考研考博-英語(yǔ)-上海紐約大學(xué)考試押題卷含答案詳解2

書(shū)山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-上海紐約大學(xué)考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買！第I卷一.綜合題庫(kù)-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.單選題

WhendoingbusinesswithanArab,youhavetoendurehoursofsmalltalk,waitingforthetopicofcommercetobebroached.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.broken

B.raised

C.solved

D.concluded

【答案】B

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)broken“折斷；打碎；損壞”；B選項(xiàng)raised“提高，舉起；使（面包）發(fā)酵；撫育，撫養(yǎng)”；C選項(xiàng)solved“解決；解答”；D選項(xiàng)concluded“結(jié)束；推斷；作結(jié)論”。句意：當(dāng)你和一個(gè)阿拉伯人做生意時(shí)，你不得不忍受幾個(gè)小時(shí)的閑聊，等待商業(yè)的話題被提起。本句關(guān)鍵詞bebroached表示“被提出”，beraised可以做同義替換，表示被提出。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

2.單選題

Tomdoesn’tthinkthatthe（）situationhereisasgoodashishometown’s.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.economics

B.economic

C.economy

D.economical

【答案】B

【解析】economics經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)；economic經(jīng)濟(jì)上的，經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的；economy經(jīng)濟(jì)，節(jié)約；economical經(jīng)濟(jì)的，節(jié)約的。

根據(jù)句意可知，填空處應(yīng)填入形容詞，首先排除選項(xiàng)A和C；選項(xiàng)B符合句意。

3.單選題

Oneoftherequirementsforafireisthatthematerial（）toitsburningtemperature.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.beheated

B.isheated

C.wouldheated

D.toheated

【答案】A

【解析】考查虛擬語(yǔ)氣的用法。requirement為主語(yǔ)，所以后面應(yīng)該使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，后面的動(dòng)詞形式是shoulddo，表示“要求······，其中should是可以省略的。Material與heat之間應(yīng)該是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，所以應(yīng)該是shouldbeheated，其中should可以省略，所以選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

4.單選題

Thescientistfounditpuzzlingthathistheoryencountered（

）despitewidespread

agreementthatitwas（

）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.respect...crucial

B.dismissal...simplistic

C.skepticism...unfathomable

D.opposition...indisputable

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析和形容詞詞義辨析。respect“尊敬，尊重”；crucial“重要的,決定性的”；dismissal“解雇，免職”；simplistic“過(guò)分簡(jiǎn)單化的，過(guò)分單純化的”；skepticism“懷疑論，懷疑的態(tài)度”；unfathomable“深不可測(cè)的，無(wú)底的”；opposition“反對(duì)，反對(duì)派”；indisputable“不容置疑的，不可爭(zhēng)辯的”。句意：令科學(xué)家困惑的是，盡管他的理論被一致認(rèn)為是不容置疑的，但是還是遭到了反對(duì)。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

5.單選題

Mygrandfatherhadalwaystakena（）interestinmywork,andIhadanequaladmirationforthestoriesofhistime.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.splendid

B.weighty

C.vague

D.keen

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)splendid“壯麗的”；B選項(xiàng)weighty“重的”；C選項(xiàng)vague“模糊的”；D選項(xiàng)keen“熱切的”。句意：我的祖父一直對(duì)我的作品很感興趣，我也同樣欣賞他那個(gè)時(shí)代的故事。本句表示有濃厚的興趣，因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

6.單選題

Thedecreaseofhisfeverwasabenignsign.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.unfavorable

B.favorable

C.harsh

D.unharsh

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A項(xiàng)unfavorable“不宜的，令人不快的”，B項(xiàng)favorable“有利的，良好的”，C項(xiàng)harsh“嚴(yán)厲的，嚴(yán)酷的”，D項(xiàng)unharsh“不苛刻的”。句意：他退燒了是一個(gè)好兆頭。根據(jù)句意可知，benign在句中表示“好的”。因此，該題選擇B項(xiàng)。

7.單選題

Someoftheideasareverysimpleandsoundintuitivelyplausible.Theunderlinedpartmeans（）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.directly

B.reasonably

C.frankly

D.instinctively

【答案】D

【解析】考查副詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)directly“直接地；立即；馬上”；B選項(xiàng)reasonably“合理地；相當(dāng)?shù)?；適度地”；C選項(xiàng)frankly“坦率地；老實(shí)說(shuō)”；D選項(xiàng)instinctively“本能地”。intuitively意為“直觀地；直覺(jué)地”，D選項(xiàng)的意思最為接近。句意：有些想法非常簡(jiǎn)單，聽(tīng)起來(lái)覺(jué)得很有道理。

8.單選題

Ifwedon'tstopflirtingwiththosedeathlynuclearweapons,thewholeglobewillbe（

）

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.empowered

B.punished

C.polluted

D.annihilated

【答案】D

【解析】動(dòng)詞辨析。句意:如果我們不停止與那些致命的核武器的親密接觸，整個(gè)地球?qū)?。empower:使控制局勢(shì)，授權(quán)。punish:懲罰,處罰。pollute:污染，弄臟。annihilate:消滅，湮沒(méi)。

