考研考博-英語-廈門安防科技職業(yè)學院考試押題卷含答案詳解4

書山有路勤為徑，學海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-廈門安防科技職業(yè)學院考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共100題)1.單選題

Priorto1975,unioneffortstoorganizepublic-sectorclericalworker,mostofwhomarewomen,weresomewhatlimited.Thefactorsfavoringunionizationdrivesseemtohavebeeneitherthepresenceoflargenumbersofworkers,asinNewYorkCity,tomakeitworththeeffort,ortheconcentrationofsmallnumbersinoneortwolocations,suchasahospital,tomakeitrelativelyeasy.Receptivitytounionizationontheworkers,partwasalsoaconsideration,butwhentherewerelargenumbersinvolvedortheclericalworkersweretheonlyunorganizedgroupinajurisdiction,themulti-occupationalunionswouldoftentrytoorganizethemregardlessoftheworkers’initialreceptivity.Thestrategicreasoningwasbased,first,ontheconcernthatpoliticiansandadministratorsmightplayoffunionizedagainstnonunionizedworkers,and,second,ontheconvictionthatafullyunionizedpublicworkforcemeantpower,bothatthebargainingtableandinthelegislature.Inlocalitieswhereclericalworkerswerefewinnumber,werescatteredinseveralworkplaces,andexpressednointerestinbeingorganized,unionsmoreoftenthannotignoredtheminthepre-1975period.

Butsincethemid-1970’s,adifferentstrategyhasemerged.In1977,34percentofgovernmentclericalworkerswererepresentedbyalabororganization,comparedwith46percentofgovernmentprofessionals,44percentofgovernmentblue-collarworkers,and41percentofgovernmentserviceworkers.Sincethen,however,thebiggestincreasesinpublic-sectorunionizationhavebeenamongclericalworkers.Between1977and1980,thenumberofunionizedgovernmentworkersinblue-collarandserviceoccupationsincreasedonlyabout1.5percent,whileinthewhite-collaroccupationstheincreasewas20percentandamongclericalworkersinparticular,theincreasewas22percent.

Whataccountsforthisupsurgeinunionizationamongclericalworkers?First,morewomenhaveenteredtheworkforceinthepastfewyears,andmoreofthemplantoremainworkinguntilretirementage.Consequently,theyareprobablymoreconcernedthantheirpredecessorswereaboutjobsecurityandeconomicbenefits.Also,thewomen’smovementhassucceededinlegitimizingtheeconomicandpoliticalactivismofwomenoftheirownbehalf,therebyproducingamorepositiveattitudetowardunions.Theabsenceofanycomparableincreaseinunionizationamongprivate-sectorclericalworker,however,identifiestheprimarycatalyst---thestructuralchangeinthemulti-occupationalpublic-sectorunionsthemselves.Overthepasttwentyyears,theoccupationaldistributionintheseunionshasbeensteadilyshiftingfrompredominantlyblue-collartopredominantlywhite-collar.Becausetherearefarmorewomeninwhite-collarjobs,anincreaseintheproportionoffemalemembershasaccompaniedtheoccupationalshiftandhasalteredunionpolicy-makinginfavoroforganizingwomenandaddressingwomen’sissues.

1.Accordingtothepassage,thepublic-sectorworkerswhoweremostlikelytobelongtounionsin1977were（

）.

2.Theauthorcitesunioneffortstoachieveafullyunionizedworkforce(line11—15)inordertoaccountforwhy（

）.

3.Theauthor’sclaimthat,sincethemid-1970’s,anewstrategyhasemergedintheunionizationofpublic-sectorclericalworkers(line19)wouldbestrengthenediftheauthor（

）.

4.Accordingtothepassage,intheperiodpriorto1975,eachofthefollowingconsiderationshelpeddeterminewhetheraunionwouldattempttoorganizeacertaingroupofclericalworkersEXCEPT（

）.

5.Theauthorstatesthatwhichofthefollowingisaconsequenceofthewomen’smovementofrecentyears?

6.Themainconcernofthepassageisto（

）.

7.Theauthorimpliesthatiftheincreaseinthenumberofwomenintheworkforceandtheimpactofthewomen’smovementwerethemaincausesoftheriseinunionizationofpublic-sectorclericalworkers,then（

）.

8.Theauthorsuggeststhatitwouldbedisadvantageoustoaunionif（

）.

9.Theauthorimpliesthat,incomparisonwithworkingwomentoday,womenworkingintheyearspriortothemid-1970haveshowedagreatertendencyto（

）.

