考研考博-英語-華北水利水電大學考試押題卷含答案詳解3

書山有路勤為徑，學海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-華北水利水電大學考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共100題)1.單選題

（）thenewfund-raisingplanisapproved，wewillsoonhavemoremoneytobuildthegymnasium.

問題1選項

A.While

B.Given

C.Unless

D.Evenif

【答案】B

【解析】句意：新的融資計劃被批準,我們很快就會有更多的錢建造體育館。given鑒于，考慮到...符合句意。

2.單選題

Forcenturies,explorershaveriskedtheirlivesventuringintotheunknownforreasonsthatweretovaryingdegreeseconomicandnationalistic.ColumbuswentwesttolookforbettertraderoutestotheOrientandtopromotethegreaterglowofSpain.LewisandClarkjourneyedintotheAmericanwildernesstofindoutwhattheU.S.hadacquiredwhenitpurchasedLouisiana,andtheApolloastronautsrocketedtothemooninadramaticshowoftechnologicalmuscleduringthecoldwar.

Althoughtheirmissionsblendedcommercialandpolitical-militaryimperatives,theexplorersinvolvedallaccomplishedsomesignificantsciencesimplybygoingwherenoscientistshadgonebefore.

TodayMarsloomsashumanity'snextgreatterraincognita.Andwithdoubtfulprospectsforashorttermfinancialreturn,withthecoldwararapidlyfadingmemoryandamidagrowingemphasisoninternationalcooperationinlargespaceventures,itisclearthatimperativesotherthanprofitsornationalismwillhavetocompelhumanbeingstoleavetheirtracksontheplanet'sreddishsurface.Coulditbethatscience,whichhaslongplayedaminorroleinexploration,isatlastdestinedtotakealeadingrole?Thequestionnaturallyinvitesacoupleofothers.ArethereexperimentsthatonlyhumanscoulddoonMars?Couldthoseexperimentsprovideinsightsprofoundenoughtojustifytheexpenseofsendingpeopleacrossinterplanetaryspace?

WithMarsthescientificstakesarearguablyhigherthantheyhaveeverbeen.Theissueofwhetherlifeeverexistedontheplanet,andwhetheritpersiststothisday,hasbeenhighlightedbymountingevidencethattheRedPlanetoncehadabundantstable,liquidwaterandbythecontinuingcontroversyoversuggestionsthatbacterialfossilsrodetoEarthonameteoritefromMars.AmoreconclusiveansweraboutlifeonMars,pastorpresent,wouldgiveresearchersinvaluabledataabouttherangeofconditionsunderwhichaplanetcangeneratethecomplexchemistrythatleadstolife.IfitcouldbeestablishedthatlifearoseindependentlyonMarsandEarth,thefindingwouldprovidethefirstconcretecluesinoneofthedeepestmysteriesinallofscience:theprevalenceoflifeintheuniverse.

1.Accordingtothepassage,thechiefpurposeofexplorersingoingtounknownplacesinthepastwas（

）.

2.Atpresent,aprobableinducementforcountriestoinitiatelarge-scalespaceventuresis

（

）.

3.WhatisthemaingoalofsendinghumanmissionstoMars?

4.Bysaying"WithMarsthescientificstakesarearguablyhigherthantheyhaveeverbeen"(Line1,Para.4),theauthormeansthat

（

）.

5.ThepassagetellsusthatproofoflifeonMarswould（

）.

問題1選項

A.todisplaytheircountry'smilitarymight

B.toaccomplishsomesignificantscience

C.tofindnewareasforcolonization

D.topursuecommercialandstateinterests

問題2選項

A.internationalcooperation

B.nationalisticreasons

C.scientificresearch

D.long-termprofits

問題3選項

A.Tofindoutiflifeeverexistedthere.

B.Toseeifhumanscouldsurvivethere.

C.Toprovethefeasibilityoflarge-scalespaceventures.

D.Toshowtheleadingroleofscienceinspaceexploration.

