考研考博-英語-北京體育大學(xué)考試押題卷含答案詳解3

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-北京體育大學(xué)考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共100題)1.寫作題

Inthecurrentjobmarket,universitygraduatesarehavingahardtimefindingjobswhilemanyemployersarecomplainingabouttheshortageofworkhands.Writeanessayofnolessthan200wordsanalyzingthephenomenon.YouressayshouldbewrittenclearlyontheANSWERSHEET2.

【答案】WhyAreUniversityGraduatesHavingaHardTimeFindingJobs?2.單選題

Clothesplayacriticalpartintheconclusionswereachbyprovidingcluestowhopeopleare,whotheyarenot,andwhotheywouldliketobe.Theytellusagooddealaboutthewearersbackground,personalityandsocialoutlook.

Sinceclothesaresuchanimportantsourceofsocialinformation,wecanusethemtomanipulatepeoples’impressionofus.Ourappearanceassumesparticularsignificanceintheinitialphasesofinteractionthatislikelytooccur.Anelderlymiddle-classmanorwomanmaybealienatedbyayoungadultwhoisdressedinanunconventionalmanner,regardlessoftheperson'seducation,background,orinterests.

Peopletendtoagreeonwhatcertaintypesofclothesmean.Adolescentgirlscaneasilyagreeonthelifestyleofgirlswhowearcertainoutfits,includingthenumberofboyfriendstheylikelyhavehadandwhethertheysmokeordrink.Newscasters,ortheannouncerswhoreadthenewsonTV,areconsideredtobemoreconvincing,honest,andcompetentwhentheyaredressedconservatively.Andcollegestudentswhoviewthemselvesastakinganactiveroleintheirinterpersonalrelationshipssaytheyareconcernedaboutthecostumestheymustweartoplaytheserolessuccessfully.Moreover,manyofuscanrelateinstancesinwhichtheclothingweworechangethewaywefeltaboutourselvesandhowweacted.Perhapsyouhaveusedclothingtogainconfidencewhenyouanticipatedastressfulsituation,suchasajobintervieworacourtappearance.

Intheworkplace,menhavelonghadwell-definedprecedentsandrolemodelsforachievingsuccess.Ithasbeenotherwiseforwomen.Agoodmanywomeninthebusinessworldareuncertainabouttheappropriatemixtureof“masculine”and“feminine”attributestheyshouldconveybytheirprofessionalclothing.Thevarietyofclothingalternativestowomenhasalsobeengreaterthanthatavailableformen.Maleadministratorstendtojudgewomenmorefavorablyformanagerialpositionswhenthewomendisplayless“feminine”grooming—shorterhair,moderateuseofmake-up,andplaintailoredclothing.Asonemaleadministratorconfessed,“Anattractivewomanisdefinitelygoingtogetalongerinterview,butshewon’tgetajob.”

1.Theauthorbelievesthatwecanuseclothesto（）.

2.Thephrase“agreeon”(Line1,Para.3)canbestbereplacedby“（）”.

3.Itiscommonlyagreedthat（）.

4.Bysayingthat“ithasbeenotherwiseforwomen”,theauthormeansthat（）.

5.Accordingtothelastparagraph,maleadministratorstendtohireawoman（）.

問題1選項

A.leadotherstobelievewearewhoweappeartobe

B.makeacorrectjudgmentonpeople’spersonalities

C.improveoursocialstatus

D.influencepeople’smood

問題2選項

A.singhighpraiseof

B.beinfluencedby

C.beunanimousin

D.followtheexampleof

問題3選項

A.newscastersshouldbeconservative

B.collegestudentsplayanactiveroleininterpersonalrelationships

C.clothesenablespeopletobeconfident

D.jobinterviewsandcourtappearancesarestressfulsituations

問題4選項

A.womencouldn'tachievesuccessaseasilyasmen

B.womendon’thaveawell-defineddresscode

C.womenhavetomerge“masculine"attributesintoclothing

D.womenenjoymorefreedominthechoiceofclothing

問題5選項

A.withoutfeminineattributes

B.withamasculineappearance

C.withsomemasculineattributes

D.attractiveandfemininely-dressed

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:C

【解析】第1題:1.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)第二段的首句“Sinceclothesaresuchanimportantsourceofsocialinformation,wecanusethemtomanipulatepeoplesimpressionofus.由于衣服是社會信息的重要來源，我們可以利用它來改變?nèi)藗儗ξ覀兊挠∠??！保簿褪钦f，可以讓別人相信我們就是我們所看起來的這個樣子。選項A符合原文。選項B“對人們的個性做出準(zhǔn)確的判斷”不正確，因為衣服只是提供線索，不一定判斷就是準(zhǔn)確的；選項C“提高社會地位”和選項D“影響人們心情”都是改變?nèi)藗儗ξ覀兊挠∠?，讓別人相信我們就是我們所看起來的這個樣子。所以選項A正確。