9.翻譯題

NoEnglishmanbelievesinworkingfrombooklearning.Hesuspectsalltheories,philosophicalorother.Hesuspectseverythingnew,anddislikesit,unlesshecanbecompelledbytheforceofcircumstancestoseethatthisnewthinghasadvantagesovertheold.Race-experienceiswhatheinvariablydependsupon,wheneverhecan,whetherinIndia,inEgypt,orinAustralia.Hisstatesmendonotconsulthistoricalprecedentsinordertodecidewhattodo:theyfirstlearnthefactsastheyare;thentheydependupontheirowncommonsense,notatallupontheiruniversitylearningoruponphilosophicaltheories.AndinthecaseoftheEnglishnation,itmustbeacknowledgedthatthisinstinctivemethodhasbeeneminentlysuccessful.

【答案】

沒(méi)有一個(gè)英國(guó)人相信從書(shū)本能學(xué)會(huì)工作。他們懷疑一切理論，不管是哲學(xué)理論還是其他的。他們是對(duì)一切新鮮事物持懷疑態(tài)度，并深惡痛絕，除非迫于形勢(shì)，他們才認(rèn)識(shí)到新的事物確比舊的事物更有優(yōu)勢(shì)。不管是身在印度、埃及或澳大利亞，只要可能，他們總是依靠他們自己的種族經(jīng)驗(yàn)。為了做出決策，英國(guó)的政治家們并不參閱歷史的先例，而是首先如實(shí)的弄清楚事實(shí)的真相；然后依靠自己的常識(shí)，而不是他們的大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)或哲學(xué)理論。就英國(guó)民族而論，必須承認(rèn)這種本能的處事方法一向是成功的。

10.單選題

Theheavilypopulatedareawasabreedingplacefor（）diseases.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.infectious

B.powerful

C.influential

D.suspicious

【答案】A

【解析】infectious傳染的；powerful強(qiáng)大的；influential有影響力的；suspicious可疑的。句意：人口稠密的地區(qū)是傳染病的滋生地。選項(xiàng)A符合句意。

11.單選題

Soilnaturallycontainsharmlessamountsoflead,alongwithothermetals.Becauseofpollution,however,theamountsarehigherthecloseryougettocitiesandtowns.Butexpertssaythisshouldnotstopgardenersfromgrowingfoodiftheytakesafetymeasures.

DavidJohnsonisachemistryprofessorintheStateUniversityofNewYork’sCollegeofEnvironmentalScienceandForestry.Heexplainsthatleadcanenterthegroundfromleadedpaintandleadedfuelandfromindustry.

Andonceleadgetsintothesoil,itstaysalongtime.Itremainsanenvironmentalthreatespeciallytochildren.Leadcanharmmentalandphysicaldevelopmenteveninbabiesbeforetheyareborn.

Ifatestfindsthatsoilhastoomuchlead,youmightbeadvisedtoremovethesoilorcoveritwithsodgrass.Differentcountrieshavedifferentlevelsthattheyconsideracceptable.

CarlRosenoftheUniversityofMinnesotaExtensionnotesthatconcernsaboutleadhaveincreasednowthatmorepeopleareplantinggardens.ButProfessorRosensaysplantsgenerallydonotabsorbmuchlead.Hesaysthereislikelymoreriskfromleaddustonplantsorfromplayinginthesoilthanfromtheplantitself.

Still,someplantsdoabsorbmorethanothers.Expertssaygoodchoicesforthegardenincludetomatoes,peppers,beansandokra.Amongtheplantsthatcanabsorbmorecontaminants,theysay,arerootcrops,leafyvegetablesandherbs.Ifyougrowcarrots,forexample,youmightwanttopeelthem.Dirtmaybehardertoremovefromsomecropsthanfromothers.Butallproduceshouldbewashed.

Gardensshouldbeplantedawayfromroadsandstructures,especiallyoldbuilding.Homegardenersshouldplantawayfromthefoundationoftheirhouse.Andleadamountscanbeespeciallyhighnearindustrialareasandwastedumps.

SoilshouldalsobetestedforitsPHlevel,ameasureoftheacidandalkalinebalance.ExpertssaytheabilitytotakeupleadisreducedwhenthePHlevelisabovesixandahalf.Addingorganicmaterialsuchascomposttosoilcanalsomakeleadlessavailabletoplants.

Somepeopleattemptaprocesscalledphytoremediation.Theytrytoremoveleadfromsoilbygrowingcertainplantsthatcollectit.ButProfessorRosensaystheprocessiscomplexandmaynotwork.

1.AllofthefollowingistrueaboutleadinsoilEXCEPT（

）.

2.Accordingtothepassage,thereisanincreasedconcernabouttheleadbecause

（

）.

3.Whichofthefollowingplantsmaycontainthelowestamountoflead?