問題4選項

A.withMarstherisksinvolvedaremuchgreaterthananypreviousspaceventures

B.inthecaseofMars,therewardsofscientificexplorationcanbeveryhigh

C.inthecaseofMars,muchmoreresearchfundsareneededthaneverbefore

D.withMars,scientistsargue,thefundamentalinterestsofscienceareatissue

問題5選項

A.makeclearthecomplexchemistryinthedevelopmentoflife

B.confirmthesuggestionthatbacterialfossilstraveledtoEarthonameteor

C.revealthekindofconditionsunderwhichlifeoriginates

D.provideanexplanationwhylifeiscommonintheuniverse

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:B

第5題:C

【解析】1.細節(jié)事實題。由文章第一段中的Forcenturies,explorershaveriskedtheirlivesventuringintotheunknownforreasonsthatweretovaryingdegreeseconomicandnationalistic.（幾個世紀以來，探險家們冒著生命危險去探索那些不為人知的地方，或多或少是由于經濟的或國家利益的原因）可知D選項“追求商業(yè)和國家利益”符合題意。

2.推理判斷題。由文章第三段中的Andwithdoubtfulprospectsforashorttermfinancialreturn,withthecoldwararapidlyfadingmemoryandamidagrowingemphasisoninternationalcooperationinlargespaceventures,itisclearthatimperativesotherthanprofitsornationalismwillhavetocompelhumanbeingstoleavetheirtracksontheplanet'sreddishsurface.（由于短期財政回報的前景令人懷疑，冷戰(zhàn)記憶的迅速消失，以及人們對大型太空探險國際合作的日益重視，很顯然，現實需求已壓倒經濟利益和民族主要訴求，促使人類離開通向這座表面呈紅色的星球的軌道）可排除B、D選項，A選項“國際合作”是進行太空探險的方式，故排除，因此選C。

3.推理判斷題。由文章最后一段中的Theissueofwhetherlifeeverexistedontheplanet,andwhetheritpersiststothisday,hasbeenhighlightedbymountingevidencethattheRedPlanetoncehadabundantstable,liquidwaterandbythecontinuingcontroversyoversuggestionsthatbacterialfossilsrodetoEarthonameteoritefromMars.（越來越多的證據顯示，這顆紅色星球曾經有過大量穩(wěn)定的液態(tài)水，關于掉落到地球的火星隕石上有細菌化石的說法一直存在爭議，這些都突出了一個問題——火星上是否存在生命，以及這些生命到現在是否還一直生存在火星上）可知A選項“看那里是否存在生命”符合題意。

4.推理判斷題。由文章最后一段中的IfitcouldbeestablishedthatlifearoseindependentlyonMarsandEarth,thefindingwouldprovidethefirstconcretecluesinoneofthedeepestmysteriesinallofscience（如果可以確定生命是在火星和地球上獨立產生的，這一發(fā)現將為所有科學中最深奧的奧秘之一提供第一條具體線索）可推測風險越大，回報越高，因此選B。

5.細節(jié)事實題。由文章最后一段中的AmoreconclusiveansweraboutlifeonMars,pastorpresent,wouldgiveresearchersinvaluabledataabouttherangeofconditionsunderwhichaplanetcangeneratethecomplexchemistrythatleadstolife.（一個關于火星上生命的更確切的答案，無論是過去的還是現在的，都會給研究人員提供寶貴的數據，了解到行星在何種條件下都可以產生導致生命的復雜化學物質）可知C選項“揭示生命起源的類型”符合題意。

3.單選題

Today,houseworkhasbeenmademucheasierbyelectrical______.

問題1選項

A.facilities

B.appliances

C.instruments

D.equipment

【答案】B

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A項facility“設施，設備”，指可供使用的設備或設施；B項appliance“器具，器械”，C項instrument“樂器，儀器”，D項equipment“裝備，設備”，多指成套的或重型的設備或裝備，不光包括電子設備，還包含相關的工具。根據關鍵詞housework“家務”可知，空格部分表示“家用電器”合適，B項最符合語境。句意：今天，家用電器使家務變得容易多了。因此，該題選擇B項正確。

4.單選題

Thoughthesubwaysystemofthecityhasbeenwell-plannedforyears,itsfundingisstillintheair.

問題1選項

A.widelyspreading

B.totallyuncertain

C.hystericallyunconstraine

D.alreadybroadcast

【答案】B

【解析】考查固定搭配。句意：雖然這個城市的地鐵系統多年來已經做好規(guī)劃，但是資金問題一直……。widelyspreading“廣泛傳播”；totallyuncertain“完全不確定”；hystericallyunconstrained“完全不受約束”；alreadybroadcast“已經播出”。根據句子前后邏輯可知資金問題一直沒有解決，因此劃線詞組的意思是“懸而未決的”，選項B符合題意。