第2題:2.語義題。這個詞組在原文中所在句的意思是“人們往往會某些衣服類型的含義”，“agreeon”本意表示“同意”，再根據(jù)下文的舉例，“青春期的女孩很容易那些穿某種服裝的女孩的生活方式，包括她們可能有多少男朋友，她們是否抽煙或喝酒”。兩處“agreeon”表達(dá)的是同樣的意思，所以這里是指“形成相同的看法”。所以選項C符合原文。

第3題:3.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)第三段的第三句“新聞播音員，或者是那些在電視上讀新聞的播音員，當(dāng)他們穿著保守的時候會被認(rèn)為更有說服力，更誠實，更有能力”，原文并沒有說新聞播音員應(yīng)該保守，所以選項A曲解了原文意思，不正確；再根據(jù)下一句“那些認(rèn)為自己在人際關(guān)系中扮演積極角色的大學(xué)生說，他們關(guān)心的是成功扮演這些角色所必須穿的服裝”，并不能說明大學(xué)生在人際關(guān)系中起著積極的作用，所以選項B也不正確；根據(jù)第三段的最后一句“當(dāng)你預(yù)期會有壓力的時候，比如面試或出庭，或許你會用衣服來獲得自信”，選項C“衣服使人自信”，這里的clothing并不是指任何的clothing，而是指特定的某種clothing，所以選項C所指過泛；選項D“工作面試和出庭都是壓力很大的情形”符合原文。所以本題答案為選項D。

第4題:4.判斷推理題。根據(jù)最后一段第一句“Intheworkplace,menhavelonghadwell-definedprecedentsandrolemodelsforachievingsuccess.”可知，在工作場所，男性長期以來都有明確定義的成功的先例和榜樣。對于女性來說情況則完全不同，說明男性有明確的穿衣模式，女性沒有。后文又講到商業(yè)中的女性不知道該如何選擇合適的著裝，由此可知選項B“女性沒有定義好的穿衣模式”符合原文。

第5題:5.判斷推理題。根據(jù)最后一段倒數(shù)第二句“Maleadministratorstendtojudgewomenmorefavorablyformanagerialpositionswhenthewomendisplayless‘feminine’grooming—shorterhair,moderateuseofmake-up,andplaintailoredclothing.”可知，男性管理者傾向于選擇那些女性特質(zhì)少的人任職管理崗位，也就是打扮得不那么具有“女人味”，要帶有一些男性特質(zhì)，比如短發(fā)、適度化妝、穿著簡單的定制套裝。所以選項C正確。

3.單選題

PassageOne

Questions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Kidnappingisthecruelestcrimeofthe20thcentury.Thereisnotthepoliticalpassionbehindmosthijacking;themotiveisgreedformoney.Thevictims,providedtheirfamiliesarerichenough,arechosenatrandom.Withtheconstantexposurebythemediaofpersonalfameandfortune,mostpeoplearevulnerablethanever.

ThemostnotoriouskidnappingbeganontheeveningofMarch1,1932,whensomeoneplacedahome-madeladderagainsttheNewJerseyhomeofColonelCharlesLindberghandstolehisblond,blue-eyedbabyson.Aransomnotewasleftfromthekidnapper.Lindbergh,thefirstpilottoflysoloacrosstheAtlantic,wasthemostpopularmaninAmerica.

Whentheboywasfoundafewmilesawaywithhisheadcrushedin,thewholenationwasshockedandCongresspassedthe“LindberghKidnapLaw”,withthedeathpenaltyfortransportingakidnapvictimacrossastateline.Thekidnapper,BrunoRichardHauptmann,wascaughttwo-and-a-halfyearslater,whenheexchangedsomeoftheransommoney.Hewasexecutedin1936.

Kidnappingisanexampleofinflation:Hauptmanndemanded$50,000;in1973theGettyfamilyhadtopay1,300,000poundsandtheransomdeliveryintwobillionItalianlireweighedaton.Inthiskidnapping,thingswentdreadfullywrong.WhenthekidnapperscutoffGetty’srightearandsentittoanewspaper,theyforgotthepostalstrikewhichdelayedthisproofbythreeweeks.InthecaseofMurielMcKay,thekidnapperspickedthewrongwoman.TheHoseinbrothershaddevelopedtheirplanwhentheysawRupertMurdochonaTVshowin1969andheardhimdescribedasamillionaire,awordwhichstimulatedtheiraction.Yet,intracingMurdoch’sRolls-Royce,theyfailedtorealizethathehadleftforAustraliawithhiswifeandhadloanedthecartoDouglasMcKay,achairmanofoneofhisenterprises.Attackingthewronghome,theHoseinskidnappedMrs.McKaybymistake,butstilldemandedtheirmillionpounds.