問題1選項

A.professionals

B.managers

C.clericalworkers

D.serviceworkers

問題2選項

A.politiciansmighttrytoopposepublic-sectorunionorganizing

B.public-sectorunionshaverecentlyfocusedonorganizingwomen

C.earlyorganizingeffortsoftenfocusedonareaswheretherewerelargenumbersofworkers

D.unionssometimestriedtoorganizeworkersregardlessoftheworkers’initialinterestinunionization

問題3選項

A.describedmorefullytheattitudesofclericalworkerstowardlaborunions

B.comparedtheorganizingstrategiesemployedbyprivate-sectorunions

C.explainedwhypoliticiansandadministratorssometimesopposeunionizationofclericalworkers

D.showedthatthefactorsthatfavoredunionizationdrivesamongtheseworkerspriorto1975havedecreasedinimportance

問題4選項

A.thenumberofclericalworkersinthatgroup

B.thenumberofwomenamongtheclericalworkersinthatgroup

C.whethertheclericalworkersinthatareawereconcentratedinonework-placeorscatteredoverseveralwork-places

D.thedegreetowhichtheclericalworkersinthatgroupwereinterestedinunionization

問題5選項

A.Anincreaseinthenumberofwomenenteringtheworkforce.

B.Astructuralchangeinmulti-occupationalpublic-sectorunions.

C.Amorepositiveattitudeonthepartofwomentowardunions.

D.Anincreaseintheproportionofclericalworkersthatarewomen.

問題6選項

A.advocateparticularstrategiesforfutureeffortstoorganizecertainworkersintolaborunions

B.explaindifferencesintheunionizedproportionsofvariousgroupsofpublic-sectorworkers

C.evaluatetheeffectivenessofcertainkindsoflaborunionsthatrepresentpublic-sectorworkers

D.analyzedandexplainedanincreaseinunionizationamongacertaincategoryofworkers

問題7選項

A.morewomenwouldholdadministrativepositionsinunions

B.morewomenwhoholdpoliticalofficeswouldhavepositiveattitudestowardlaborunions

C.therewouldbeanequivalentriseinunionizationofprivate-sectorclericalworkers

D.unionswouldhaveshownmoreinterestthantheyhaveinorganizingwomen

問題8選項

A.manyworkersinthelocalitywerenotunionized

B.theunioncontributedtopoliticalcampaigns

C.theunionincludedonlypublic-sectorworkers

D.theunionincludedworkersfromseveraljurisdictions

問題9選項

A.prefersmallerworkplaces

B.expressapositiveattitudetowardlaborunions

C.maximizejobsecurityandeconomicbenefits

D.quitworkingpriorofretirementage

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:D

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:C

第6題:D

第7題:C

第8題:A

第9題:D

【解析】1.細節(jié)判斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段第二句‘B‘In1977,34percentofgovernmentclericalworkerswererepresentedbyalabororganization,comparedwith46percentofgovernmentprofessionals,44percentofgovernmentblue-collarworkers,and41percentofgovernmentserviceworkers.在1977年，勞工組織代表了34%的政府文員，46%的政府專業(yè)技術(shù)人員，44%的政府藍領(lǐng)工人以及41%的政府服務(wù)人員?！纱送茰y，專業(yè)技術(shù)人員最有可能加入到工會。A選項符合題意。

2.推理判斷題。由題干中l(wèi)ine11-15可以迅速定位至“Thestrategicreasoningwasbased,first,ontheconcernthatpoliticiansandadministratorsmightplayoffunionizedagainstnonunionizedworkers,and,second,ontheconvictionthatafullyunionizedpublicworkforcemeantpower,bothatthebargainingtableandinthelegislature.這一戰(zhàn)略推理的基礎(chǔ)，首先是擔心政客和行政人員可能會利用工會與非工會工人之間的競爭，其次是相信一個完全工會化的公共勞動力意味著權(quán)力，無論是在談判桌上還是在立法機構(gòu)?！倍摼涞那耙痪渥髡咛岬健皌hemulti-occupationalunionswouldoftentrytoorganizethemregardlessoftheworkers’initialreceptivity.”即“無論工人們對工會剛開始是否感興趣，工會通常會把他們組織到一起?！彼詌ine11-15是解釋該句的原因。D選項‘工會有時不顧工人對工會組織的最初興趣，試圖組織工人‘符合題意。

3.推理判斷題。由第一段可知，在1975年以前有兩個重要的因素影響著工會的形成。但是第二段開頭作者便提出1975年后一項新的舉措開始實施，并對工會的形成具有重要影響。如果作者再對1975年之前那兩個重要因素的重要性的降低再進行描述，那作者在第二段開頭提出的觀點將更有力。反面論證將會使作者的觀點更加有力。所以D選項