5.單選題

ByaboutA.D.500theMoundBuilder（筑堤人）culturewasdeclining,perhapsbecauseofattacksfromothertribesorperhapsbecauseofsevereclimaticchangesthatunderminedagriculture.Tothewestanotherculture,basedonintensiveagriculture,wasbeginningtoflourish.Itscenterwasbeneathpresent-daySt.Louis,anditradiatedouttoencompassmostoftheMississippiwatershed,fromWisconsintoLouisiansandfromOklahomatoTennessee.Thousandsofvillageswereincludedinitsorbit.ByaboutA.D.700thisMississippianculture,asisknowntoarchaeologists,begantosenditsinfluenceeastwardtotransformthelifeofmostofthelesstechnologicallyadvancedwoodlandtribes.LiketheMoundBuildersoftheOhioregion,thesetribes,probablyinfluencedbyMeso-Americanculturesthroughtradeandwarfare,builtgiganticmoundsasburialandceremonialplaces.Thelargestofthem,risinginfourterracestoaheightofonehundredfeet,hasarectangularbaseofnearlyfifteenacres,largerthanthatoftheGreatPyramidofEgypt.BuiltbetweenA.D.900and1100thishugeearthworkfacesthesiteofapalisaded（用柵圍護）Indiancitywhichcontainedmorethanonehundredsmallartificialmoundsmarkingburialsites.Spreadamongthemwasavastsettlementcontainingsome30000peoplebycurrentestimations.ThefinelycraftedornamentsandtoolsrecoveredatCahokia,asthiscenterofMississippicultureiscalled,includeelaborateceramics（陶器）finelysculptedstonework,carefullyembossedandengravedcopperandmica（云母）sheets,andonefuneralblanketfashionedfrom12000shellbeads.TheyindicatethatCahokiawasatrueurbancenter,withclusteredhousing,markets,andspecialistsintoolmaking,hide-dressing,potting,jewelry-making,weaving,andsalt-making.

1.Whatisthemaintopicofthepassage?

2.Theparagraphprecedingthisonemostprobablydiscussed（

）.

3.InrelationtotheMississippianculture,theMoundBuilderculturewas

located（

）.

4.TheMississippiancultureinfluencedthecultureofthe（

）

5.Accordingtothepassage,themoundswereusedas（

）.

問題1選項

A.TheMississippianculture.

B.ThedeclineofMoundBuilderculture.

C.ThearchitectureofMeso-AmericanIndians.

D.Theeasternwoodlandstribes.

問題2選項

A.theMoundBuilderculture

B.warfareinAD500

C.thegeographyoftheMississippiarea

D.agricultureneartheMississippiRiver

問題3選項

A.inessentiallythesamearea

B.farthersouthalongthewatershed

C.totheeast

D.tothewest

問題4選項

A.easternwoodlandtribes

B.MoundBuilders

C.Meso-Americans

D.Egyptians

問題5選項

A.palacesfortheroyalfamilies

B.fortressesfordefense

C.centersforconductingtrade

D.placesforburyingthedead

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:A

第5題:D

【解析】1.主旨大意題。作者以時間為軸線介紹了密西西比文化。

2.推斷題。第一句為:ByaboutA.D.500theMoundBuilder（筑堤人）culturewasdeclining,緊接著這種文化衰退的兩個可能性的因素，進而又講述了另一種文化的繁榮。因此推測上一段應該是關于'theMoundBuilderculture’。

3.細節(jié)題。文章介紹完‘筑堤人文化’之后接著說到‘Tothewestanotherculture/因此可以得知‘密西西比文化位于筑堤人文化的西邊。

4.細節(jié)題。文章指出:begantosenditsinfluenceeastwardtotransformthelifeofmostofthelesstechnologicallyadvancedwoodlandtribes(密西西比文化開始向東影響大多數技術落后的林地部落的生活)。

5.細節(jié)題。文章指出:builtgiganticmoundsasburialandceremonialplaces(‘themounds'是用來做葬禮和祭祀的地方)。

6.單選題

Thedebateovertheenvironmentalcrisisisnotnew:anxietyaboutindustry’simpactontheenvironmenthasexistedforoveracentury.Whatisnewistheextremepolarizationofviews.Mountingevidenceofhumanity’scapacitytodamagetheenvironmentirreversiblycoupledwithsuspicionsthatgovernment,industry,andevensciencemightbeimpotenttopreventenvironmentaldestructionhaveprovokedaccusatorypolemicsonthepartofenvironmentalists.Inturn,thesepolemicshaveelicitedacorrespondingbacklashfromindustry.Thesadeffectofthispolarizationisthatitisnowevenmoredifficultforindustrythanitwasahundredyearsagotorespondappropriatelytoimpactanalysesthatdemandaction.