Theendresultofkidnappingisneverclean:Lindberghneverpsychologicallyrecovered.YoungPaulGettyjokes:“Itwasahigh-pricedear!”Butthescarsmustbeinternal,too.ThesaddestcommentcamefromDouglasMcKayafterthetrialoftheHoseins:“Theyhavegotalifesentence.I,too,havealifesentencewonderingjustwhathashappenedtomydearwife.”

21.Whyaremostpeoplevulnerablethaneveraccordingtothewriter?

22.WhatdowelearnabouttheLindberghcase?

23.Whatdoesthewritermeanbysaying“Kidnappingisanexampleofinflation”?

24.WhatcouldbeinferredwhentheHoseinbrotherskidnappedMurielMcKay?

25.Whatdoesthewritersuggestaboutthekidnappingvictimsandtheirrelatives?

問題1選項

A.Therearemoregreedypeopleintheworldthaneverbefore.

B.Therearemorerichpeopleintheworldthaneverbefore.

C.Itisdifficultnowadaystoberichinsecret.

D.Politicalhijackingshavebecomemoreandmorecommon.

問題2選項

A.LindberghwasthefirstpilottoflysoloacrossthePacific.

B.Lindberghplacedahome-madeladderagainsthishouse.

C.Thekidnapperwasarrestedandexecuted4yearslater.

D.ThekidnapperkilledLindbergh’ssoncold-bloodedly.

問題3選項

A.Therearemoreandmorekidnappingcases.

B.Kidnappersmakemoreandmoremistakes.

C.Kidnappersdemandformoreandmoreransom.

D.Kidnappersarenotpaidasmuchastheyrequire.

問題4選項

A.Theywerepaidamillionpounds,butstillkilledthevictim.

B.TheythoughtthattheywerekidnappingMrs.Murdoch.

C.TheydidnotknowthatMrs.McKayhadgonetoAustralia.

D.TheydidnotknowthatMrs.MurdochwasanAustralian.

問題5選項

A.Theyusuallyneverrecovercompletely.

B.Theyareusuallyleftwithnomoneyatall.

C.Theyshouldconsiderthemselvesluckytobealive.

D.Theyliveinfearfortherestoftheirlives.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:A

【解析】第1題:21.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】判斷推理題。由題干定位到文章第一段中的最后一句“Withtheconstantexposurebythemediaofpersonalfameandfortune,mostpeoplearevulnerablethanever.隨著個人名譽(yù)和財富的媒體的不斷曝光，大多數(shù)人比以往任何時候都更加脆弱?！笨赏浦狢項“現(xiàn)在秘密發(fā)財是很困難的?！闭_。A項“世界上貪婪的人比以往任何時候都多?！保籅項“世界上的富人比以往任何時候都多?！?；C項“現(xiàn)在秘密發(fā)財是很困難的?！保籇項“政治劫持變得越來越普遍?！保虼薈選項正確。

22.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】事實細(xì)節(jié)題。第三段提到Whentheboywasfoundafewmilesawaywithhisheadcrushedin，說明這個飛行員的兒子被綁匪殺害了，與D選項相符。A項“林德伯格是第一個獨自飛越太平洋的飛行員”，文中提及林德伯格是第一個獨自飛越大西洋的飛行員；B項“林德伯格在他的房子旁放了一個自制的梯子”，梯子是綁匪放的；C項“綁匪被逮捕并在4年后被處決”，綁匪是在兩年半后被抓，1936年被處決的。

23.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】事實細(xì)節(jié)題。由題干定位到文章第四段中的第一句“Kidnappingisanexampleofinflation:Hauptmanndemanded$50,000;in1973theGettyfamilyhadtopay1,300,000poundsandtheransomdeliveryintwobillionItalianlireweighedaton.綁架就是通貨膨脹的一個例子：豪普特曼要求5萬美元贖金；1973年，格蒂家族不得不支付130萬英鎊和價值一噸的20億意大利里拉的贖金?！焙榔仗芈笾Ц?萬美元贖金，而1973年格蒂一家不得不支付130萬英鎊，可知C項“綁匪要求越來越多的贖金”正確。A項“綁架案件越來越多?！?；B項“綁匪犯的錯誤越來越多?！保籆項“綁匪索要越來越多的贖金?！保籇項“綁匪得到的報酬并不像他們要求的那么多?！?，因此C選項正確。