‘表明，1975年以前這些工人中有利于工會運動的因素的重要性已經(jīng)下降’符合題意。

4.細節(jié)判斷題。根據(jù)文章第一段“Thefactorsfavoringunionizationdrivesseemtohavebeeneitherthepresenceoflargenumbersofworkers,asinNewYorkCity,tomakeitworththeeffort,ortheconcentrationofsmallnumbersinoneortwolocations,suchasahospital,tomakeitrelativelyeasy.”確定有兩個因素影響著工會的形成。一是工人的人口數(shù)量；二是工人的聚居程度。A、C選項排除。此外作者還提到“Receptivitytounionizationontheworkers,partwasalsoaconsideration”因此工人對工會的接受程度（或工人對工會的感興趣程度）也是一個重要的影響因素。D選項排除。所以B選項符合題意。

5.細節(jié)判斷題。根據(jù)文中第三段“Also,thewomen’smovementhassucceededinlegitimizingtheeconomicandpoliticalactivismofwomenoftheirownbehalf,therebyproducingamorepositiveattitudetowardunions.此外，婦女運動成功地使婦女代表自己的經(jīng)濟和政治行動合法化，從而對工會產(chǎn)生了更積極的態(tài)度?！贝_定C選項‘婦女對工會的態(tài)度更為積極。‘符合題意。

6.主旨大意題。本文第一段便提到在1975年以前女性文員很少加入工會。但從第二段開始講的是1975年以后女性文員加入工會的人數(shù)增多，并分析這種現(xiàn)象形成的原因。所以D選項‘分析并解釋了某一類工人工會化程度的提高‘符合題意。

7.推理判斷題。在最后一段作者提到“Theabsenceofanycomparableincreaseinunionizationamongprivate-sectorclericalworker,however,identifiestheprimarycatalyst---thestructuralchangeinthemulti-occupationalpublic-sectorunionsthemselves.然而，私營部門文職人員工會組織沒有任何類似的增長，這表明了主要的催化劑——多職業(yè)公共部門工會本身的結(jié)構(gòu)變化”即在非公共部門，加入工會的文員相對來說要少一些，主要原因是在公共部門中，工會發(fā)生了結(jié)構(gòu)性的轉(zhuǎn)變。因此，如果婦女勞動人口的增加和婦女運動使得參加公共部門工會的人口增加，那么在非公共部門參加工會的人口也會相應(yīng)增加。C選項符合題意。

8.細節(jié)判斷題。在第一段末尾“Inlocalitieswhereclericalworkerswerefewinnumber,werescatteredinseveralworkplaces,andexpressednointerestinbeingorganized,unionsmoreoftenthannotignoredtheminthepre-1975period.在文書工作人員人數(shù)少、分散在幾個工作地點、對組織工作沒有興趣的地方，工會在1975年以前往往不理睬他們?！币虼耍?975年之前，她們經(jīng)常為工會所忽視。由此可知，這將是不利于工會發(fā)展的。，所以A選項符合題意。B、C兩項錯誤，排除；且D項的說法不會對工會的發(fā)展不利。

9.推理判斷題。題目的意思是‘作者暗示，與今天的職業(yè)女性相比,女性在1970年中期之前顯示一個大的趨勢是……‘文章第二段第二句話講到“First,morewomenhaveenteredtheworkforceinthepastfewyears,andmoreofthemplantoremainworkinguntilretirementage.首先，在過去的幾年里，越來越多的女性進入了勞動力市場，其中越來越多的人計劃一直工作到退休年齡。"由此推測，在前幾年即1975年之前，她們都沒有此種想法。D選項‘提前退休‘符合題意。A項在文中未提及。B項是女性運動取得勝利后所產(chǎn)生的影響。C項是更多女性加入到工人隊伍后所產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果。

2.單選題

______fashionedfromawickfloatinginabowlofoilfunctionedaccordingtotheprincipleofcapillaryaction.

問題1選項

A.Alllampsearly

B.Lampsallearly

C.Allearlylamps

D.Earlyalllamps

【答案】C

【解析】考查名詞前的形容詞順序問題。很多個形容詞修飾名詞，其先后順序為數(shù)量、大小、新舊、顏色、產(chǎn)地、材料、名詞性形容詞；指示性形容詞all,many,some及any均應(yīng)放在一般修飾性形容詞前面；句意：所有早期的燈都是由一根浮在油碗里的燈芯制成的，燈芯的作用原理是毛細管作用。因此只有C項語序正確。

3.單選題

Arrivinganywherewiththesepossessions,hemightjustaseasily_____foramonthorayearasforasingleday.