Unliketoday’sadversaries,earlierecologicalreformerssharedwithadvocatesofindustrialgrowthaconfidenceintimelycorrectiveaction.GeorgeP.Marsh’spioneeringconservationtractManandNature(1864)elicitedwideacclaimwithoutembittereddenials.ManandNaturecastigatedEarth’sdespoilersforheedlessgreed,declaringthathumanity“hasbroughtthefaceoftheEarthtodesolationalmostascompleteasthatoftheMoon.”ButnoentrepreneurorindustrialistsoughttorefuteMarsh’saccusationstodefendtheguttingofforestsortheslaughterofwildlifeaseconomicallyessentialortodismisshisecologicalwarningsashysterical.Tothecontrary,theygenerallyagreedwithhim.

Why?Marshandhisfollowerstookenvironmentalimprovementandeconomicprogressasgivens;theydisputednotthedesirabilityofconqueringnaturebutthebunglingwayinwhichtheconquestwascarriedout.Blamewasnotpersonalized.Marshdenouncedgeneralgreedratherthanparticularentrepreneurs,andthemediadidnothoundmalefactors.Further,correctivemeasuresseemedtoentailnosacrificetodemandnodraconianremedies.Self-interestunderwrotemostprescribedreforms.Marsh’semphasisonfuturestewardshipwasthenawidelyacceptedideal(ifnotpractice).HisecologicaladmonitionswereinkeepingwiththeEnlightenmentpremisethathumanity’smissionwastosubdueandtransformnature.

Notuntilthe1960sdidagloomierperspectivegainpopularground.FredericClements’equilibriummodelofecologydevelopedinthe1930sseemedconsistentwithmountingenvironmentaldisasters.Inthisview,naturewasmostfruitfulwhenleastaltered.Leftundisturbed,floraandfaunagraduallyattainedmaximumdiversityandstability.Despoliationthwartedtheculminationorshortenedthedurationofthisbeneficentclimax:technologydidnotimprovenaturebutdestroyedit.

Theequilibriummodelbecameanecologicalmystique:environmentalinterferencewasnowtaboo,wildernessadored.Natureasunfinishedfabricperfectedbyhumaningenuitygavewaytotheimagenaturedebasedandendangeredbytechnology.IncontrasttotheEnlightenmentvisionofnature,accordingtowhichrationalmanagersconstructanevermoreimprovedenvironment,twentieth-centuryreformers’visionofnaturecallsforareductionofhumaninterferenceinordertorestoreenvironmentalstability.

61.Whichoneofthefollowingmostaccuratelystatesthemainideaofthepassage?

62.Theauthorreferstotheequilibriummodelofecologyasan“ecologicalmystique”(line1,lastparagraph)mostlikelyinordertodowhichoneofthefollowing?

63.WhichoneofthefollowingpracticesismostclearlyanapplicationofFredericClements’equilibriummodelofecology?

64.ThepassagesuggeststheGeorgeP.Marshandtoday’secologicalreformerswouldbemostlikelytoagreewithwhichoneofthefollowingstatements?

65.Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwithwhichoneofthefollowing?

問題1選項

A.Mountingevidenceofhumanity’scapacitytodamagetheenvironmentshouldmotivateactiontopreventfurtherdamage.

B.TheecologicalmystiqueidentifiedwithFredericClementshasbecomeareligiousconvictionamongecologicalreformers.

C.Theviewsofecologistsandindustrialgrowthadvocatesconcerningtheenvironmenthaveonlyrecentlybecomepolarized.

D.GeorgeP.Marsh’sideasaboutconservationandstewardshiphaveheavilyinfluencedthepresentdebateovertheenvironment.

問題2選項

A.Expressappreciationforhowplantsandanimalsattainmaximumdiversityandstabilitywhenleftalone.

B.Pointoutthattheequilibriummodelofecologyhasrecentlybeensupportedbyempiricalscientificresearch.

C.Underscorethefervorwithwhichtwentieth-centuryreformersadheretotheequilibriummodel.

D.Indicatethattheideasoftwentieth-centuryecologicalreformersareoftensotheoreticalastobedifficulttounderstand.

問題3選項

A.Introducingaspeciesintoanenvironmenttowhichitisnotnativetohelpcontrolthespreadofanotherspeciesthatnolongerhasanynaturalpredators.

B.Settingareasoflandasidetobemaintainedaswildernessfromwhichtheuseorextractionofnaturalresourcesisprohibited.

C.Usingscientificmethodstoincreasesthestabilityofplantsandanimalsinareaswherespeciesareindangerofbecomingextinct.

D.Developingincentivesforindustriestotakecorrectivemeasurestoprotecttheenvironment.

問題4選項

A.Regulatingindustriesinordertoprotecttheenvironmentdoesnotconflictwiththeself-interestofthoseindustries.