24.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】判斷推理題。由題干定位到文章第四段中的“theyfailedtorealizethathehadleftforAustraliawithhiswifeandhadloanedthecartoDouglasMcKay他們沒有意識到他已經(jīng)和妻子去了澳大利亞，并把車借給了道格拉斯?麥凱”和“Attackingthewronghome,theHoseinskidnappedMrs.McKaybymistake由于襲擊了錯誤的家庭，侯賽因夫婦錯誤地綁架了麥凱太太”，可知B項“他們認(rèn)為他們綁架的是默多克太太?！闭_。A項“他們拿到了一百萬英鎊，但還是殺了受害者?！?；B項“他們認(rèn)為他們綁架的是默多克太太?！保籆項“他們不知道麥凱太太去了澳大利亞?！?；D項“他們不知道默多克太太是澳大利亞人?！保虼薆選項正確。

25.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】判斷推理題。由題干定位到文章最后一段中的第一句“Theendresultofkidnappingisneverclean:Lindberghneverpsychologicallyrecovered.綁架的最終結(jié)果永遠(yuǎn)是不能干凈的：林德伯格的心理永遠(yuǎn)無法恢復(fù)?！笨芍狝項“他們通常不會完全康復(fù)?！闭_。A項“他們通常不會完全康復(fù)?！保籅項“他們通常一無所有?！保籆項“他們應(yīng)該認(rèn)為自己能活著是幸運(yùn)的?！?；D項“他們余生都生活在恐懼中。”，因此A選項正確。

第2題:

第3題:

第4題:

第5題:

4.單選題

Thereisno（）evidencethatthediplomaticrelationswillberestoredtonormalbetweenthesetwocountries.

問題1選項

A.tangible

B.touchable

C.noticeable

D.inevitable

【答案】A

【解析】形容詞詞義辨析。tangible“切實的”；touchable“可觸摸的”；noticeable“顯著的”；inevitable“不可避免的”。句意：沒有確鑿的證據(jù)證明這兩個國家之間的關(guān)系將恢復(fù)正常。選項A符合題意。

5.單選題

WhentheAmericanpsychologistWayneOatesdiedin1999,theNewYorkTimesbeganhisobituarybynotingtwofacts.First,themanhadauthoredanastonishing57books.Second—andpresumablynotcoincidentally—hehadcoinedthewordworkaholic.Oatesinventedthenew-ubiquitoustermina1968essay,inwhichheconfessedthathisownadditiontoindustriousnesshadbeenadisordersimilartosubstanceabuse.Ofcourse,heacknowledged,workaholismismuchmorerespectablethandrinkingafifthaday—morethesortofpersonalitytraitthatmighthelpsomeone,say,earnanobitinthepaperrecord.

Whatprecisely,qualifiessomeoneasaworkaholic?There’sstillnosingleacceptedmedicaldefinition.Butpsychologistshavetriedtodistinguishpeoplemerelydevotedtotheircareersfromthetrueaddicts.Aseminal1992paperonhowtomeasuretheconditionarguedthatsufferersworknotonlycompulsivelybutalsowithlittleenjoyments.Newerdiagnostictestsattempttosingleoutthosewho,amongotherbehaviors,bingeandthensufferfromwithdrawal—justassomeonewouldwith,say,agamblingorcocainehabit.

Evenasthepreciseoutlinesofworkaholismremainabitfuzzy,variousstudieshavetriedtoidentifyitsphysicalandemotionaleffects.AttheriskofcarryingonlikeaPfizerad:researchhasassociateditwithsleepproblems,weightgain,highbloodpressure,anxiety,anddepression.Thatistosaynothingofitstollonfamilymembers.Perhapsunsurprisingly,spousesofworkaholicstendtoreportunhappinesswiththeirmarriages.Havingaworkaholicparentishardlybetter.Astudyofcollegeundergraduatesfoundthatchildrenofworkaholicsscored72percenthigheronmeasuresofdepressionthanchildrenofalcoholics.Theyalsoexhibitedmore-severelevelsof“prettification"—atermfamilytherapistsuseforsonsanddaughterswho,asthepaperputit,’’areparentstotheirownparentsandsacrificetheirownneeds...toaccommodateandcarefortheemotionalneedsandpursuitsofparentsoranotherfamilymember."

Howmanypeoplearetrueworkaholics?Onerecentestimatesuggeststhatabout10percentofU.S.adultsmightqualify;theproportionisashighas23percentamonglawyers,doctors,andpsychologists.Stillmorepeoplemaybeinclinedtocallthemselvesworkaholics,whetherornottheyactuallyare:in1998,27percentofCanadianstoldthecountry'sSocialSurveythattheywereworkaholics,including38percentofthosewithincomesover$80,000,(Evenamongthosewithnoincome,22percentcalledthemselvesworkaholics!Presumablysomewerebusyhomemakersandstudents.)

