shù)據(jù)分析。校正因素法主要是通過(guò)引入校正因數(shù)對(duì)實(shí)測(cè)流量進(jìn)行校正，從而轉(zhuǎn)化成為同水位下的穩(wěn)定流量來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)水位流量關(guān)系的處理的。2）處理步驟：首先要假設(shè)一條穩(wěn)定線（一般選在繩套1/3處），然后根據(jù)公式」一=[（Qm/Qc）2-l]a5/（d〃d。,這樣就可以找出Z和1/USc之間的關(guān)系曲線，USc然后再利用Qc，=Qm41+」一*絲產(chǎn)，將Qc，回點(diǎn)到繩套當(dāng)中，如果Qc'與Qc正UScdt好重合或者正好均勻分布在Qc兩側(cè)，說(shuō)明定線成功，不然就要重新定線。這樣反復(fù)進(jìn)行更改并最終定線成功以后利用Qm=/Qc*[l+—*—]05即可進(jìn)行推流UScdt計(jì)算。3）數(shù)據(jù)分析：校正因素法的定線、推流以及精度比較成果見(jiàn)附錄。該方法計(jì)算年流量統(tǒng)計(jì)表見(jiàn)下表5,經(jīng)過(guò)計(jì)算分析，從6月14日到10月23日計(jì)算期內(nèi)實(shí)測(cè)徑流量為2346億立方，而計(jì)算得到的徑流量為2438億立方，相對(duì)誤差為0.08%,計(jì)算期172011-7-7水文測(cè)驗(yàn)課程設(shè)計(jì)報(bào)告內(nèi)的7、8、9月實(shí)測(cè)徑流量分別641.1億立方、558.7億立方、598.2億立方，而計(jì)算得到的徑流量分別為645.1億立方、552.7億立方、593.4億立方，相對(duì)誤差分別0.62%、-1.07%、-0.80%,可以看到誤差很小，也就是說(shuō)，校正因素法在該站的精度很高。表5校正因素法年流量統(tǒng)計(jì)表日\(chéng)月份12345678910111212510028400134002590022350028900133003050032320026300145003780042250023400155004350052340021700168004320062490020400168003920073060020200221003330083310020100320002730093050020300307002240010289002080031600201001131700211003160020300123420023600261001950013362003150022800187001416200330003690022300194001514700283003410022400204001616000241003130023100212001723100212002840023400218001826200197002400023200216001925000185001980022300203002022500179001680024400184002120000172001490026200166002217600166001380026500151002315200182001300027600140002413200189001230027500251330019000120002460026243001920012000224002730700187001180021200283330018700120002020029328002760012600197003028700323001360022700312890013700平均247002060022900最大360003690032000日期13148最小166001180013300日期22272年統(tǒng)計(jì)最大流量月日最小流量月日平均流量徑流量?jī)|m3徑流模數(shù)徑流深附注空白處表示缺少資料計(jì)算：潘垣臻時(shí)間：6-30校核：潘垣臻時(shí)間：6-30復(fù)核：潘垣臻時(shí)間：6-304）存在的問(wèn)題：我們小組在定線過(guò)程當(dāng)中遇到的最大問(wèn)題還是復(fù)式繩套，復(fù)式繩套定穩(wěn)定線很困難，一般采取的策略是取外包線，定出外包線的穩(wěn)定線，但是很大程度上，外包線有時(shí)候也不能夠保證精度，故而該法精度上可能算不上很高。至于其中有些突出點(diǎn)，很大程度上就是來(lái)源于此。（2）本站水位后移法1）選擇依據(jù)：長(zhǎng)江奉節(jié)站受洪水漲落影響很明顯，水位流量關(guān)系大多呈復(fù)式繩套關(guān)系，雖然上斷面附近有支流匯入，但是其影響比較小。所以考慮使用該法。本站水位后移法主要出發(fā)點(diǎn)是特征河長(zhǎng)法：特征河長(zhǎng)能夠使得河段中斷面的水位和下斷面流量之間呈單一關(guān)系。正是基于這一點(diǎn)，我們可以將上斷面的水位后移t/2時(shí)刻，便可以轉(zhuǎn)化為中斷面的水位，這樣就可以建立起水位和流量之間的穩(wěn)定關(guān)系。2）處理步驟：首先在繩套關(guān)系線上選取幾個(gè)有代表性的漲落率比較大的點(diǎn)，分別求出△T=Z\Z/（dz/dt）,然后再去平均值，作為AT的初始值，然后將所有實(shí)測(cè)點(diǎn)后移4T時(shí)間并回點(diǎn)到繩套中，如果回點(diǎn)后的點(diǎn)正好均勻分布在穩(wěn)定線兩側(cè)或者正好在線上，說(shuō)明AT正好是我們需要的，否則改變初始值重復(fù)計(jì)算。直到滿足條件。