B.Solvingtheenvironmentalcrisisdoesnotrequiredrasticandcostlyremedies.

C.Environmentalimprovementandeconomicprogressareequallyimportantgoals.

D.HumandespoliationoftheEarthhascausedwidespreadenvironmentaldamage.

問題5選項

A.Outliningthebackgroundanddevelopmentofconflictingviewpointsinacurrentdebate.

B.Explaininghowconflictingviewpointsinacurrentdebateareequallyvalid.

C.Determiningwhichoftwoconflictingviewpointsinacurrentdebateismorepersuasive.

D.Providingexamplesofpossiblesolutionstoacurrentcrisis.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:D

第3題:B

第4題:D

第5題:C

【解析】61.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】主旨大意題。題干的意思是“下列哪個選項最準確地陳述了文章的主要思想？”。文章第一段中指出Whatisnewistheextremepolarizationofviews.Mountingevidenceofhumanity’scapacitytodamagetheenvironmentirreversiblycoupledwithsuspicionsthatgovernment,industry,andevensciencemightbeimpotenttopreventenvironmentaldestructionhaveprovokedaccusatorypolemicsonthepartofenvironmentalists.（新出現的是觀點的極端兩極分化；越來越多的證據表明人類有能力不可逆轉地破壞環(huán)境，再加上人們懷疑政府、工業(yè)甚至科學在防止環(huán)境破壞方面可能無能為力，這引起了環(huán)保主義者的指責性辯論），由此可知A項“越來越多的證據表明人類有能力破壞環(huán)境，應促使采取行動防止進一步的破壞”正確。B項“弗雷德里克?克萊門茨(FredericClements)所推崇的生態(tài)神秘感，已成為生態(tài)改革者的一種宗教信仰”，最后一段第一句提到Theequilibriummodelbecameanecologicalmystique:environmentalinterferencewasnowtaboo,wildernessadored.（生態(tài)平衡模式變成了一種生態(tài)的神秘性：環(huán)境干擾現在是荒野崇拜的禁忌），由此可知不是一種宗教信仰，B項錯誤；C項“生態(tài)學家和工業(yè)發(fā)展提倡者在環(huán)境問題上的觀點只在最近才變得兩極化”，only（只有）一詞用的不恰當，C項錯誤；D項“GeorgeP.Marsh關于環(huán)境保護和管理的觀點嚴重影響了目前關于環(huán)境的辯論”這只是一個例子，并不是通篇文章的主要意思，D項不選。因此該題選A。

62.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干的意思是“作者將生態(tài)學的平衡模型稱為’生態(tài)的奧秘’(最后一段第一行)最有可能是為了做以下哪一種？”。根據題干定位到文章最后一段environmentalinterferencewasnowtaboo,wildernessadored.Natureasunfinishedfabricperfectedbyhumaningenuitygavewaytotheimagenaturedebasedandendangeredbytechnology.IncontrasttotheEnlightenmentvisionofnature,accordingtowhichrationalmanagersconstructanevermoreimprovedenvironment,twentieth-centuryreformers’visionofnaturecallsforareductionofhumaninterferenceinordertorestoreenvironmentalstability.（環(huán)境干擾現在是荒野崇拜的禁忌；自然就像一件未完工的織物，由人類的聰明才智加以完善，已經被技術所貶低和危及的自然形象所替代；啟蒙運動的自然觀認為，理性的管理者構建了一個更加美好的環(huán)境；與之相反，20世紀改革者的自然觀要求減少人類的干預，以恢復環(huán)境的穩(wěn)定。），由此可知，作者在這里指出有些改革太過于理論化而很難理解，所以D項“表明20世紀生態(tài)改革者的思想往往理論性太強，難以理解”正確。A項“對動植物在不受干擾的情況下如何獲得最大程度的多樣性和穩(wěn)定性表示贊賞”，根據第四段最后一句Despoliationthwartedtheculminationorshortenedthedurationofthisbeneficentclimaxtechnologydidnotimprovenaturebutdestroyedit.（掠奪阻礙了這一高潮或縮短了這一有益的高潮的持續(xù)時間；技術并沒有改善自然，而是破壞了它）可知，作者是對這一掠奪表示反對，對自然表示惋惜，A項內容理解錯誤；B項“指出生態(tài)學的平衡模型最近得到了實證科學研究的支持”，文中沒有提到；C項“強調20世紀改革者對均衡模型的狂熱”，文中內容沒有提到改革者對均衡模型的狂熱，C項不選。因此該題選D。