4.Thepurposeoftheauthorinwritingthispassageistoinformon（

）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.theamountofleadinsoilishigherincitiesthaninthecountry

B.soilnaturallycontainslead

C.foodshouldnotbeplantedinsoilwhichcontainsahighamountoflead

D.theprocessofphytoremediationmaynotbeabletoremoveleadfromsoil

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.thenumberofpeoplewhoplantgardensisincreasing

B.knowledgeabouttheharmofleadisincreasing

C.theamountofleadinsoilisincreasing

D.theamountofleadabsorbedbyplantsisincreasingbefore

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Eggplants

B.Cabbage

C.Potatoes

D.Carrot

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.howleadgetsintosoil

B.howtodealwithtoomuchleadinsoilinthegarden

C.howtomakeyourgardenfreeoflead

D.howtotesttheamountofleadinthegarden

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:A

第4題:B

【解析】1.判斷推理題。關(guān)于lead鉛的描述在文章出現(xiàn)多次。A選項(xiàng)“城市土壤中的鉛含量比農(nóng)村高”對(duì)應(yīng)文章第一段第二句“Becauseofpollution,however,theamountsarehigherthecloseryougettocitiesandtowns.然而，由于污染，你離城鎮(zhèn)越近，污染的數(shù)量就越高”；B選項(xiàng)“土壤天然含鉛”對(duì)應(yīng)第一段第一句“Soilnaturallycontainsharmlessamountsoflead土壤中天然含有無(wú)害量的鉛”；D選項(xiàng)“植物修復(fù)的過(guò)程可能無(wú)法從土壤中去除鉛”對(duì)應(yīng)文章最后一段最后一句“ButProfessorRosensaystheprocessiscomplexandmaynotwork但羅森教授表示，這個(gè)過(guò)程（植物修復(fù)）很復(fù)雜，可能行不通”。C選項(xiàng)“不應(yīng)在含鉛量高的土壤中種植食物”與原文不符合，第一段最后說(shuō)到“Butexpertssaythisshouldnotstopgardenersfromgrowingfoodiftheytakesafetymeasures但專家表示，如果采取安全措施，這（土壤中含有金屬）并不會(huì)妨礙園丁種植食物”。

2.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。題干關(guān)鍵在于“anincreasedconcernaboutlead對(duì)鉛的擔(dān)憂日益增加”，原因在第五段中“concernsaboutleadhaveincreasednowthatmorepeopleareplantinggardens隨著越來(lái)越多的人開(kāi)始種植花園，人們對(duì)鉛的擔(dān)憂也與日俱增”。A選項(xiàng)“種植花園的人數(shù)在增加”符合題意。

3.判斷推理題。鉛含量最低的植物就是文中說(shuō)到的最不吸收鉛的植物，第六段說(shuō)到“goodchoicesforthegardenincludetomatoes,peppers,beansandokra.Amongtheplantsthatcanabsorbmorecontaminants,theysay,arerootcrops,leafyvegetablesandherbs菜園里的好選擇包括西紅柿、辣椒、豆子和秋葵。他們說(shuō)，能吸收更多污染物的植物包括塊根類作物、多葉蔬菜和草本植物”，對(duì)比選項(xiàng)可知A選項(xiàng)“茄子”不屬于塊根類作物，也不是蔬菜和草本植物，因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

4.主旨大意題。文章第一段最后一句說(shuō)到“thisshouldnotstopgardenersfromgrowingfoodiftheytakesafetymeasures如果采取一些安全措施，這種情況（土壤含金屬）不應(yīng)該阻止種植者去種食物”，下面幾段都在重點(diǎn)講應(yīng)對(duì)土壤中出現(xiàn)更高含量有害金屬的方法，因此本文主旨與B選項(xiàng)“如何應(yīng)對(duì)菜園土壤中鉛含量過(guò)高的問(wèn)題”相關(guān)。

12.單選題

Censorship,awordthatseemstobe（）quitecontroversyovercertainpeople,maynotbesuchabadidea.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.arguing

B.attacking

C.causing

D.discussing

【答案】C

【解析】動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。根據(jù)句意可知這里指引發(fā)爭(zhēng)議，選項(xiàng)C符合句意。

13.寫作題

Writeanessayofabout250to300wordsonthetopic“CulturalDifferenceandIntegration"accordingtotheideagivenbelowinChinese.

不同文化是各民族社會(huì)生活存在和發(fā)展的外在表現(xiàn)形式，其差異性表現(xiàn)有適應(yīng)于其文化個(gè)性發(fā)展的環(huán)境、條件和進(jìn)程，但是國(guó)際化的發(fā)展使得文化的融合和整合成為必然的趨勢(shì)，在這一潮流中文化的融合和民族文化的傳承和個(gè)性發(fā)揚(yáng)似乎是矛盾的存在，談?wù)勀愕目捶ê椭鲝垺?/p>

【答案】范文：

CulturalDifferenceandIntegration14.翻譯題

晶體管（transistor）與電子管（electrontube）相比有好多優(yōu)點(diǎn)（advantage）。

【答案】Transistorhasmanyadvantagesoverelectrontube.