經(jīng)過(guò)試算，得到6月14日~6月23日之間△T=6h,6月24日~7月4日之間△T=6h,7月5日~7月28日之間△丁二7'7月29日~8月7日之間△T=5h,8月8日~8月30日之間△T=8h,9月1日~9月29日之間△T=10h,9月29H-1O月23日日之間△T=7h,這樣便可利用不同的后移時(shí)間推求對(duì)應(yīng)時(shí)間內(nèi)的流量。3）精度以及誤差分析：本站水位后移法精度非常高，計(jì)算結(jié)果顯示，計(jì)算時(shí)段內(nèi)（6月14日到10月13日），刊印徑流為2436億立方米，而計(jì)算結(jié)果為192011-7-7水文測(cè)驗(yàn)課程設(shè)計(jì)報(bào)告2424億立方米，相對(duì)誤差為-0.49%,瞬時(shí)流量誤差基本控制在5%以內(nèi)，日平均誤差也基本控制在2%以內(nèi)，這直接說(shuō)明該法計(jì)算結(jié)果的正確性，同時(shí)也說(shuō)明了該法適用于1975年本站數(shù)據(jù)處理。月徑流量統(tǒng)計(jì)表如下表6,7月、8月、9月實(shí)測(cè)徑流量分別達(dá)到645.3億立方、531.1億立方、601.0億立方，而計(jì)算值則分別為641.1億立方、558.7億立方、598.2億立方，誤差分別為0.60%、4.91%、0.30%,誤差控制比較好。當(dāng)然了，中間也難免會(huì)存在一些突出點(diǎn)，比如說(shuō)6月25日，14點(diǎn)的瞬時(shí)誤差就比較高，經(jīng)過(guò)分析，我們認(rèn)為該點(diǎn)誤差應(yīng)該是人為計(jì)算過(guò)程中的誤差點(diǎn)，屬于系統(tǒng)誤差。表6本站水位后移法流量統(tǒng)計(jì)表（流量單位d/s）日\(chéng)月份1234567891011121251002810013400259802237002820013500309803232002710014500379604230002480015500434005232002280016600446006248002130015700384007313002050022200330008343002000032300268009294002000038400224001028800208003660020250113210020900308002020012345002520025800193001336100340002260018800

141590031800369002200015145002690034000222()01616400235003130022800172310021000284002300018260001900024000225001925100184001980022400202250018200166002460021203001710014900258002217000167001370026100231480018200130002700024132001930012300267002514000193001210024400262510018900121002220027307001900011900208002833800258001200019800293200030400126001960030284002900013600226003113700平均247002080023100最大361003690038400日期13149最小167001190013400日期22271--1t流1月日最小流量月日平均流量年統(tǒng)計(jì)徑流量?jī)|m3徑流模數(shù)徑流深附注空白部分表示缺乏資料計(jì)算：陳建軍時(shí)間：6-27校核：陳建軍時(shí)間：6-27復(fù)核：陳建軍時(shí)間：6-274)存在的問(wèn)題：在定線過(guò)程當(dāng)中，由于不同人讀數(shù)以及計(jì)算方式的不同，故而定出的4T都不一樣，上面已經(jīng)提及到AT從5h、6h、7h、8h一直變化到10h,對(duì)于同一測(cè)站，4T變化如此大，故而我們?cè)?jīng)對(duì)對(duì)該結(jié)果提出過(guò)質(zhì)疑，但是從檢驗(yàn)的結(jié)果來(lái)看，這些不同的結(jié)果檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果都滿足要求，而且最終推流計(jì)算結(jié)果并無(wú)較大的誤差，故而也認(rèn)為該定線以及推流結(jié)果是合理的。(3)落差指數(shù)法1)選擇依據(jù)：落差指數(shù)法適用于受回水變動(dòng)或者受回水變動(dòng)以及洪水漲落綜合影響的測(cè)站，由奉節(jié)站的基本概況可以知道該站首先肯定受洪水漲落影響，考慮到上下游都有支流匯入，該站同樣可能會(huì)受到回水變動(dòng)影響，故而利用落差指數(shù)法處理該站水位流量數(shù)據(jù)存在一定的可行性。2)基本原理：落差指數(shù)法基本原理很清楚，就是建立起指數(shù)B與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差S之間的關(guān)系曲線，通過(guò)關(guān)系曲線找出使得標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差S最小的B,再根據(jù)Z~Q/(AZ)人B之間關(guān)系即可進(jìn)行推流計(jì)算。3)數(shù)據(jù)分析以及精度比較：落差指數(shù)法計(jì)算得到年流量統(tǒng)計(jì)表見(jiàn)表7,經(jīng)過(guò)分析計(jì)算得知總計(jì)算期內(nèi)計(jì)算得到的總徑流量為2445億立方，相對(duì)誤差為0.37%,7、8、9三個(gè)月的計(jì)算總徑流量分別為662.6億立方、554.1億立方、594.5億立方，相對(duì)誤差分別為3.35%、-0.82%、-0.62%,可以看到，誤差基本上控制的也比較高，這說(shuō)明該法精度同樣比較高。表7落差指數(shù)法年流量統(tǒng)計(jì)表