Theconditionmaywellhaveacertainsocialcachet;asthepsychologistBryanRobinsononcepartinworkadditionmightbe“thebest-dressedmentalhealthproblem”ofthemall.Inoneoftherareeconomicsstudiesonthesubject,researchersfoundthattheeducatedandaffluentweremuchmorelikelythanlower-incomeAmericanstoputoffretirement,apossiblesignofworkaholisminaddition.Suchdelayedretirementcertainlygivesnewmeaningtothephrase“worktodeath”.Forwhatitisworth,theconceptwouldnotraisemanyeyebrowsinJapan,wheregruelingjobhourshavelongbeenanorm,andthereisawordfordeathbyoverwork-karoshi.Thecountry’scourtshaveevenrecognizeditasabasisforwrongful-deathsuits.

1.AllofthefollowingstatementsaboutWayneOatesaretrueEXCEPTthat（）.

2.Whatisthedefinitionofworkaholicsgivenbytheseminal1992paper?

3.WhichofthefollowingresultisNOTrelatedtoworkaholism?

4.Whatcanbeimpliedfrom"whetherornottheyactuallyare'’inthefourthparagraph?

5.Whatisthemainideaofthispassage?

問題1選項

A.hethoughtworkaholismwasnotsociallyrespectable

B.hehadwritten57books

C.hebroughtthetermworkaholictotheworld

D.headmittedhisownadditiontowork

問題2選項

A.thosewhoworkwillinglyandhappily

B.thosewhoworkhardandhappily

C.thosewhoworkunwillinglyandunhappily

D.thosewhoworkhardandunhappily

問題3選項

A.Sleepdisorder

B.Weightloss

C.Depressionandanxiety

D.Unhappymarriages

問題4選項

A.Nobodyishardworkingatall.

B.Somepeoplearenotashardworkingasothersthink.

C.Allthepeoplearenotashardworkingasothersthink.

D.Somepeopleprefertoberegardedashardworking.

問題5選項

A.Thereasonswhypeoplebecomeworkaholics.

B.Thedefinitionandharmofworkaholism.

C.Thecountriesthathavethemostworkaholics.

D.Themethodsofnotbeingaworkaholic.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:D

第5題:B

【解析】第1題:1.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。題目問的是“下列哪個選項對WayneOates的描述不對？”文章第一段提到他寫了57本書（First,themanhadauthoredanastonishing57books），因此選項B的描述是正確的，排除；第一段提到他創(chuàng)造了workaholic這個詞(hehadcoinedthewordworkaholic),因此選項C的描述是正確的，排除；第一段提到他承認(rèn)自己沉迷于工作（heconfessedthathisownadditiontoindustriousness），因此選項D的描述是正確的，排除。綜上，選項A符合題意。

第2題:2.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。題目問的是“1992年的那篇論文對工作狂的定義是什么？”文章第二段提到1992年的研究認(rèn)為工作狂是那些不僅強(qiáng)迫自己工作并且不享受工作的人（Aseminal1992paperonhowtomeasuretheconditionarguedthatsufferersworknotonlycompulsivelybutalsowithlittleenjoyments），因此選項C符合題意。

第3題:3.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。題目問的是“下列哪項不是工作狂導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果？”文章第三段第二句話提到與工作狂相關(guān)的問題有睡眠問題、體重增加、高血壓、焦慮和抑郁（AttheriskofcarryingonlikeaPfizerad:researchhasassociateditwithsleepproblems,weightgain,highbloodpressure,anxiety,anddepression），因此選項B符合題意。

第4題:4.推理判斷題。題目問的是“第四段中的‘他們是否是真的（是工作狂）’暗示了什么？”文章第四段提到有更多人傾向于稱他們自己是工作狂，不論他們是不是（Stillmorepeoplemaybeinclinedtocallthemselvesworkaholics,whetherornottheyactuallyare），即無論他們是不是真正的工作狂，都希望被別人看到熱衷于工作，因此選項D符合題意。

第5題:5.主旨大意題。題目問的是“文章的主旨是什么？”文章主要講述了工作狂這個詞的由來，它的定義，以及它所帶來的不良后果，因此選項B符合題意。

6.單選題

8.

問題1選項

A.Acustomsofficer.

B.Theman'smother.

C.Aschoolheadmaster.

D.Animmigrationofficer.

【答案】D

【解析】W:Weunderstandthatyouarenotattendingschool.

M:I’vebeenattending,but,I’vebeensickrecently.