15.單選題

TheDuPontCompany,the13thlargestemployerintheU.S.，routinelygivespre-employmentbloodteststoallblackswhoapplyforjobstodeterminewhomightbeacarrierofthetraitforsickle-cellanemia,eventhoughthetraitisregardedaslargelyharmless.Althoughthereareothergeneticallytransmittedblooddiseasesandmetabolicdisordersthatpredominateinracialorethnicgroups,blacksaretheonlyonestobeidentifiedwithadiseaseandexaminedforitatDuPont.InathreemonthstudyofgeneticscreeningintheAmericanworkplace,theNewYorkTimesfoundnootherinstanceofanethnicorracialgroupsingledoutinanorganizationorcompany.DuPontofficialsemphasizethatthesickletraittestsdonotrepresentdiscriminationandareonlyanefforttohelpthemavoidpotentiallyharmfulexposuretocertainchemicals.Yettheofficialscanoffernofirmevidencethatthetrait―notthedisease,butonlyasingleabnormalgene—makesblacksmorevulnerable.DuPont,whichemployswellover100,000workers,isinthevanguardofAmericancompaniesdoinggeneticscreeningandthusisatthecenterofthedebateoverthisareaofscience,debatesointense,sobroad,thatevenmedicaldirectorsfromothercompanieswhobelievethepossibilitiesofgeneticscreeningwantnopartofit.Atleast,nowtheofficialsatDuPontCompany,aleaderinthechemicalindustrywithannualgrosssalesofmorethan$10billion,feeltheyhavethemoneyandthescientiststoturnthedistrustintoachievement.Ifsomechemicalsarehighlytoxicandtheworkplaceislessthanpure,companyofficialsreason,itisonlylogicaltotrytodeterminewhysomeworkersgetsickerfasterandwhyothersseemtohavemoretoleranceforindustrialpoisons.Andsothecompanyislookingbeyondtheskillsandloyaltyofitsworkerstogeneticstructure.

Thesickle-celltraitisnotthesameassickle-cellanemia.Theanemiaisrarebutdebilitatingdisorderfoundinfewerthan50,000Americanblacks,abouttwo-tenthsofapercentoftheblackpopulation.Perhapstwomillionotherblacksarecarriersofthetrait—theyareheterozygous.Virtuallyallthecarrierscanleadveryactivelivesandshownosymptomsofthedisease.

1.WhatdoestheauthorsayaboutDuPont?

2.WhatdoDuPontofficialssay?

3.Whatistrueaboutgeneticscreening?

4.Theunderlinedword"toxic"inthethirdparagraphprobablymeans（

）.

5.Whatcanwelearnaboutthecarriersofsick-celltrait?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Itexaminedthebloodofsomeblacks

B.Itexaminedsomeblacksfortheirknowledgeofblood.

C.Itdiscoveredthatsomeblackshavebloodillness.

D.Itdiscoveredthebloodofsomeblackscontainingindustrialchemicals.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Theyaretryingtoprotectblacksformhealththreats.

B.Theycanprovethatblacksarelikelytohavehealthproblems.

C.Theyregardtheskillsofworkersasthemostimportantmatter.

D.Theyhopethatothercompaniescanfollowtheirexample.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Itoftenaimsatblackemployees.

B.Itsfocusisoftenonsickle-cellanemia.

C.Somecompaniesdonotwanttodoit.

D.TheUSgovernmentstronglysupportsit.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.powerful

B.complex

C.thick

D.poisonous

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.Theirnumberisabout50,000.

B.Theyusuallyseemtohavenormallives.

C.Theyincludeoverhalfoftheblackpopulation

D.Theydonotseemtobeaffectedbyindustrialchemicals.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:D

第5題:B

【解析】1.文章第一段提到DuPont公司對(duì)來(lái)應(yīng)聘的黑人進(jìn)行血液檢測(cè)（givespre-employmentbloodteststoallblackswhoapplyforjobs），選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

2.文章提到DuPont公司官方發(fā)言人強(qiáng)調(diào)這種做法不是歧視，而是在幫助他們避免潛在的疾病威脅（DuPontofficialsemphasizethatthesickletraittestsdonotrepresentdiscriminationandareonlyanefforttohelpthemavoidpotentiallyharmfulexposuretocertainchemicals），選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

3.文章提到DuPont公司是美國(guó)做基因篩查的先鋒（DuPont,whichemployswellover100,000workers,isinthevanguardofAmericancompaniesdoinggeneticscreening），所以可以推測(cè)出一些公司并不想做這個(gè)篩查。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

4.題干中的toxic是“有毒的”的意思。powerful有力的；complex復(fù)雜的，thick濃的；厚的；poisonous有毒的。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

5.文章最后一句Virtuallyallthecarrierscanleadveryactivelivesandshownosymptomsofthedisease提到實(shí)際上很多攜帶者可以很積極地生活并且不會(huì)有任何癥狀。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

16.單選題

Hismotherscannedhisfacetoseeifhewastellingthetruth.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.indicated