問題1選項

A.putup

B.stayup

C.speedup

D.makeup

【答案】A

【解析】putup在某地投宿;stayup熬夜,不睡覺;speedup加速;makeup組成,化妝,整理。句意：帶著這些東西到任何地方,他都可以輕松地住上一個月或一年,就好像只住一天一樣。選項A符合句意。

4.單選題

Tonyhasnottheleast（）ofgivinguphisresearchwork.

問題1選項

A.intention

B.interest

C.wish

D.desire

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項intention“打算，意圖，意向”，后可接of短語，也可以接不定式短語；B選項interest“興趣，愛好，利息，趣味”，后接介詞in；C選項wish“希望，愿望；祈求，心愿；祝愿，祝?！迸cD選項desire“欲望；要求，心愿”后一般接不定式。句意：托尼毫無放棄其研究工作的打算。因此A選項正確。

5.單選題

U.S.PresidentRonaldReaganhasaconvincingandheart-warmingsmile.

問題1選項

A.abewildering

B.apersuasive

C.afactitious

D.anempathetic

【答案】B

【解析】【選項釋義】

A.abewildering一個讓人困惑的（微笑）B.apersuasive一個讓人信服的（微笑）

C.afactitious一個虛假的（微笑）D.anempathetic一個共情的（微笑）

【答案】B

【考查點】語義銜接

【解題思路】劃線部分修飾的是smile“微笑”，并且與heart-warming“暖心的；感人的”并列，原詞convincing“令人信服的”，因此，B選項apersuasive“一個讓人信服的（微笑）”最符合原句句意。

【干擾項排除】

A選項abewildering“一個讓人困惑的（微笑）”，與heart-warming“暖心的；感人的”語義不搭，且不符合原句句意；

C選項afactitious“一個（虛假的）微笑”，與heart-warming“暖心的；感人的”語義不搭，且不符合原句句意；

D選項anempathetic“一個共情的（微笑）”，不符合原句句意。

【句意】美國總統(tǒng)羅納德?里根（RonaldReagan）的笑容令人信服，令人感動。

6.單選題

Toomuch（）toX-rayscancauseskinburns,cancerorotherdamagetothebody.

問題1選項

A.exposure

B.disclosure

C.contact

D.connection

【答案】A

【解析】考查固定搭配。exposureto“暴露于”；disclosure“揭發(fā)”；contact“接觸”；connection“聯(lián)系”。句意：過多暴露在X射線下對皮膚有傷害，也可能導(dǎo)致癌癥或者其他傷害。選項A符合題意。

7.單選題

Wedidn’texpectthatthelocalgovernmentwassoefficient;allthethingswentwithaminimum（）andmaximumspeed.

問題1選項

A.autonomy

B.automation

C.frequency

D.bureaucracy

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞解析。A選項autonomy“自治”；B選項automation“自動化”；C選項frequency“頻率；頻繁”；D選項bureaucracy“官僚主義”。句意：我們真沒料想當?shù)卣故侨绱酥v效率，所有事情以最低的……和最快的速度進行。governmentwassoefficient“政府的辦事效率高”，可以說明現(xiàn)在政府中一些官僚主義減少了。因此D選項符合題意。

8.填空題

Therearesignsthatspecialistsonthefamilyarebecomingmoreawareofthepartmenplayandthattheyhavedecidedthatwomenshouldnotreceiveallthecredit—andalltheblame.Wehavealmostgivenupsayingthatawoman’s

A

B

C

D

placeisinthehome.

【答案】Candalltheblame改為noralltheblame

【解析】【考查點】句間邏輯。

【解題思路】前面說到意識到男性的作用，可知后面表達的意思是不要把女性的作用放得那么大，也就是不要把功過都歸結(jié)于女性，notreceiveallthecredit對應(yīng)的應(yīng)該是noralltheblame。

【句意】有跡象表明，家庭專家越來越意識到男性所起的作用，他們認為不應(yīng)該把所有的功勞都歸于女性，也不應(yīng)該把所有的過錯都歸女性。我們幾乎放棄了“女性應(yīng)該呆在家里”的說法。