W:You’veattendedonlythreedayssincelastJuly.

M:Threedays?No.It’sbeenmorethanthat.

W:Wearegoingtohavetotakeawayyourvisa.

Q:Whatisthewoman?

【解析】推斷題。女士說：Wearegoingtohavetotakeawayyourvisa(我們得收回你的簽證)，說明女士是一名移民官。

7.單選題

Examinethedataovertime,andyou’llfindirrefutableevidenceofprogress:thedeclineofwar,theincreaseinlifespan;（）ofliteracy,democracy,andequalrights,（）ofprivilegebasedonrace,gender,heredityandbeliefs.

問題1選項

A.thespread...thewaning

B.thespreading...thewane

C.thespreads...thewanes

D.thespreading…thewaning

【答案】A

【解析】考查詞性。the+名詞，表示特指。spread可以做動詞，也可以做名詞。Wane是動詞，變名詞為在其后加-ing。句意：回顧一段時間以來的數(shù)據(jù)，你就會發(fā)現(xiàn)有不可辨駁的證據(jù)證明社會在進(jìn)步：戰(zhàn)爭減少，壽命延長，識字率的提高以及民主和權(quán)利平等意識的增強(qiáng)，基于種族、性別、出身、信仰而獲得的特權(quán)的減少。選項A符合題意。

8.翻譯題

Apopularwayofmusteringinnovativeandfreshideasistoholdabrainstormingsession

—butaccordingtoapaperpublishedrecentlyinAppliedCognitivePsychology,thismaynotbethebestapproach.Thestudy,whichwascarriedoutbyNicholasKohnoftheUniversityofTexasatArlingtonandStevenSmithofTexasA&MUniversity,suggeststhatinsteadofenhancingcreativity.brainstoiTnin.usessionsmaygiverisetoa“collaborativefixation”oncertainideas.(1)

Inkeepingwithpreviousstudies,theauthorsfirstfoundthatparticipantsproducedfewerideasintotalwhentakingpartinabrainstormingsessionthaniftheyhadbeenworkingseparately.Thedifferencewasashighas44%inthefirst5minutesofabrainstormingsession.Theauthorsalsofoundthatwhenworkingseparatelyparticii)antsexploredagreatervarietyofideas,upto55%moreideacategoriesthandm.ingbrainstomiingsessions.(2)

Inasecondexperiment,theresearchersfoundthatparticipantsinabrainstormingsessiontendedtoconformtoideastowhichtheywereexposed,andtherateofconformityincreasedasthenumberofideasexposedincreased.(3)Theauthorswroteintheirpaper“Fixationtootherpeople’sideascanoccurunconsciouslyandleadtoyousuggestingideasthatmimicyourbrainstoniiin?partners.’’(4)Thus,youpotentiallybecomelesscreative,”Kohnexplainsinanaccompanyingpressrelease.Thisdoesn’tnecessarilymeanthatyoushouldbanbrainstormingsessionsfromyourlabmeetings.Youmightjustneedtoadjusttheformat.Itseemsodd,but,dependingonwhatyouwanttoachieve,thebestapproachmightbetoputeveryoneinaseparateroom.“Assumingitisdesirabletohaveawidevarietyofideasorsolutionstoaproblem...thenoneshouldsplitthebrainstorminggroupintonon-interactingindividuals,avoidingagroupsession,”theauthorswriteintheirresearchpaper.“Ontheotherhand,ifthegoalistoexploreafewcategoriesindepth,theninteractingamongthemembersshouldbeencouraged.Also,takingabreakmighthelpalleviatefixation,leadingtoanimprovementinideation,especiallyintemisofthequantityandvarietyofideas.(5)’’

【答案】1.集體研討會議不但沒有提高創(chuàng)造性，反而可能在某些想法上會引起“合作的固定”。

2.作者們也發(fā)現(xiàn)，參與者獨自工作吋會探討出更多種類的想法，其數(shù)量比集體研討會議上高出多達(dá)55%。

3.集體研討會議的參與者傾向于順應(yīng)自己所接觸到的想法，而這種順應(yīng)的比率隨著所接觸的想法數(shù)量的增加而增加。

4.“對其他人的想法的固執(zhí)己見能不知不覺地發(fā)生，并且會導(dǎo)致你提出模仿你集體研討會議伙伴的想法?！?/p>

5.另外，休息一下可能幫助緩和固執(zhí)己見，從而導(dǎo)致尤其是在想法數(shù)量和種類方面的思維能力的提高。

9.單選題

Theimportanceofprotectingrainforestsfromhumaninvasionisincreasinglyrealizedbydevelopinganddevelopedcountries（

）.