B.scrutinized

C.caressed

D.penetrated

【答案】D

【解析】考查同義動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)indicated“表明，顯示，象征，暗示”；B選項(xiàng)scrutinized“仔細(xì)查看；認(rèn)真檢查；細(xì)致審查”，表示用挑剔的眼光以及對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)苛求的態(tài)度檢查；C選項(xiàng)caressed“撫摸，愛(ài)撫”；D選項(xiàng)penetrated“看透；透過(guò)……看見(jiàn)，洞察；發(fā)現(xiàn)；揭示”。句意：他母親審視著他的臉，想看看他是否在說(shuō)真話。Scan“細(xì)看；察看；審視；端詳”。D選項(xiàng)與scan意思最接近，因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

17.單選題

SectionA

Theroleofgovernmentsinenvironmentalmanagementisdifficultbutinescapable.Sometimes,thestatetriestomanagetheresourcesitowns,anddoessobadly.Often,however,governmentsactinanevenmoreharmfulway.Theyactuallysubsidizetheexploitationandconsumptionofnaturalresources.Awholerangeofpolicies,fromfarmpricesupporttoprotectionforcoal-mining,doenvironmentaldamageand(often)makenoeconomicsense.Scrappingthemoffersatwo-foldbonus:acleanerenvironmentandamoreefficienteconomy.Growthandenvironmentalismcanactuallygohandinhand,ifpoliticianshavethecouragetocontrolthevestedinterestthatsubsidiescreate.

SectionB

Noactivityaffectsmoreoftheearth’ssurfacethanfarming.Itshapesathirdoftheplanet’slandarea,notcountingAntarctica,andtheproportionisrising.Worldfoodoutputperheadhasrisenby4percentbetweenthe1970sand1980smainlyasaresultofincreasesinyieldsfromlandalreadyincultivation,butalsobecausemorelandhasbeenbroughtundertheplough.Higheryieldshavebeenachievedbyincreasedirrigation,bettercropbreeding,andadoublingintheuseofpesticidesandchemicalfertilizersinthe1970sand1980s.

SectionC

Alltheseactivitiesmayhavedamagingenvironmentimpacts.Forexample,landclearingforagricultureisthelargestsinglecauseofdeforestation;chemicalfertilizersandpesticidesmaycontaminatewatersupplies;moreintensivefarmingandtheabandonmentoffallowperiodstendtoexacerbatesoilerosion;andthespreadofmonocultureanduseofhigh-yieldingvarietiesofcropshavebeenaccompaniedbythedisappearanceofoldvarietiesoffoodplantswhichmighthaveprovidedsomeinsuranceagainstpestsofdiseasesinfuture.Soilerosionthreatenstheproductivityoflandinbothrichandpoorcountries.TheUnitedState,wherethemostcarefulmeasurementshavebeendone,discoveredin1982thataboutone-fifthofitsfarmlandwaslosingtopsoilataratelikelytodiminishthesoil’sproductivity.Thecountrysubsequentlyembarkeduponaprogramtoconvert11percentofitscroppedlandtomeadoworforest.TopsoilinIndiaandChinaisvanishingmuchfasterthanAmerica.

SectionD

Governmentpolicieshavefrequentlycompoundedtheenvironmentaldamagethatfarmingcancause.Intherichcountries,subsidiesforgrowingcropsandpricesupportsforfarmoutputdriveupthepriceofland.Theannualvalueofthesesubsidiesisimmense;about$250billion,ormorethanallWorldBanklendinginthe1980s.Toincreasetheoutputofcropsperacre,afarmer’seasiestoptionistousemoreofthemostreadilyavailableinputs:fertilizersandpesticides.FertilizerusedoubledinDenmarkintheperiod1960-1985andincreasedinTheNetherlandsby150percent.Thequantityofpesticidesappliedhasrisentoo:by69percentin1975-1984inDenmark,forexample,withariseof115percentinthefrequencyofapplicationinthethreeyearsfrom1981.

Inthelate1980sandearly1990ssomeeffortsweremadetoreducefarmsubsidies.ThemostdramaticexamplewasthatofNewZealand,whichscrappedmostfarmsupportin1984.Astudyoftheenvironmentaleffects,conductedin1993,foundthattheendoffertilizersubsidieshadbeenfollowedbyafallinfertilizeruse(afallcompoundedbythedeclineinworldcommodityprices,whichcutfarmincomes).Theremovalofsubsidiesalsostoppedland-cleaningandover-stocking,whichinthepasthadbeentheprincipalcausesoferosion.Farmsbegantodiversify.Theonekindofsubsidywhoseremovalappearedtohavebeenbadfortheenvironmentwassubsidytomanagesoilerosion.

