2022更新國家開放大學(xué)電大《高級英語閱讀1》《機電控制工程基礎(chǔ)》網(wǎng)絡(luò)課形考網(wǎng)考作業(yè)合集答案2

(精華版)國家開放大學(xué)電大【高級英語閱讀(1)】【機電控制工程基礎(chǔ)】網(wǎng)絡(luò)課形考網(wǎng)考作業(yè)(合集)答案【高級英語閱讀(1)】網(wǎng)絡(luò)課答案形考任務(wù)一(70分)Chapter1Exercise(分值7分)題目1Vocabularyskills(3points)Lookatthecolumnsbelow.Matcheachvocabularywordontherightwiththecorrectdefinitionontheleft.(0.5pointseach)thebusorsubwayproofofcompletionofcoursesofstudentsmoneyforstudentsfromscholarships,grants,orloansformaltalksbyprofessorsorinstructorsonsubjectsofstudycoursesbyvideo,videoconferencing,orcomputerstostudentsindifferentplacesthepointsorgradeastudentgetsonatestpublictransportationcertificatesanddegreesfinancialaidacademiclecturespublictransportationcertificatesanddegreesfinancialaidacademiclecturesdistancelearningscorethebusdrsubwayproofofcompletionofcoursesofstudentsmoneyforstudentsfromscholarships,grants,orloansformaltalksbyprofessorsorinstructorsonsubjectsofstudycoursesbyvideo,videoconferencing,orcomputerstostudentsindifferentplacesthepointsorgradeastudentgetsonatestILReadingComprehension(4points)Readthepassages,thenanswerthequestionsthatfollow.(1pointeach)ExperiencingCultureShockAWhenElizaJamesarrivedattheUniversityofXian,shewasexcitedtoliveinanewcountry,toimproveherChinese,andtoexperienceaculturesodifferentfromherown.Butsoonherexcitementturnedtofrustrationassheencounteredoneroadblockafteranother.〃IfeltlikeIcouldn，taccomplishanything.Mydormroomhadnoheat,Icouldn，tgetintotheclassesIwanted,andeverytimeIaskedsomeoneforhelptheygavemetherunaround.Ifeltlikenoonewaslisteningtome."Elizametwithadministrators,sentlettersofcomplaint,andevencontactedtheconsulateinBeijing,butshegotnowhere.WhatElizadidn'trealizewasthatherAmericanapproachtosolvingproblemswasverydifferentfromtheChineseoneinwhichpatienceandnegotiationskillsarekey.ShesoonlearnedhowtosolveproblemswithintheculturalnormsofChinesesocietyinsteadofforcingherownvaluesontothosearoundher."IfinallyfeellikeIfitinandthatIknowwhatI'mdoing.Infact,it'sreallyfunbeinginaplacethat'ssoincrediblydifferentfromwhatIamaccustomedto."BYoshiYamamotoisajunioratasmallcollegeoutsideofBoston.Althoughheisanhonorsstudentnow,Yoshididn，talwayshavesuchaneasytimestudyinginAmerica."TeachingmethodsareverydifferentherethantheyareinJapan.Ittookmealongtimetogetusedtolearninginseminarsanddiscussingideaswithmyclassmates.AtfirstitseemedlikeIwasn'tactuallylearninganything./zYoshi，sreactionwastototallywithdraw:hedidn，tparticipateinclassdiscussion;hespentlotsoftimealoneinhisroom,andheevenskippedclassonoccasion.〃IthoughtIcouldteachmyself.NowIrecognizethevalueoftheU.S.academicsystem,andIamabletoadaptittomyownlearningstyle.〃CBothElizaandYoshiexperiencedwhatiscalledcultureshock:psychologicaldisorientationduetolivinginanewculture.Formanyinternationalstudents,studyingabroadcanofferexposuretonewculturesandanopportunitytostudynewfieldsandlanguages.However,italsooffersthegreaterchallengeoftryingtofunctioninaforeignculture.Studyingandreadingaboutacertaincultureispoorpreparationfortherealityoflivinginit.Accordingtopsychologicalstudies,thefourstagesofcultureshockare1.euphoria,hostility,3.gradualadjustment,and4.adaptation.Cultureshockcanbemanifestedinmanyways:homesickness,boredom,stereotypingoforhostilitytowardsthehostculture,overeatingoroverdrinking,withdrawal,andinabilitytoworkeffectively.DDifferentpeopleexperiencedifferentlevelsofcultureshockandreactindifferentways.Forexample,ElizagotangrywhileYoshiwithdrewfromsociety.Themostimportantthingtorememberisthatcultureshockisnormal:itisnotsomethingtobeashamedof.Luckily,therearesomethingsinternationalstudentscandotomaketheiradjustmenttoanewcountrygomoresmoothly.Forinstance,theycanstayintouchwithfamilyandfriendsfromhome,joininternationalstudentorganizations,meetpeoplefromtheirowncountries,andgetinvolvedincampusactivities.Mostimportantly,theycanadjusttolifeabroadbykeepingasenseofhumorandtryingtoremainpositive.RecognizingParagraphTopics(choosetheparagraphletter)題目2anexplanationofcultureshock選擇一項：c.c題目3waysthatstudentscanadjusttolivinginanewcountry選擇一項：D?D題目4theexperienceofaninternationalstudentintheUnitedStates選擇一項：B題目5theexperienceofaninternationalstudentinChina選擇一項：AChapter2Exercise(分值7分)題目1VocabularySkills(2points)Sometimesexamplescanexplainthemeaningofawordorphrase.Forexample,sun,rain,andwindareexamplesofkindsofweather.Lookatthecolumnsbelow.Matcheachvocabularywordorphraseinthefirstcolumnwiththeexamplesinthesecondcolumn.(0.4pointseach)kindsofextremeweatherEarth'snaturalmaterialsandgasesdiseasesorhealthdisordersseasonsoftheyearnaturalareasorregionsoftheearth答案：1.kindsofextremeweatherblizzards,tornadoes,hurricanes,floods,droughts#2.Earth'snaturalmaterialsandgasescoal.oil.carbon,dioxideair.water */3diseasesorhealthdisordersstroke,asthma,influenza,pneumonia,headachest/4iseasonsoftheyearWinter,spring；summer,fall sv5naturalareasorregionsoftheearthoceans,seas,islands,deserts,forests e寸ILReadingComprehension(5points)CompletethefollowingstatementsbychoosingthebestfromtheanswersA,BorC.(1pointeach)SeasonalAffectiveDisorder:MorethanJusttheBluesAJoshuadreadsthewintermonths,notonlybecauseofthecoldNewEnglandweather一一thesleet,snow,wind,andrain一一butbecauseastheseasonschangefromsummertofalltowinter,thedaysgetshorter.Asthedaysgetshorter,hestartsfeelingdepressedandirritableandspendsmoreandmoretimeathome,eatingandsleeping.Agraduatestudentinphilosophy,Joshuafindsthathegetslittleworkdoneduringthewintermonthsandhastroublepayingattentioninclassandconcentratingonhisresearch."IsoonrealizedthatwhatIthoughtwasjustthe'winterblues，wassomethingmoreextremethanthat.〃JoshvisitedadoctorwhodiagnosedhimwithSAD.BSeasonalAffectiveDisorder,orSAD,isakindofdepressionthatoccursseasonally.Itisassociatedwiththelonghoursofdarknessandlackofsunlightduringthewintermonths(peoplewithSADusuallyfeelworsefromDecemberthroughFebruary).Scientistsdon'tcompletelyunderstandtheexactcausesofSAD,buttheybelieveitisrelatedtoabiochemicalimbalanceinthehypothalamus.Thehypothalamusisthebasicpartofthebrainthatcontrolsthebody'sbreathing,heartbeat,metabolism,andhormonerelease.TheeffectsofSADincludemoodiness,irritability,lowenergy,increasedappetiteforcarbohydrates(foodssuchaspotatoes,rice,andbread),difficultyconcentrating,andthetendencytooversleep.CAlthoughdoctorsdescribedSADforthefirsttimein1984,humanshaveprobablydealtwiththedisorderforthousandsofyears.Itisnotacoincidencethatmanycultureshaveimportantcelebrationsduringtheshortdaysofthewintermonths.Christmas,Hanukkah,andWinterSolsticecelebrationsalloccurinDecember.Thesecelebrationsinvolvelightingcandlesinordertobringlight,warmth,andhappinesstoanotherwisedepressingtimeofyear.DSowhatcanSADsufferersdotofeelbetter?Naturally