63.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干的意思是“以下哪一個實踐是弗雷德里克?克萊門茨的生態(tài)平衡模型最明顯地的應用？”。文章第四段中指出Inthisview,naturewasmostfruitfulwhenleastaltered.Leftundisturbed,floraandfaunagraduallyattainedmaximumdiversityandstability.Despoliationthwartedtheculminationorshortenedthedurationofthisbeneficentclimax:technologydidnotimprovenaturebutdestroyedit.（從這個觀點來看，大自然最少改變的時候是最富有成效的；未受干擾的動植物群落逐漸獲得了最大的多樣性和穩(wěn)定性；掠奪阻礙了這一高潮或縮短了這一有益的高潮的持續(xù)時間：技術并沒有改善自然，而是破壞了它。），由此可以推斷B項“把一些土地劃出來作為荒野加以維護，禁止使用或開采自然資源”是這一生態(tài)平衡模型的應用；A項“將一個物種引入非本地物種的環(huán)境，以幫助控制另一個不再有天敵的物種的傳播”，將物種引入其他環(huán)境算是對自然的一種干擾，和生態(tài)平衡模型內容不符合；C項“在物種瀕臨滅絕的地區(qū)，用科學的方法來增加動植物的穩(wěn)定性”和D項“制定企業(yè)激勵，采取糾正措施保護環(huán)境”也是人為的干擾，都不符合這一平衡模型的內容。因此該題選B。

64.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干的意思是“文章表明，GeorgeP.Marsh和今天的生態(tài)改革者最有可能同意下列哪一種說法？”。根據第二段最后兩句話ButnoentrepreneurorindustrialistsoughttorefuteMarsh’saccusationstodefendtheguttingofforestsortheslaughterofwildlifeaseconomicallyessentialortodismisshisecologicalwarningsashysterical.（但沒有企業(yè)家或實業(yè)家試圖反駁馬什的指控，他認為砍伐森林或屠殺野生動物在經濟上是必要的，也沒有人認為他的生態(tài)警告是歇斯底里的）可知A項“為了保護環(huán)境而規(guī)范工業(yè)與這些工業(yè)的自身利益并不沖突”有提到；根據文章第三段第四句Further,correctivemeasuresseemedtoentailnosacrificetodemandnodraconianremedies.（此外，糾正措施似乎不需要犧牲，不需要嚴厲的補救措施）可知B項“解決環(huán)境危機不需要激烈和昂貴的補救措施”有提到；根據文章第三段第一句Marshandhisfollowerstookenvironmentalimprovementandeconomicprogressasgivens（馬什和他的追隨者把環(huán)境改善和經濟發(fā)展視為既定事實）可知C項“環(huán)境改善和經濟發(fā)展是同樣重要的目標”也有提到；D項“人類對地球的掠奪造成了廣泛的環(huán)境破壞”，根據文章第二段第三句ManandNaturecastigatedEarthsdespoilersforheedlessgreed,declaringthathumanity“hasbroughtthefaceoftheEarthtodesolationalmostascompleteasthatoftheMoon.”（《人與自然》譴責了地球的掠奪者，因為他們肆無忌憚的貪婪，宣稱人類“已經使地球表面像月球表面一樣遭到了徹底的毀滅）和文章末段最后一句twentieth-centuryreformers’visionofnaturecallsforareductionofhumaninterferenceinordertorestoreenvironmentalstability.（20世紀改革者的自然觀要求減少人類的干預，以恢復環(huán)境的穩(wěn)定）可推斷，Marsh和今天的生態(tài)改革者都同意人類的掠奪對自然造成破壞，所以D項符合，A、B、C選項都是Marsh那個時期的觀點，并不是當今生態(tài)改革者的觀點，所以A、B、C選項都不正確。因此該題選D。

65.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】主旨大意題。題干的意思是“這篇文章主要是關于下列哪一個？”。作者首段提到Thedebateovertheenvironmentalcrisisisnotnew:Anxietyaboutindustry’simpactontheenvironmenthasexistedforoveracentury.Whatisnewistheextremepolarizationofviews.（關于環(huán)境危機的爭論并不新鮮：對工業(yè)對環(huán)境影響的擔憂已經存在了一個多世紀。新出現的是觀點的極端兩極分化。），由此可知，文章開篇提到當今面對環(huán)境的爭論出現了兩極化，然后下文通過很多的例子說明，一種過于理論化的論述是不合乎邏輯的，C項“確定當前辯論中兩個相互沖突的觀點中哪一個更有說服力”符合題意。A項“概述當前辯論中相互沖突的觀點的背景和發(fā)展”，概述背景和發(fā)展的目的是為了討論出兩個觀點哪一個更有說服力，所以A項是一個論述過程，因此不選；B項“解釋當前辯論中相互沖突的觀點如何同樣有效”也是討論的一個過程，不是文章的主要討論目的，B項不選；D項“為當前危機提供可能的解決方案”，文章并沒有給出合適的解決方案，D項錯誤。因此該題選C。

7.單選題

Tendaysagotheyoungmaninformedhisbossofhisintentionto（）.