Inlessenlightenedcountries,andintheEuropeanUnion,thetrendhasbeentoreduceratherthaneliminatesubsidies,andtointroducenewpaymentstoencouragefarmerstotreattheirlandinenvironmentallyfriendlierways,ortoleaveitfallow.Itmaysoundstrangebutsuchpaymentsneedtobehigherthantheexistingincentivesforfarmerstogrowfoodcrops.Farmers,however,dislikebeingpaidtodonothing.Inseveralcountries,theyhavebecomeinterestedinthepossibilityofusingfuelproducedfromcropresidueseitherasareplacementforpetrol(asethanol)orasfuelforpowerstations(asbiomass).Suchfuelsproducefarlesscarbondioxidethancoaloroil,andabsorbcarbondioxideastheygrow.Theyarethereforelesslikelytocontributetothegreenhouseeffect.Buttheyarerarelycompetitivewithfossilfuelsunlesssubsidizedandgrowingthemdoesnolessenvironmentalharmthanothercrops.

SectionE

Inpoorcountries,governmentsaggravateothersortsofdamage.Subsidiesforpesticidesandartificialfertilizersencouragefarmerstousegreaterquantitiesthanareneededtogetthehighesteconomiccropyield.AstudybytheinternationalRiceResearchinstituteofpesticideusebyfarmersinSouthEastAsiafoundthat,withpest-resistantvarietiesofrice,evenmoderateapplicationsofpesticidefrequentlycostfarmersmorethantheysaved.Suchwasteputsfarmersonachemicaltreadmill:bugsandweedsbecomeresistanttopoisons,sonextyear’spoisonsmustbemorelethal.Onecostistohumanhealth.Everyyearsome10,000peoplediefrompesticidepoisoning,almostalloftheminthedevelopingcountries,andanother400,000becomeseriouslyill.Asforartificialfertilizers,theiruseworld-wideincreasedby40percentperunitoffarmedlandbetweenthemid1970sandlate1980s,mostlyinthedevelopingcountries.Overuseoffertilizersmaycausefarmerstostoprotatingcropsorleavingtheirlandfallow.That,inturn,maymakesoilerosionworse.

SectionF

AresultoftheUruguayRoundofworldtradenegotiationsislikelytobeareductionof36percentintheaveragelevelsoffarmsubsidiespaidbytherichcountriesin1986-1990.Someoftheworld’sfoodproductionwillmovefromWesternEuropetoregionswheresubsidiesarelowerofnon-existent,suchastheformercommunistcountriesandpartsofthedevelopingworld.Someenvironmentalistsworryaboutthisoutcome.Itwillundoubtedlymeanmorepressuretoconvertnaturalhabitatintofarmland.Butitwillalsohavemanydesirableenvironmenteffects.Theintensityoffarmingintherichworldshoulddecline,andtheuseofchemicalinputswilldiminish.Cropsaremorelikelytobegrownintheenvironmentstowhichtheyarenaturallysuited.Andmoreframersinpoorcountrieswillhavethemoneyandincentivetomanagetheirlandinwaysthataresustainableinthelongrun.Thatisimportant.Tofeedanincreasinglyhungryworld,farmersneedeveryincentivetousetheirsoilandwatereffectivelyandefficiently.

Fromthelistbelowchoosethemostsuitabletitleforthereadingpassageabove.WritetheappropriateletterA-Einbox28ontheAnswerSheet.（

）

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Environmentalmanagement

B.Increasingtheworld’sfoodsupply

C.Soilerosion

D.Fertilizersandpesticides—thewayforward

E.Farmsubsidies

【答案】A

【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第一段，可知文章的主要內(nèi)容為政府在農(nóng)業(yè)方面的相關(guān)政策對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)環(huán)境的影響。緊接著下文運(yùn)用很多國(guó)家的例子說(shuō)明了政府運(yùn)用各種不同的政策來(lái)減少農(nóng)業(yè)活動(dòng)對(duì)環(huán)境帶來(lái)的各種破壞，使土壤和環(huán)境得到保護(hù)。分別討論了在富裕的國(guó)家和貧窮的國(guó)家，相關(guān)政策對(duì)環(huán)境保護(hù)帶來(lái)的影響和效果?？膳袛喑霰疚膬?nèi)容主要是圍繞環(huán)境管理開(kāi)展的。Environmentalmanagement“環(huán)境管理”；Increasingtheworld’sfoodsupply“增加世界糧食供應(yīng)”；Soilerosion“土壤侵蝕”；Fertilizersandpesticides—thewayforward“化肥和殺蟲(chóng)劑——未來(lái)之路”；Farmsubsidies“農(nóng)業(yè)補(bǔ)貼”。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

18.單選題

Despitealmostuniversal_______ofthevitalimportanceofwomen’sliteracy,educationremainsadreamformanywomeninfartoomanycountriesoftheworld.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.confession

B.identification

C.acknowledgement

D.compliment

【答案】C

【解析】名詞詞義辨析。confession“坦白，供認(rèn)”；identification“鑒定；身份證”；acknowledgement“承認(rèn)，確認(rèn)”；compliment“贊美”。句意：盡管女性文化的重要性成為統(tǒng)一承認(rèn)的事情，但是在世界的許多國(guó)家，教育仍然是許多女性的夢(mèng)想。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