9.單選題

A“scientific”viewoflanguagewasdominantamongphilosophersandlinguistswhoaffectedtodevelopascientificanalysisofhumanthoughtandbehaviorintheearlypartofthiscentury.Undertheforceofthisview,itwasperhapsinevitablethattheartofrhetoricshouldpassfromthestatusofbeingregardedasofquestionableworth(becausealthoughitmightbebothasourceofpleasureandameanstourgepeopletorightaction,itmightalsobeameanstodistorttruthandasourceofmisguidedaction)tothestatusofbeingwhollycondemned.Ifpeopleareregardedonlyasmachinesguidedbylogic,astheywerebythese“scientific”thinkers,rhetoricislikelytobeheldinlowregard;forthemostobvioustruthaboutrhetoricisthatitspeakstothewholeperson.Itpresentsitsargumentsfirsttothepersonasarationalbeing,becausepersuasivediscourse,ifhonestlyconceived,alwayshasabasisinreasoning.Logicalargumentistheplot,asitwere,ofanyspeechoressaythatisrespectfullyintendedtopersuadepeople.Yetitisacharacterizingfeatureofrhetoricthatitgoesbeyondthisandappealstothepartsofournaturethatareinvolvedinfeeling,desiring,acting,andsuffering.Itrecallsrelevantinstancesoftheemotionalreactionsofpeopletocircumstances—realorfictional—thataresimilartoourowncircumstances.Suchisthepurposeofbothhistoricalaccountsandfablesinpersuasivediscourse:theyindicateliterallyorsymbolicallyhowpeoplemayreactemotionally,withhopeorfear,toparticularcircumstances.Aspeechattemptingtopersuadepeoplecanachievelittleunlessittakesintoaccounttheaspectoftheirbeingrelatedtosuchhopesandfears.

Rhetoric,then,isaddressedtohumanbeingslivingatparticulartimesandinparticularplaces.Fromthepointofviewofrhetoric,wearenotmerelylogicalthinkingmachines,creaturesabstractedfromtimeandspace.Thestudyofrhetoricshouldthereforebeconsideredthemosthumanisticofthehumanities,sincerhetoricisnotdirectedonlytoourrationalselves.Ittakesintoaccountwhatthe“scientific”viewleavesout.Ifitisaweaknesstoharborfeelings,thenrhetoricmaybethoughtofasdealinginweakness.Butthosewhorejecttheideaofrhetoricbecausetheybelieveitdealsinliesandwhoatthesametimehopetomovepeopletoaction,musteitherbeliarsthemselvesorbeverynaive;purelogichasneverbeenamotivatingforceunlessithasbeensubordinatedtohumanpurposes,feelings,anddesires,andtherebyceasedtobepurelogic.

1.Accordingtothepassage,torejectrhetoricandstillhopetopersuadepeopleis（）

2.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatinthelatenineteenthcenturyrhetoricwasregardedas（）

3.ThepassagesuggeststhataspeechthatattemptstopersuadepeopletoactislikelytofailifitdoesNOT（）

4.WhichofthefollowingpersuasivedevicesisNOTusedinthepassage？

5.Whichofthefollowingbeststatestheauthor'smainpointaboutlogicalargument？

問題1選項

A.anaimofmostspeakersandwriters

B.anindicationeitherofdishonestyorofcredulity

C.awayofdisplayingdistrustoftheaudience‘smotives

D.acharacteristicofmosthumanisticdiscourse

問題2選項

A.theonlynecessaryelementofpersuasivediscourse

B.adubiousartinatleasttwoways

C.anoutmodedandtediousamplificationoflogic

D.anopenoffensetotherationalmind

問題3選項

A.distortthetruthalittletomakeitmoreacceptabletotheaudience

B.appealtotheself-interestaswellasthehumanitarianismoftheaudience

C.addresslisteners'emotionsaswellastheirintellects

D.concedethelogicofotherpointsofview

問題4選項

A.Asampleofanactualspeechdeliveredbyanorator.

B.Thecontrastofdifferentpointsofview.

C.Therepetitionofkeyideasandexpressions.

D.Ananalogythatseekstoexplainlogicalargument.

問題5選項

A.Itisasterile,abstractdiscipline,oflittleuseinreallife.

B.Itisanessentialelementofpersuasivediscourse,butonlyonesuchelement.

C.Itisanimportantmeansofpersuadingpeopletoactagainsttheirdesires.

D.Itisthelowestorderofdiscoursebecauseitistheleastimaginative.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:A

第5題:B

【解析】第1題:根據(jù)最后一段的最后一句“Butthosewho...verynaive;”但那些認為修辭是在說謊而拒絕使用修辭的人，同時又希望說服別人采取行動的人，要么是騙子，要么就是天真的人。選項B中的不誠實和易上當受騙的人與之相對應(yīng)，所以正確。

第2題:根據(jù)第一段的第二句“Undertheforce...whollycondemned.”在這種觀點的影響下，修辭藝術(shù)可能不可避免地要從被認為具有可疑價值的地位過渡到被完全譴責的地位。所以，選項B符合原文。