,theyneedmorelight.ForpeoplewhohavemildcasesofSAD,exercisinginthemorningsuncouldbeenoughtohelpthem.Phototherapy,orlighttherapy,isusuallyprescribedforpeoplewhohavemoreseriouscasesofthedisorder.Inlighttherapy,patientssitinfrontofalightbox,astrongartificiallight,foruptofourhoursaday.Phototherapyiseffectiveinover80%ofSADcases,andpatientsusuallyseeresultswithinthreetofourdays.AlthoughthesymptomsofSADaresimilartothoseofclinicaldepression,traditionalantidepressantshavenotprovenusefulintreatingSAD.WhilepsychologicalcounselingcannottreatthesymptomsofSAD,itisrecommendedtohelpSADsuffererslearntoacceptanddealwiththeirillness.題目2Joshuastartsfeelingdepressedandirritableinthewinterbecause 選擇一項：hesuffersfromSeasonalAffectiveDisorder題目3SeasonalAffectiveDisorder,orSAD,isaconditionthatresearchersbelieveaffectspeopleduringthewintermonths.Scientistsbelieveitiscausedby 選擇一項：lackofsunlightandabiochemicalimbalanceinthebrain題目4HumanshaveprobablystruggledwithSADsince 選擇一項：ancienttimes題目5PeoplewhosufferfromSADcan tofeelbetter.選擇一項：A.dolighttherapy題目6Thispassagetalksabout .選擇一項：B?BothAandB.Chapter3Exercise(分值7分)ReadingComprehension(5points)Readthepassages,thenanswerthequestionsthatfollow.(1pointeach)FastfoodcanbegoodfoodManypeoplearetoobusytoprepareandeatthreenutritiousmealsaday.sotheyturntotheconvenienceoffast-foodrestaurants.Manyoftheitemsatfast-foodrestaurants,snackbars,andfoodstandsarefatteningandnotverynutritious.Butfastfooddoesn'thavetobeunhealthy,youcaneatatfast-foodrestaurantsandstilleatwell.PayAttentiontoCaloriesandFatContentBypayingattentiontothenumberofcaloriesandfatthatafooditemhas,youcanmakesmarterchoices.Caloriesare“unitsformeasuringhowmuchenergyafoodwillproduce".condsidertwofast-foodmeals.Aquarter-poundhamburgerwithcheese,jumbo-sizefries,anda16-ouncesodahaveatotalof1,535caloriesand76gramsoffat?abroiled(cookedunderdirectheatoroveraflame)chickensandwich,asidesaladwithlow-fatdressing,andaglassofwateratthesamefast-foodrestauranthaveonly422caloriesand7gramsoffat.butmaybeyoureallywantahamburgerandfries.well,youcanhaveasmallhamburger,asmallservingoffries,andaglassofwater.Atatotalof490caloriesand20gramsoffat,that"sstillamuchsmarterchoicethanthelargeburger,fries,and20gramsoffat,that'sstillamuchsmarterchoicethanthelargeburger,fries,andsada.There"sMoreThatYouCanDoThereareafewadditionalthingsyoucandotomakesureyoueatwellinfastfoodrestaurants.Firstofall,say"no"whenthecashierasksyouifyouwantto"supersize〞youmeal(orderanextralargeportionofeachitem).Second,askfornomayonnaiseorsauce,oraskforitontheside(inaseparatedish).Third,substitute(usesomethinginsteadofsomethingelse)healthyfoodsforfattyones-Forexample,insteadoforderingdeep-friedtempura,orderfreshvegetables.Insteadoforderingabeefburritowithlotsofcheeseandsourcream,orderavegetableburritowithbeansandrice,anddon'teatthechips!Anotherthingyoucandoisorderasidesaladoravegetablesoupandeatitfirst.Thatway,youwilleatsomevegetables,andyouwon'tbeabletoeatasmuchofyourburgerandfries.Fnally,eatslowlyandstopeatingwhenyou"refull.Itsoundssimple,butmanypeoplekeepeatingevenaftertheybecomefull.題目1Whatisthemainideaofthisarticle? 選擇一項：Youcaneatwellinfast-foodrestaurant題目2Asmallhamburgerandsmallfirieshas 選擇一項：A.morecaloriesandfatthanachickensandwichandasalad.題目3Somethingsyoucandotoeatwellinfast-foodrestaurantsare 選擇一項：orderhealthyfoodsinsteadoffattyonesanddrinkwater.