19.單選題

AbigprobleminlemmingEnglishasaforeignlanguageislackofopportunitiesfor（

）interactionwithproficientspeakersofEnglish.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.instantaneous

B.provocative

C.verbal

D.dual

【答案】C

【解析】考察形容詞詞義辨析。instantaneous“瞬間的;即時(shí)的”；provocative“刺激的”；verbal“口頭的；言語(yǔ)的”；dual“雙的；雙重的”。句意：英語(yǔ)作為外語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的一大問(wèn)題是缺乏與精通英語(yǔ)的人的口頭交流的機(jī)會(huì)。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

20.單選題

Takingchargeofyourselfinvolvesputtingtorestsomeveryprevalentmisconceptions.（46）thetopofthelististhenotionthatintelligenceis（47）byyourabilitytosolvecomplexproblems,toread,writeandcomputeatcertainlevels,andtoresolveabstractequationsquickly.Thisvisionof（48）assertsformaleducationandbookishexcellenceasthetruemeasuresofselffulfillment.It（49）akindofintellectualprejudicethathasbroughtwithitsomediscouragingresults.Wehave（50）tobelievethatsomeonewhohasmoreeducationalmeritbadges,whoisverygoodatsomeformofschooldiscipline,is“intelligent”.（51）mentalhospitalsarefilledwithpatientswhohavealloftheproperlyletteredcertificates.Atruerindicatorofintelligenceisaneffective,happylifelivedeachdayaneachpresentmomentofeveryday.

Ifyouarehappy,ifyouliveeachmomentforeverythingit’sworth,thenyouareanintelligentperson.Problem（52）isausefulhelptoyourhappiness,butifyouknowthatgivenyourinabilitytoresolveaparticularconcernyoucanstillchoosehappinessforyourself,or（53）aminimumrefusetochooseunhappiness,（54）youareintelligent.Youareintelligentbecauseyouhavetheultimateweapon（55）thebigN.B.D.—NervousBreakDown.

“Intelligent”peopledonothaveN.B.D.’sbecausetheyarein（56）ofthemselves.Theyknowhowtochoosehappiness（57）depression,becausetheyknowhowtodealwiththeproblemsof（58）lives.

Youcanbegintothinkofyourself（59）trulyintelligentonthebasisof（60）youchoosetofeel（61）thefaceofdifficultcircumstances.Thelifestrugglesareprettymuchthesameforeachofus.Everyonewhoisinvolvedwithotherhumanbeingsinanysocialcontexthas（62）difficulties.Disagreements,conflictsandcompromisesareapartof（63）itmeanstobehuman.Similarly,money,growingold,sickness,deaths,naturaldisastersandaccidentsarealleventswhich（64）problemstovirtuallyallhumanbeings.Butsomepeopleareabletomake（65）toavoidimmobilizingdepressionandunhappinessdespitesuchoccurrences,whileothercollapseorhaveanN.B.D.Thosewhorecognizedproblemsasahumanconditionanddon’tmeasurehappinessbyanabsenceofproblemsarethemostintelligentkindofhumansweknow;alsothemostrare.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.At

B.On

C.Under

D.Over

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.measured

B.meant

C.machined

D.molded

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.notion

B.disability

C.intelligence

D.misconception

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.experiences

B.encourages

C.encounters

D.exploits

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.come

B.gradually

C.been

D.being

問(wèn)題6選項(xiàng)

A.Hence

B.Therefore

C.Thus

D.Yet

問(wèn)題7選項(xiàng)

A.finding

B.tracking

C.solving

D.killing

問(wèn)題8選項(xiàng)

A.for

B.with

C.to

D.at

問(wèn)題9選項(xiàng)

A.then

B.but

C.since

D.as

問(wèn)題10選項(xiàng)

A.opposite

B.against

C.toward

D.across

問(wèn)題11選項(xiàng)

A.power

B.place

C.charge

D.danger

問(wèn)題12選項(xiàng)

A.against

B.from

C.under

D.over

問(wèn)題13選項(xiàng)

A.their

B.our

C.its

D.his

問(wèn)題14選項(xiàng)

A.for

B.at

C.when

D.as

問(wèn)題15選項(xiàng)

A.how

B.why

C.when

D.where

問(wèn)題16選項(xiàng)

A.up

B.in

C.to

D.against

問(wèn)題17選項(xiàng)

A.same

B.obvious

C.varying

D.similar

問(wèn)題18選項(xiàng)

A.what

B.how

C.when

D.which

問(wèn)題19選項(xiàng)

A.propose

B.present

C.prosecute

D.proceed

問(wèn)題20選項(xiàng)