第3題:根據(jù)第一段的最后一句，一篇試圖說服人們的演講，如果不考慮到他們與這些希望和恐懼有關(guān)的方面，是不會有什么結(jié)果的。選項C正確。

第4題:試題分析：結(jié)合全文內(nèi)容可知，文中并沒有提到演說者演說的實際例子，所以本題選A。

第5題:根據(jù)第一段“Logicalargumentistheplot,asitwere,ofanyspeechoressaythatisrespectfullyintendedtopersuadepeople.Yetitisacharacterizingfeatureofrhetoricthatitgoesbeyondthis...”邏輯論證就像任何演講或文章的情節(jié)一樣，都是有禮貌地試圖說服人們的。然而，它只是修辭的一個特點，并且超越了這一點。選項B符合原文。

10.單選題

Thewealthofacountryshouldbe（

）thehealthandhappinessofitspeoplemeasuredaswellasthematerialgoodsitcanproduce.

問題1選項

A.inlinewith

B.intermsof

C.inregardwith

D.bymeansof

【答案】B

【解析】考查詞組辨析。A選項inlinewith“跟……一致，符合”；B選項intermsof“根據(jù)”；C選項inregardof“關(guān)于……，至于……”；D選項bymeansof“用，依靠”。根據(jù)measured（判斷）可知B選項符合語境。句意：衡量一個國家的財富要根據(jù)它的人民的健康和幸福，以及它可以提供的物質(zhì)產(chǎn)品。

11.單選題

Thesonofthepresidentemerged（）fromthecourtafterallthechargesagainsthimweredroppedbecauseofalackofevidence.

問題1選項

A.downhearted

B.unfavorable

C.despicable

D.triumphant

【答案】D

【解析】句意:在所有指控因缺乏證據(jù)而被撤銷后,總統(tǒng)的兒子得意洋洋地從法庭走了出來。

考查形容詞辨析。downhearted沒精打采的，垂頭喪氣的;unfavorable不宜的，令人不快的，不順利的；despicable可恥的；triumphant成功的，得意洋詳?shù)?。因此D符合句意。

12.單選題

Hehadbeen（）toappearincourtonchargesofincitementoflawbreaking.

問題1選項

A.illuminated

B.summoned

C.prevailed

D.trailed

【答案】B

【解析】考查動詞詞義辨析。illuminate“照亮，照射，闡明，啟發(fā)”；summon“召喚，傳喚，請求”；prevail“流行，盛行，獲勝”；trail“拖，曳”。句意：他因為被控告為違法煽動（民眾）而被傳喚到法庭。選項B符合題意。

13.不定項選擇題

ThedevelopmentofjazzcanbeseenaspartofthelargercontinuumofAmericanpopularmusic,especiallydancemusic.Inthetwenties,jazzbecamethehottestnewthingindancemusic,muchasragtimehadattheturnofthecentury,andaswouldrhythmandbluesinthefifties,rockinthefifties,anddiscointheseventies.Buttwocharacteristicsdistinguishjazzfromotherdancemusic.Thefirstisimprovisation,thechangingofamusicalphraseaccordingtotheplayer’sinspiration.Likeallartists,jazzmusiciansstriveforanindividualstyle,andtheimprovisedorparaphrasedisajazzmusician’smainopportunitytodisplayhisorherindividuality.Inearlyjazz,musiciansoftenimprovisedmelodiescollectively,thuscreatingakindofpolyphony.Therewaslittlesoloingassuch,althoughsomeNewOrleansplayers,particularlycometplayerBuddyBolden,achievedlocalfamefortheirabilitytoimproviseasolo.Latertheideaofthechorus-longormulticoursesolotookhold.LouisArmstrong’sinstrumentalbrilliance,demonstratedthroughextendedsolos,wasamajorinfluenceinthisdevelopment.

Evenintheearlytwenties,however,somejazzbandshadfeaturedsoloists.Similarly,showorchestrasandcarnivalbandsoftenincludedoneortwosuch“get-off”musicians.Unimproved,completelystructuredjazzdoesexist,buttheabilityofthebestjazzmusicianstocreatemusicofgreatcohesionandbeautyduringperformancehasbeenahallmarkofthemusicanditsmajorsourceofinspirationandchange.Theseconddistinguishingcharacteristicofjazzisarhythmicdrivethatwasinitiallycalled“hot”andlater“swing”.Inplayinghot,amusicianconsciouslydepartsfromstrictmetertocreatearelaxedsenseofphrasingthatalsoemphasizestheunderlyingrhythms.(“Rough”toneanduseofmoderatevibratoalsocontributedtoahotsound.)Notalljazzishot,however,manyearlybandsplayedunadornedpublishedarrangementsofpopularsongs.Still,theproclivitytoplayhotdistinguishedthejazzmusicianfromotherinstrumentalists.