題目4Manyonnaiseandsaucesprobably 選擇一項：C.havealotoffatandcalories.題目5Byeatingasaladorsoupbeforetherestofyourmeal, 選擇一項：A.youeatlessoftherestofyourmeal.ILVocabularyskills(2points)Readtheparagraphbelowandfillineachblankwithawordfromthebox.(0.4pointseach)題目6changesdamaginglosingglobalavailableThegrowingsimilaritiesindietandeatinghabitsaroundtheworldareinfluencingpeopleofvariousculturesindifferentways.Forexample,Westernfoodsare6damaginghealthintheindustrializedislandcountryofJapan.Insteadofsmallmealsofseafood,rice,andvegetables,thetypicalJapanesedietnowincludeslargeamountsofmeat,dairyproducts,anddessertsliketiramisu,arichItaliandishfullofchocolate,cheese,andsugar.AccordingtoJapanesehealthresearchers,such7changesineatinghabitsarerelatedtoagreatincreaseinhealthproblemssuchasheartdisease,strokes,cancer,anddiabetes.Ontheotherhand,thechanging8globaldietishavingtheoppositeeffectonthepeopleintheCzechRepublic.ThegovernmentofthisEuropeannationnolongersupportsmeatanddairyproductsfinancially,sothecostofthesefoodsisgoingup.Incontrast,freshfruitsandvegetablesarebecomingmorewidely9availablefromprivatemarketsandstands.Cooksareevenservingsaladstoschoolchildren,andfamiliesareeatinghealthierhome-cookedmeals.Forthesereasons,fewerCzechmenarehavingheartattacks,thewomenare10losingalotofweight,andmostpeoplearelivinghealthierlives.Chapter4Exercise(分值7分VocabularySkills(2points)題目1Matcheachvocabularywordontheleftwiththecorrectdefinitionontheright.(0.4pointseach)makesensepedestriansvehicleteenagerfine答案：1makesensetobereasonableornecessary2.pedestrianspeopletravelingonfootwalking3vehiclesomethinglikeacarortruckusedtotransportpeople4.teenagerapersonover12andunder20yearsold5.finemoneytobepaidasapunishmentILReadingComprehension(5points)CompletethefollowingstatementsbychoosingthebestfromtheanswersA,B,C,orD.(1pointeach)Thesedays,it'sgettingeasierandeasiertofindyourwayaround.SomepeoplehaveGPSdevicesintheircarstomakesuretheydon'tgetlost.GPSstandsforGlobalPositioningSystem.Thesedevicesusesatellitesinspaceto"see〞whereyouareandgiveyoudirectionstowhereyouwanttogo.Andifyoudon'thaveaGPSdevice,youcansimplygoonlinetogetstep-by-stepdirections.WebsiteslikeMapQandmappoint,canproduceamapanddirectionsinjustafewseconds.Buthowdotheydoit?MapQuest?usesdata(information)fromafewdifferentsourcestoproducedirectionsandmaps.BeforeMapQuest?wentonline,itsoldregularpapermapsinplaceslikegasstations.Thewebsiteusesthedatafromthosepapermaps,informationfromdigitalmappingcompanies,andgovernmentdatabases.Atthemoment,MapQuest?usesmorethan30computerstoreadallthisdataandprovidesuserswithmillionsofmapseveryday.Inordertofindthebestroute(wayorpath)fromoneplacetoanother,MapQuest?firsthastolookatallpossibleroutes.ThenMapQuest?looksateachpartofeachpossibleroute.Itconsidersthetypesofroadsonthedifferentroutes.Aretheydirtroads,pavedroads,freeways,orcitystreets?Itlooksathowmanyturnsthereareineachrouteandwhatkindsofturnstheyare.Aretheyrightturnsorleftturns?Italsoconsidersthespeedlimitoneachroadandhowmanyintersectionsthereare.Anintersectionis“aplacewheretwoormoreroadscrosseachother〞.MapQuest?canalsotellyouhowlongyourtripwilltakeyou.Itdoesthisbydoingsomemath.MapQuest?basesitsestimateddrivingtimesonthelengthandspeedlimitofeachpartoftherouteandtheamountoftimeitprobablytakestogetthrougheachintersection.Forexample,itallowsmoretimeforaleftturnatanintersectionthanitdoesforarightturn.Someday,maybewewillhavecarsthatcanjustdriveuswhereverwewanttogo,butfornow,mappingwebsitesmakeitalittlehardertogetlost.