問題1選項

A.resign

B.reject

C.retreat

D.replace

【答案】A

【解析】考查動詞辨析。resign“辭職”；reject“拒絕”；retreat“撤退，后退”；replace“代替，替換”。句意：十天前，這個年輕人告知了他的老板他要離職的打算。A項符合題意。

8.不定項選擇題

Fewpeopledoubtthefundamentalimportanceofmothersinchild-rearing,butwhatdofathersdo?Muchofwhattheycontributeissimplytheresultofbeingasecondadultinthehome.Bringingupchildrenisdemanding,stressfulandexhausting.Twoadultscansupportandmakeupforeachother’sdeficienciesandbuildoneachother’sstrengths.

Fathersalsobringanarrayofuniquequalities.Somearefamiliar:protectorandrolemodel.Teenageboyswithoutfathersarenotoriouslypronetotrouble.Thepathwaytoadulthoodfordaughtersissomewhateasier,buttheymuststilllearnfromtheirfathers,inwaystheycannotfromtheirmothers,howtorelatetomen.Theylearnfromtheirfathersaboutheterosexualtrust,intimacyanddifference.Theylearntoappreciatetheirownfemininityfromtheonemalewhoismostspecialintheirlives.Mostimportant,throughlovingandbeinglovedbytheirfathers,theylearnthattheyarelove-worthy.

Currentresearchgivesmuchdeeper,andmoresurprising,insightintothefather’sroleinchild-rearing.Onesignificantlyoverlookeddimensionoffatheringisplay.Fromtheirchildren’sbirththroughadolescence,fatherstendtoemphasizeplaymorethancaretaking.Thefather’sstyleofplayislikelytobebothphysicallystimulatingandexciting.Witholderchildrenitinvolvesmoreteamwork,requiringcompetitivetestingofphysicalandmentalskills.Itfrequentlyresemblesateachingrelationship:comeon,letmeshowyouhow.Mothersplaymoreatthechild’slevel.Theyseemwillingtoletthechilddirectplay.

Kids,atleastintheearlyyears,seemtoprefertoplaywithdaddy.Inonestudyof2.5-yearoldswhoweregivenachoice,morethantwo-thirdschosetoplaywiththeirfather.

Thewayfatherspalyhaseffectsoneverythingfromthemanagementofemotionstointelligenceandacademicachievement.Itisparticularlyimportantinpromotingself-control.Accordingtooneexpert,“childrenwhoroughhousewiththeirfathersquicklylearnthatbiting,kickingandotherformsofphysicalviolencearenotacceptable.”Theylearnwhento“shutitdown.”

Atplayandinotherrealms,fatherstendtostresscompetition,challenge,initiative,risk-takingandindependence.Mothers,ascaretakers,stressemotionalsecurityandpersonalsafety.Ontheplaygroundfathersoftentrytogetthechildtoswingeverhigher,whilemothersarecautious,worryingaboutanaccident.

Weknow,too,thatfathers’involvementseemstobelinkedtoimprovedverbalandproblem-solvingskillsandhigheracademicachievement.Severalstudiesfoundthatalongwithpaternalstrictness,theamountoftimefathersspentreadingwiththemwasastrongpredictoroftheirdaughters’verbalability.

Formsonstheresultshavebeenequallystriking.Studiesuncoveredastrongrelationshipbetweenfathers’involvementandthemathematicalabilitiesoftheirsons.Otherstudiesfoundarelationshipbetweenpaternalnurturingandboys’verbalintelligence.

1.Thefirstparagraphpointsoutthatoneoftheadvantagesofafamilywithbothparentsis______.

2.Accordingtoparagraph3,onesignificantdifferencebetweenthefather’sandmother’sroleinchild-rearingis______.

3.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?

4.Studiesinvestigatingfathers’involvementinchild-rearingshowthat______.

5.Thewriter’smainpointinwritingthisarticleis______.

問題1選項

A.husbandandwifecansharehousework

B.twoadultsarealwaysbetterthanone

C.thefundamentalimportanceofmotherscanbefullyrecognized

D.husbandandwifecancompensateforeachother’sshortcomings

問題2選項

A.thestyleofplayencouraged

B.theamountoftimeavailable

C.thestrengthofemotionalties

D.theemphasisofintellectualdevelopment

問題3選項

A.Motherstendtostresspersonalsafetylessthanfathers.