1.Thepassageanswerswhichofthefollowingquestions?

2.Accordingtothepassage,jazzmusiciansareabletodemonstratetheirindividualartistrymainlyby?

3.Whichofthefollowingwasthefunctionof“get-off”musicians?

4.Theword“unadorned”isclosestinmeaningto（）.

5.Thetopicofthepassageisdevelopedprimarilybymeansof（）.

問題1選項

A.Whichearlyjazzmusiciansmostinfluencedrhythmandbluesmusic?

B.Whatarethedifferencesbetweenjazzandotherformsofmusic?

C.WhyisdancingcloselyrelatedtopopularmusicintheUnitedStates?

D.Whatinstrumentscomprisedatypicaljazzbandofthe1920’s?

問題2選項

A.creatingmusicalvariationswhileperforming

B.preparingmusicalarrangements

C.readingmusicwithgreatskill

D.beingabletoplayalltypesofpopularmusic

問題3選項

A.Assisttheotherbandmembersinpackingupafteraperformance.

B.Teachdanceroutinescreatedfornewmusic.

C.Leadtheband.

D.Providesoloperformancesinabandororchestra.

問題4選項

A.lovely

B.plain

C.disorganized

D.inexpensive

問題5選項

A.dividingthediscussionintotwomajorareas

B.presentingcontrastingpointsofview

C.providingbiographiesoffamousmusician

D.describinghistoricaleventsinsequence

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:A

【解析】第1題:主旨大意題。文中討論了爵士樂和其他形式的音樂，文章第一段提到Buttwocharacteristicsdistinguishjazzfromotherdancemusic.Thefirstis…“有兩個特點將爵士樂和其他形式的音樂區(qū)分開來”，之后的段落就一直圍繞著這兩個特點展開，由此可知B選項“爵士音樂與其他形式的音樂最大的區(qū)別是什么”符合文章大意，A選項“哪位早期的爵士樂手對節(jié)奏和藍調(diào)音樂影響最大”，并沒有談?wù)摵芏鄻肥?；C選項“為什么美國的舞蹈和音樂的聯(lián)系那么密切”，文章沒有談及美國的舞蹈，只開始一句帶過；D選項“什么樂器組成了19世紀20年代最典型的爵士樂隊”，樂器方面也并未過多說明。因此B選項正確。

第2題:事實細節(jié)題。文章第一段提到Likeallartists,jazzmusiciansstriveforanindividualstyle,andtheimprovisedorparaphrasedisajazzmusician’smainopportunitytodisplayhisorherindividuality.和所有的藝術(shù)家一樣，爵士音樂家追求自己獨特的風格，即興創(chuàng)作或意譯是爵士音樂家展示自己個性的主要機會。A選項“在表演時創(chuàng)造音樂的變化”與原文意思相同；B選項“準備音樂改編”，不是準備好的音樂，而是即興的；C選項“有技巧的閱讀音樂”并未提及；選項D“能夠演奏所有類型的流行音樂”也不對。因此A選項正確。

第3題:判斷推理題。結(jié)合文章第二段Evenintheearlytwenties,however,somejazzbandshadfeaturedsoloists.Similarly,showorchestrasandcarnivalbandsoftenincludedoneortwosuch“get-off”musicians.“即使在二十世紀初，一些爵士樂隊也有獨唱的特色。類似地，表演樂團和嘉年華樂隊通常也會有一兩個這樣的“get-off”音樂家。”可知，“get-off”音樂家的功能是獨唱。A選項“演出結(jié)束后，協(xié)助其他樂隊成員收拾行裝”并未涉及；B選項“教新音樂的舞蹈動作”，文中只提到獨唱并沒有說舞蹈動作；C選項“領(lǐng)導(dǎo)樂隊”與原文不符；D選項“在樂隊或管弦樂隊中提供獨奏表演”與原文提到的獨唱特色相對應(yīng)。因此D選項正確。

第4題:詞義推測題。由unadorned這個詞定位到文章第二段倒數(shù)第二句話Notalljazzishot,however,manyearlybandsplayedunadornedpublishedarrangementsofpopularsongs.“然而，并不是所有的爵士樂都是熱門的，許多早期的樂隊演奏的是未經(jīng)修飾的已出版的流行歌曲?！庇纱丝芍瑄nadorned的意思為“未經(jīng)修飾的，樸素的”。A選項“可愛的”意思不同；B選項“平的，普通的，樸素的”與之意思一致；C選項“紊亂的”錯誤；D選項“便宜的”可排除。因此B選項符合題意。