題目2Whatisthemainideaofthisarticle?選擇一項：Howmappingwebsiteswork.題目3Accordingtothearticle,MapQuest? 選擇一項：startingbysellingpapermaps.題目4Whenyousearchfordirections,thefirstthingMapQuest?doesis 選擇一項：D.lookatallpossiblepaths.題目5Whenit'sdecidingonthebestroute,MapQuest?probablychooses 選擇一項：C.freewaysinsteadofdirtroads.題目6Toestimateyourdrivingtime,MapQuest?considers 選擇一項：D.thespeedlimitsandtypesofturnsonyourroute.Chapter5Exercise(分值7分)ReadingComprehension(5points)Readthefivemain-ideaquestionsthatfollowabouttheinformationinthereading.Threedetailscorrectlyanswereachquestion.Crossouttheuntrue,unrelateddetail.(1pointeach)題目1Whatarethedefinitionsofthetwomaintypesoffamilies?選擇一項：D.Thenuclearfamilyisthesameastheextendedfamily.題目2Whatarethereasonsforthechangesinthestructureofthefamily?選擇一項：Thedivorceratewentdownandthebirthratebegantoriseintheearly1900sintheUnitedStates.題目3Whathappenedtofamiliesinindustrializedcountriesinthe1930sand1940s?選擇一項：BeforeandduringWorldWarII,familiesfacedfewfinancialproblemsandwomendidn'thavetoworkawayfromhome.題目4Whatchangeswillhappentofamilystructureduringthenextdecades?選擇一項：D.Afterthewar,thereweremoredivorcesandfewerstay-home-mothers.題目5Whatwillfamiliesbelikeinthefuture?選擇一項：Two-parentfamilywillprobablycomebackandallotherfamilyformswillend.ILVocabularySkills(2points)Readtheparagraphbelowandfillineachblankwithawordfromthebox.(0.4pointseach)題目6livingextendedcategorytypicalbelieveTheFamilyoftheFutureManypeopletodaywouldlikethetraditionaltwo-parentfamilyback一thatistosay,theywantamanandawomantomarryforlife;theyalsothinkthemanshouldsportthefamilyandthewomanshouldstayhomewiththechildren.However,fewfamiliesnowfallintothis6categoryInfact,ifmorewomendecidetohavechildrenontheirown,thesingle-parenthouseholdmaybecomemore7typicalthanthetraditionalfamilyinmanycountries.Also,unmarriedcouplesmaydecidedtohavemorechildren一ortheymighttakeinfosterchildrenoradopt.Andbecausepeoplearestayingsingleand8livinglonger(oftenaswidows),theremaybemoreone-personhouseholdsinthefuture.Ontheotherhand,somepeople9believesimilareventshappenagainandagaininhistory.Ifthisistrue,peoplemaygobacktothetraditional10extendedornuclearfamilyofthepast.Othersthinktheonlycertaintyinhistoryischanging:inotherwords,thestructureofthefuturefamilycouldbegintochangefasterandfaster一andinmoreandmoreways.Chapter6Exercise(分值7分)LVocabularyskills(2points)CompletethefollowingstatementsbychoosingthebestfromtheanswersA,B,C,orD.(0.4pointseach)題目1SomeexamplesofthearchitectureofoldEuropearethemagnificentcathedralsandcastles.Thedesignandbuildingstylesofmodernarchitectureareexcellenttoo.Whatdoesthenounarchitecturemeaninthesesentences?選擇一項：D.theformandplanofbuildingsandotherstructures題目2Perhapstherealbeginningofcivilization一withitsscientificandtechnologicaldiscoveriesandinventions一wasintheMiddleEastandAfrica.Overfivethousandyearsago,thoseancientcivilizationshadastronomy,mathematics,medicine,government,andsoon.Whichwordisasynonymofthewordcivilization?選擇一項：culture題目3TheculturallegacyofancientChineseandIndianpeoplesincludedwalledcities,thefirstgovernments,toolsforwork,andweaponsforprotection,odernpeoplesbuiltonthislegacy.Whatisapossibleexplanationofthewordlegacy?