問題1選項

A.both

B.either

C.alike

D.apart

【答案】C

【解析】副詞詞義辨析。空格所填詞語為副詞，修飾空格前的realized,排除選項B;其余三個選項做副詞的意思分別為A選項both“兩者皆，又”，但做副詞時一般不在句末；B選項either做副詞表示“也，而且”，C選項alike“同樣地，兩者都”；D選項apart“相距，分離”，本句句意應(yīng)是‘發(fā)達(dá)國家和發(fā)展中國家同樣都越來越意識到保護(hù)熱帶雨林不受人類行為影響的重要性?！瘡?qiáng)調(diào)兩種類型的國家都…，C選項正確。

10.單選題

Eachofthemhadadifferent（）ofwhatactuallyhappened,butherswasfarmorebelievable.

問題1選項

A.message

B.theory

C.version

D.comment

【答案】C

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項message“消息”；B選項theory“理論，原理”；C選項version“版本，說法”；D選項comment“評論，意見”。句意：每個人對實際發(fā)生的事情都有不同的說法，但她的說法更可信。選項C符合語境。

11.單選題

Becauseoftherevolt,theGeneralassumed（

）asdictatorialrole.

問題1選項

A.itwasdescribedthen

B.thatwasdescribedatthattime

C.whatwasdescribedatthattime

D.whichwasdescribedatthattime

【答案】C

【解析】what引導(dǎo)賓語從句的用法。句意：因為這場叛亂，這位上將在那段時間的所作所為被認(rèn)定為是獨裁。分析句子可知assumed為句子的謂語，后面的部分作賓語從句，而從句中what又作wasdescribed的主語部分，這是what的特殊用法，有雙重作用，故選C選項正確。

12.單選題

Agreatamountofworkliasgoneinto（）theCathedraltoitsprevioussplendor.

問題1選項

A.refreshing

B.restoring

C.renovating

D.renewing

【答案】B

【解析】句意:大量的工作已經(jīng)投入,為了使這個大教堂恢復(fù)到其以前的華麗。

考查動詞辨析。四個選項均為對應(yīng)動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞形式。refresh更新，使精力恢復(fù)，使得到補(bǔ)充；restore恢復(fù)，修復(fù)；restoreto使恢復(fù)到…；renovate更新，修復(fù)，革新，刷新；renew使更新，續(xù)借，復(fù)興。由題干中關(guān)鍵詞“toitsprevioussplendor到其以前的華麗”可知B項正確。

13.單選題

Whendiscussingculturalperspectives,weneedtorecognizethattherearetwokinds:emicandetic.Emicperspectivesare（1）articulatedbymembersoftheculturetoexplainthemselvesandtheirculture,whileeticperspectivesarethoseofoutsiderstotheculturewhousetheirowncriteriatoexplain（2）culture.

Eticperspectivesincludethoseofvisitorstotheculture,thecriteriatheyusetodescribeandexplainwhattheyencounter,（3）categoriesforcross-culturaldescriptionandanalysisestablishedbyanthropologistsandotherculturalresearchers（4）manycultures.（5）thecontinuum,eticperspectivesconsistofsimpleexplanationsfromone'sownculturalbackground.Thisisacommonreactiontoculturalphenomena—explainingthem（6）perceivedsimilaritiesordifferencestoone'sownculture,better（7）ethnocentrism.Attheotherendofthespectrum,eticperspectivesconsistofcategoriesthatcanbeusedtodescribe（8）cultures.Someofthesecategoriesaredrawnfromnotionsofculturaluniversalsand（9）thetableofcontentsofintroductoryculturalanthropologytextbooks.Theyreflectculturalpracticesandproducts:institutionslikefamily,kinship,economy,leisure,music,orgovernment.Othereticclassificationscomefromtheoriesofculturalperspectives:valueorientationssuchasindividualism/collectivism,low-context/high-context,polychromic/monochromic,and（10）.Eticperspectives,（11）,provideframeworkstodescribe,analyze,andexplainaculturefromthe（12）.Eacheticcategorycarriesassumptionsaboutthenatureofculture,anditisimportantto（13）theseassumptions.

Emicexplanationsareperspectivesthatmembersofthecultureusetodescribeorexplaintheirownwayoflife.Theseperspectivesdonotnecessarilycorrespondtoeticcategories,（14）thatthemembersusefortheirexplanations.（15）,membersmayeasilyexpressthereasonsforculturalproductsandpractice.Or,giventhatmanyfundamentalculturalperspectivesareoutsideawareness,likethesubmergedbulkoftheculturaliceberg,membersmayhavedifficultyfindingwordstofullyexplainthem;（16）IhadnoexplanationonAmericantoilettrainingpractices.