第5題:主旨大意題。結(jié)合51題內(nèi)容，文中討論了爵士樂和其他形式的音樂，文章第一段提到Buttwocharacteristicsdistinguishjazzfromotherdancemusic.Thefirstis…“有兩個特點將爵士樂和其他形式的音樂區(qū)分開來”，之后的段落就一直圍繞著這兩個特點展開敘述，所以這篇文章的主題主要是通過分開表述爵士樂區(qū)分其他音樂的兩個特點展開的。A選項“把討論分成兩個主要部分”符合題意；B選項“提出相反的觀點”，原文沒有提出其他相反觀點，B錯誤；C選項“提供著名音樂家的傳記”，文中沒有涉及音樂人物傳記；D選項“按順序描述歷史事件”文章并未敘述歷史事件，可以排除。因此A選項符合題意。

14.單選題

Toalleviatetheproblemofcontaminatedchicken,theexpertsrecommendthatthegovernmentshiftitsinspectionemphasisfromcursorybird-by-birdvisualchecktoamore______randomsamplingforbacterialandchemicalcontamination.

問題1選項

A.rigorous

B.perfunctory

C.symbolic

D.discreet

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項rigorous“嚴格的，嚴厲的；嚴密的；嚴酷的”；B選項perfunctory“敷衍的；馬虎的；得過且過的”；C選項symbolic“象征的；符號的；使用符號的”；D選項discreet“謹慎的；小心的”。句意：為緩解雞的污染問題，專家們建議政府把檢查重點從走馬觀花式的肉眼檢查改為進行更為______的對細菌和化學污染進行隨機取樣檢查。根據(jù)shift“改變”可知，橫線處應(yīng)填一個與cursory“粗略的”意思相反的詞。且由檢查重點從肉眼檢查到改進為對細菌和化學污染隨機取樣檢查，可知檢查推向深入，較以前更加嚴格，A選項rigorous“嚴格的”符合題意。因此A選項正確。

15.單選題

Ahushfellovertheguestswhohad（

）fortheweddingcelebration.

問題1選項

A.assembled

B.participated

C.attended

D.summoned

【答案】A

【解析】考查動詞詞義辨析。assemble“集合，聚集”；participate“參與，分享”；attend“參加”；summon“召喚，召集”。句意：為結(jié)婚慶典而聚在一起的客人們安靜下來了。選項A符合題意。

16.單選題

Thetraditionalappealoftheincometaxhascomefromitswideacceptanceasafairtax,closelyrelatedtoanindividual’sabilitytopay.Formanyyearstheincometaxprovidedlargefederalincomewithoutimposingheavyburdensonthegreatmajorityofpeople.Bythemid-20thcentury,however,seriouscriticismsoftaxloopholeswereheard;concertedattemptsatreformresultedonlyinamorecomplexanderodedtaxbase.Thesituationworsenedinthe1970s,asrisinginflationpushedpeopleintohighertaxbracketsalthoughtheirincomewerebarelykeepingpacewithrisingprices.Thispressurefurthererodedpublicconfidenceinthefairnessoftheincometax;atthesametimeitcreatedstrongincentivestoutilizetaxsheltersandotherloopholes,aswellastoconcealoff-the-recordincome.Built-ininflationadjustmentswereadopted,firstbyanumberofstatesandthenin1985bythefederalgovernment.

Incometaxpolicyisinevitablycontroversialbecauseitrestsessentiallyonjudgmentsthatmustbeconstantlyreconsideredassocialvalueschange.Thecomplextaskofworkingoutthemanyreductionsandexclusionstobeallowedfromincomebecausetheyeithermakeforgreaterfairnessamongtaxpayersorpromoteworthysocialgoals(suchascharitablecontributions)isboneofthemostdifficultandpoliticallysensitiveproblemsfacedbygovernments.

Anothermajorareaofdisputeiswhetherwagesandsalariesshouldbetaxedthesamewayasbusinessprofitsorinvestmentincome.WhilesomecountriesandafewU.S.statesexplicitlyapplyseparatesetsofrulestothemeasurementofdifferentkindsoftaxableincome,others,likemostU.S.stategovernments,seektotreatallsourcesofincomeinthesameway.Evenso,dissimilaritiesinevitablyarise.Somecostsofearningincomearemorereadilydeductedfrombusinessandself-employmentearningsthantheyarefromwagesandsalaries.Inflation,byerodingthevalueofcapital,distortsthemeasurementofincomefromthatsource.Complexadjustmentstothe