B.Boysarelikelytobenefitmorefromtheirfathers’caring.

C.Fatherstendtoencouragecreativenessandindependence.

D.Girlslearntoreadmorequicklywiththehelpoftheirfathers.

問題4選項

A.thisimprovekids’mathematicalandverbalabilities

B.themoretimespentwithkids,thebettertheyspeak

C.themorestrictthefathersare,theclevererthekids

D.girlsusuallydobetterthanboysacademically

問題5選項

A.towarmsocietyofincreasingsocialproblems

B.toemphasizethefather’sroleinthefamily

C.todiscusstheresponsibilitiesoffathers

D.toshowsympathyforone-parentfamilies

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:A

第5題:B

【解析】1.【選項釋義】

1.Thefirstparagraphpointsoutthatoneoftheadvantagesofafamilywithbothparentsis______.1.第一段指出雙親家庭的優(yōu)勢之一是______。

A.husbandandwifecansharehouseworkA.丈夫和妻子可以分擔家務

B.twoadultsarealwaysbetterthanoneB.兩個大人總比一個大人強

C.thefundamentalimportanceofmotherscanbefullyrecognizedC.母親的根本重要性可以得到充分認可

D.husbandandwifecancompensateforeachother’sshortcomingsD.丈夫和妻子可以彌補彼此的缺點

【考查點】細節(jié)事實題。

【解題思路】根據題干定位至第一段，根據最后一句“兩個成年人可以互相支持，彌補彼此的不足（makeupforeachother’sdeficiencies），并建立在彼此的優(yōu)勢之上”可知，雙親家庭的優(yōu)勢之一是兩個成年人可以互相支持，彌補彼此的缺點，所以D項“丈夫和妻子可以彌補彼此的缺點”符合題意。

【干擾項排除】

A項“丈夫和妻子可以分擔家務”和B項“兩個大人總比一個大人強”符合生活常識，但是第一段并未提到，這兩項無中生有；

C項“母親的根本重要性可以得到充分認可”在第一段第一句有提到“很少有人懷疑母親在撫養(yǎng)孩子方面的根本重要性，但是父親們做什么呢？”，但該項表述太片面，屬于曲解原文。

2.【選項釋義】

2.Accordingtoparagraph3,onesignificantdifferencebetweenthefather’sandmother’sroleinchild-rearingis______.2.根據第三段，父親和母親在撫養(yǎng)孩子方面的一個重要區(qū)別是______。

A.thestyleofplayencouragedA.所鼓勵的游戲方式

B.theamountoftimeavailableB.可供使用的時間

C.thestrengthofemotionaltiesC.情感聯系的強度

D.theemphasisofintellectualdevelopmentD.對智力發(fā)展的重視

【考查點】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】首先定位至第三段，第一二句提到“目前的研究對父親在撫養(yǎng)孩子中的作用給出了更深入、更令人驚訝的見解。為人父親的一個明顯被忽視的方面是玩耍?！笨芍?，父親在撫養(yǎng)孩子中最容易被忽視的方面是玩耍，然后后面描述了父親和母親對于孩子玩耍的兩種不同方式：“父親的游戲風格更加傾向于身心的激勵。對于年齡較大的孩子，這需要更多的團隊合作，需要對身體和智力技能進行競爭性測試。它常常類似于一種教學關系……母親與孩子之間的玩耍多在孩子們的孩童時期。他們似乎愿意讓孩子們直接玩?！保瑥闹锌芍?，父親和母親在鼓勵孩子們玩耍上，所用的是兩種完全不同的方式，父親會教孩子如何玩耍，而母親則更樂意讓孩子直接玩，綜合理解可推斷，父親和母親在撫養(yǎng)孩子方面的一個重要區(qū)別是對于鼓勵孩子們玩耍的方式，A項“所鼓勵的游戲方式”符合題意。

【干擾項排除】

B項“可供使用的時間”沒有提及，無中生有；

C項“情感聯系的強度”和D項“對智力發(fā)展的重視”都是父親和母親對待游戲方面不同的鼓勵方式所表現出來的差異，最根本的區(qū)別還是在于所鼓勵的游戲方式不同，這兩項屬于曲解原文。

3.【選項釋義】

3.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?3.下列哪個陳述是正確的？

A.Motherstendtostresspersonalsafetylessthanfathers.A.母親往往比父親更少強調個人安全。

B.Boysarelikelytobenefitmorefromtheirfathers’caring.B.男孩可能會從父親的關愛