A.them

B.that

C.their

D.it

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:A

第6題:D

第7題:C

第8題:D

第9題:A

第10題:B

第11題:C

第12題:D

第13題:A

第14題:D

第15題:A

第16題:B

第17題:D

第18題:A

第19題:B

第20題:D

【解析】46.考查固定搭配。A選項(xiàng)At“在”；B選項(xiàng)On“在……上”；C選項(xiàng)Under“在……之下；Over“越過(guò)；在……之上”。句意：排在首列的是這樣一種觀念……。固定搭配Atthetopofthelist“在列表的頂部”。Onthetopof一般是用來(lái)說(shuō)明在某物的上部。句中的主語(yǔ)不是一個(gè)具體的事物，可排除。Under與top詞義相反，不可搭配使用。Overthetopof一般是指懸空在上方，可排除。因此A選項(xiàng)符合題意。

47.考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)measured“測(cè)量”；B選項(xiàng)meant“意味著”；C選項(xiàng)machined“機(jī)器加工”；D選項(xiàng)molded“用模子塑造”。句意：排在首位的是這樣一種觀念：智力是由你解決復(fù)雜問(wèn)題的能力來(lái)……的。而且根據(jù)后面的介詞by，可知空格內(nèi)填入measured最為恰當(dāng)。短語(yǔ)bemeasuredby“由……來(lái)衡量”。因此A選項(xiàng)符合題意。

48.考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)notion“概念；見(jiàn)解”；B選項(xiàng)disability“無(wú)能；無(wú)資格”；C選項(xiàng)intelligence“智力；才智”；D選項(xiàng)misconception“誤解”。句意：這種……觀認(rèn)為正規(guī)教育和優(yōu)秀的書(shū)卷氣是衡量自我實(shí)現(xiàn)的真正標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。根據(jù)指示代詞this指代上一句的thenotion，由thenotion后面的that引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句內(nèi)容可知談?wù)摰氖顷P(guān)于intelligence的看法。因此C選項(xiàng)符合題意。

49.考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)experiences“經(jīng)歷”；B選項(xiàng)encourages“鼓勵(lì)；激勵(lì)”；C選項(xiàng)encounters“遭遇”；D選項(xiàng)exploits“開(kāi)發(fā)；剝削”。句意：它……了一種智力偏見(jiàn)，并帶來(lái)了一些令人沮喪的結(jié)果。由后面說(shuō)到的帶來(lái)了一些令人沮喪的結(jié)果可知，一定是智力偏見(jiàn)加劇后從而得到的結(jié)果。encourage也有“助長(zhǎng)”的意義，因此B選項(xiàng)符合題意。

50.考查固定搭配。A選項(xiàng)come“來(lái)”；B選項(xiàng)gradually“逐漸地”；C選項(xiàng)been“是；有”，be的過(guò)去分詞；D選項(xiàng)being“是；有”，be的現(xiàn)在分詞。句意：我們……相信。固定搭配havecometodo“已經(jīng)開(kāi)始”，因此A選項(xiàng)符合題意。

51.考查語(yǔ)義邏輯。A選項(xiàng)Hence“因此”；B選項(xiàng)Therefore“因此”；C選項(xiàng)Thus“因此”；D選項(xiàng)Yet“然而；但是”。前一句說(shuō)的是我們開(kāi)始相信，那些獲得更多教育獎(jiǎng)?wù)隆⑸瞄L(zhǎng)某種形式的學(xué)校紀(jì)律的人是“聰明的”?？崭窈蟮膬?nèi)容是精神病院的病人都擁有所有正確的證書(shū)。兩個(gè)句子存在一種轉(zhuǎn)折，得了很多證書(shū)拿了獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)的人是聰明的，然而精神病院的病人也大多收獲了很多證書(shū)。因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

52.考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)finding“發(fā)現(xiàn)”；B選項(xiàng)tracking“追蹤；跟蹤”；C選項(xiàng)solving“解決”；D選項(xiàng)killing“殺死”。句意：……問(wèn)題對(duì)你的幸福是有幫助的。可以與problem“問(wèn)題”搭配的是發(fā)現(xiàn)問(wèn)題，或者是解決問(wèn)題。根據(jù)后一句的關(guān)鍵詞resolve“解決”可知，這里是在說(shuō)解決問(wèn)題對(duì)幸福是有幫助的。因此C選項(xiàng)符合題意。

53.考查固定搭配。A選項(xiàng)for“為了；對(duì)”；B選項(xiàng)with“和；具有”；C選項(xiàng)to“朝；位于”；D選項(xiàng)at“在；以”。句意：或者……拒絕選擇不快樂(lè)。固定搭配ataminimum“至少”。因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

54.考查語(yǔ)義邏輯。A選項(xiàng)then“那么”；B選項(xiàng)but“但是”；C選項(xiàng)since“因?yàn)椤?；D選項(xiàng)as“因?yàn)?；正如”。前面的句子是if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句。句意：但如果你知道自己無(wú)法解決某個(gè)特定的問(wèn)題，你仍然可以為自己選擇快樂(lè)，或者至少拒絕選擇不快樂(lè)，……你是聰明的。此句的邏輯關(guān)系是，如果……那么……。因此A選項(xiàng)符合題意。

55.考查介詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)opposite“在……對(duì)面”；B選項(xiàng)against“反對(duì)；針對(duì)”；C選項(xiàng)toward“向；對(duì)于”；D選