Itisadauntingtasktoidentifytheperspectivesofaculture.Fortunatelyforlanguageteachers,anthropologists,interculturalists,andothershavedevisedframeworksforexplainingcultures.Theseframeworks,becausetheyapplytoallcultures,areexamplesofthe（17）perspectives.

Anumberofmodelsofeticperspectivesare（18）inthefield.（19）,thesemodelspresumethatthereisafinitesetofrealitiesthatallculturesmustaddress.Theserealitiesarepartofthehumancondition.Differentculturesperceivetheserealitiesindistinctways.Thesedistinctperceptions,（20）,leadtodifferentbeliefs,values,attitudes,andpractices—inaword,todifferentworldviews.

問題1選項

A.what

B.which

C.these

D.those22.

問題2選項

A.another's

B.theother's

C.theothers'

D.others'

問題3選項

A.except

B.aswellas

C.beside

D.besides

問題4選項

A.todescribe

B.describing

C.described

D.describe

問題5選項

A.Atanendof

B.Attheendof

C.Atoneendof

D.Atendof

問題6選項

A.intermof

B.intermsof

C.ontermof

D.ontermsof

問題7選項

A.beenknownas

B.beenknownfor

C.knownas

D.knownfor

問題8選項

A.anyandall

B.allother

C.someother

D.oneanother

問題9選項

A.readfrom

B.readin

C.readlike

D.readas

問題10選項

A.thelike

B.thelikes

C.alike

D.likes

問題11選項

A.nevertheless

B.moreover

C.therefore

D.however

問題12選項

A.inside

B.outside

C.visitors

D.nature

問題13選項

A.bringabout

B.bringin

C.bringoff

D.bringout

問題14選項

A.notheterminologydoes

B.nodoestheterminology

C.northeterminologydoes

D.nordoestheterminology

問題15選項

A.Whenbeenasked

B.Whenasked

C.Whenasking

D.Whenhavingasked

問題16選項

A.because

B.justas

C.though

D.since

問題17選項

A.anthropological

B.intercultural

C.etic

D.emic

問題18選項

A.prevalent

B.prevalence

C.prevail

D.prevailed

問題19選項

A.Oftheessence

B.Intheessence

C.Ofessence

D.Inessence

問題20選項

A.outofturn

B.ontheturn

C.byturn

D.inturn

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:A

第5題:C

第6題:B

第7題:C

第8題:C

第9題:A

第10題:A

第11題:C

第12題:B

第13題:D

第14題:D

第15題:B

第16題:B

第17題:C

第18題:A

第19題:D

第20題:D

【解析】（1）語法題。根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)，可知空格中填入代詞充當(dāng)表語成分，可用those指代perspectives，并且后面的-ed分詞作后置定語。句意：主位觀點是由文化成員表達(dá)的，用來解釋他們自己和他們的文化。選項D符合題意。

（2）語法題。another為形容詞，其后接名詞單數(shù)，不需要再用名詞所有格，選項A排除。Theother表示兩者中的另外一個，theothers表示特定范圍內(nèi)剩下的所有，others泛指其他的，常和some搭配使用，句意：非母語視角是文化的局外人，他們用自己的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來解釋他人的文化。選項C符合題意。

（3）語法題。except“除此之外”；aswellas“和”；beside“在……旁邊”；besides“除了……還有”。根據(jù)句子意思，可知這里criteria和categories構(gòu)成并列關(guān)系，選項B符合題意。

（4）語法題。根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)，可知空格中應(yīng)該填入動詞不定式作目的狀語。句意：由人類學(xué)家和其他文化研究者建立的跨文化描述和分析的類別目的是描述許多文化。選項A符合題意。

（5）詞組辨析。沒有atanendof搭配，選項A可排除。Attheendof“在……末尾”；atoneendof“在……一端，在一方面”，可下文的attheotherendof搭配使用；沒有atendof搭配，選項D可排除。選項C符合題意。

（6）固定短語。intermsof“依照，按照，就……而言”。沒有A、C和D項的搭配，可排除。選項B符合題意。

（7）語法題。beknownas“作為…..被熟知”；beknownfor“因為……而被熟知”，根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)，空格為過去分詞作狀語，省掉be動詞。選項A和B可排除。句意：被大家熟知為民族優(yōu)越感。選項C符合題意。

（8）固定搭配。Anyandall“任何”；allother“所有其他”；someother“另外的”；oneanother“互相”。句意：在譜系的另一端，非本位觀點包含了可以用來描述其他文化的類別。選項C符合題意。

（9）固定搭配。根據(jù)連詞and可知，空格內(nèi)容和上文的aredrawnfrom構(gòu)成