日\(chéng)月份1231567891011121258002X00013200264002238002830013200311003234002650014400385004224002500015500444005232002200016800440006248002170015400395007303002070021000333008337002060032000274009314002030037500228001029100203003750020500113210020600318002070012340002390026600199001336400331002290019100141620034600358002190019400151460028600346002210020400161580024400313002260021400171170021600280002300022200181300019900234002280022000192510018900194002180020700202260017700164002420018800

2120200165001440025200169002217700163001350025600154002315200177001280027200142002413200188001250026800251400018900120002370026234001890012600217002731100184001120020800283320018600123001980029328002600012800194003030000317001360021700312900013700平均247002070019300最大364003580037500日期13149最小163001120013200日期22271--1t流t月日最小流量月日平均流量年統(tǒng)計(jì)徑流量?jī)|m3徑流模數(shù)徑流深附注計(jì)算：龔曉璐時(shí)間：7-1校核：龔曉璐時(shí)間：7-1復(fù)核：龔曉璐時(shí)間7-1（4）定落差法1）選擇依據(jù)：由測(cè)站基本概況可以知道，長(zhǎng)江奉節(jié)站有可能會(huì)受到回水變動(dòng)影響，故而我們選用了該方法進(jìn)行定線推流計(jì)算，通過(guò)最終的計(jì)算結(jié)果比較來(lái)探討該法究竟是不是適用于長(zhǎng)江奉節(jié)站1975年資料整編。2)基本原理：定落差法首先求出△Zm,取最大的△Zm為定落差aZc,利用Qc1=Qm/jAZm/AZc,點(diǎn)繪Z?Qcl關(guān)系點(diǎn)并定出關(guān)系線，在Z?Qcl線上讀出Qc2,計(jì)算出Qm/Qc2與△Zm/ZSZc,點(diǎn)繪其關(guān)系曲線，查讀校正后的Qm/Qc,計(jì)算Qc=Qm/(Qm/Qc),回點(diǎn)Qc，線，如果Qc，基本上分布在Z?Qcl兩側(cè)或者就在線上,定線通過(guò),否則修改落差重復(fù)以上步驟。推流時(shí)只需利用Qm=Qc*(Qm/Qc)即可。3)數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)果分析：定落差法計(jì)算年流量統(tǒng)計(jì)見(jiàn)下表8,經(jīng)過(guò)計(jì)算分析可知，計(jì)算期內(nèi)計(jì)算得到總徑流量為2461億立方，相對(duì)誤差為1.03%,7、8、9月計(jì)算徑流量分別為656.2億立方、562.5億立方、598.8億立方，相對(duì)誤差分別為2.36%、0.68%、0.10%,可見(jiàn)該法跟其他幾種方法相比還是存在一定的誤差的，尤其是計(jì)算瞬時(shí)流量誤差時(shí)，明顯有很多超出了5%的，故而該法在一定程度上無(wú)法保證精度。表8定落差法年流量統(tǒng)計(jì)表日\(chéng)月份12345678910111212590028300132002660022380028500134003040032340028000148003650042240026100156004220052340024000170004370062480022000169004090073040021400217003480083370020800319002850025

931400205003790023900102910021100363002070011315002120030800193001234000241002600018700133630032200226001810014151003480035900221001890015139002860033000221002020016167002440031000230002140017238002160028200232002200018250001980023500225002150019230001870019400220001990020199001740016500243001800021181501600014500256001550022161501590013600259001420023141501740012300271001310024133001850012800268001