選擇一項：ideasandachievementspassedfromearliergenerationstomodernsociety題目4“Forme,theideaofancientculturecreatesacontradictionindefinitions,"saidKaren,goingagainstMei'sviews."Onlymodernthingscanbepartofculture.Ofcourse,peoplethatlikeclassicalartandmusicwillcontradictme."Whatmightthenouncontradictionmean?選擇一項：A.theoppositionoftwoopinions題目5Becauseoftheworldwidemedia一movies,TV,CDs,theInternet,newspapers,magazines一everybodyknowsthesameinformation,playsthesamemusic,andenjoysthesamejokes.Howmightyoudefinethephrasethemedia?選擇一項：thecombinationofvisual,sound,andprintedwaystosendideasaroundtheworldILReadingComprehension(5points)Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.Write“T"forTrueand"F"forFalse.(1pointeach)題目6Manyvisitorstodifferentcountriesdon'trealizehowimportantitistounderstandacountry"sculture.Sometimespeoplelearnthislessonbymakingabigcross-culturalblunder,orembarrassingmistake.Inbusinesssituations,theseblunderscancostalotofmoneyorendbusinessrelationships.Itisimportanttounderstandotherpeople"sculturesbeforeyoudobusinesswiththem.選擇一項：T題目7Forexample,onecompanywantedtoselltoothpasteinSoutheastAsia.Intheiradvertisements,theyclaimedthattheirtoothpastewhitensteeth.Theydidn'tunderstandthatmanyofthelocalpeoplechewedbetelnutstomaketheirteethblack,andthatthesepeoplethoughtblackteethwereattractive.ThetoothpastecompanyprobablykeptusingthesameadvertisementinSoutheastAsia.選擇一項：A.F題目8Inanothercase,acarcompanytriedtosellacarcalled"Matador〞inaSpanish-speakingcountry.Thecompanythoughtthatitwasastrongnamebecauseitmeans“bullfighter〞.InSpanish,matadorisindeedanounmeaning“bullfighter〞.Butitisalsoanadjectivemeaning“killing〞.Imaginedrivingaroundinacarcalled“Killing〞!ThecarcompanythattriedtosellacartoaSpanish-speakingcountryprobablydidn'tsellmanyMatadorcarsinthatcountry.選擇一項：T題目9AEuropeanbusinessmanhadanimportantmeetingwithacompanyinTaiwan.Hewantedtobringgiftsforthepeoplehewasmeetingwith.Hethoughtthatsomethingwithhiscompany'slogoonitwouldbeanicegift.Soheboughtsomeverynicepocketknivesandhadhiscompany"slogoprintedonthem.Hedidn'tknowthatgivingaknifeasagiftsymbolizescuttingoffafriendship!TheEuropeanbusinessmanprobablyresearchesnewculturesbeforehevisitsthemnow.選擇一項：T題目10It'sveryeasytomakeblunderslikethesepeopledid.Butit'salsoveryeasynotto.Beforeyouvisitanewcountry,researchthatcountry"scustomsandetiquette(socialrulesforpolitebehavior).Youcanfindalotofinformationonline.Justgotoasearchengineandtypeinkeywordslike^cross-culturaletiquette"or"culturalinformationTaiwan〞.Byspendingafewminutesdoingresearch,youcansaveyourselffromalotofembarrassmentandmakesureyoudon'taccidentallyoffendanyone.Whatyoucandisagreewithpeopletosaveyourselffrommakingcross-culturalblunders.選擇一項：FChapter7Exercise(分值7分)I.ReadingComprehension(5points)Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.Write"T〞forTrueand"F"forFalseontheAnswerSheet.(1pointeach)題目1Forinstance,adoctordoesn'talwayshavetimetothoroughlyexplainanillness.Inthesecases,theInternetcanbeavaluableresource一aplacetoreadallaboutthecauses,symptoms,andremediesforanillness.1.OnebenefitofusingtheInternetasamedicalresourceisithasalotofinformationaboutillnessesanddiseases.選擇一項：B.T題目2Forexample,somewebsitesclaimthatsniffing(smelling)anewspapercancurenausea(thefeelingofbeingsicktoyourstomachand