新視野大學(xué)英語第二冊Unit8課文單詞

Unit8WomenatthemanagementlevelNewwords:administrativea.行政的；管理的administrativeassistantn.行政助理attorneyn.律師employeen.受雇者；雇員accommodationn.1遷就；通融；調(diào)和；2住處；工作場所segmentn.部分；段；片tolerancen.1忍受；容忍；寬容；2（對痛苦、困難等的）忍受程度，忍耐力disposevt.1使（某人）較傾向于；2丟棄，處理（尤指難以處理的東西）disposeda.有…傾向的sectorn.（尤指商業(yè)、貿(mào)易等的）部門，行業(yè)publicsectorn.公營部門；國營部門precedevt.先于…（發(fā)生或存在）mumpsn.腮腺炎flourishvi.1繁榮；興旺；成功；2茁壯成長bystandern.旁觀者；局外人；看熱鬧的人harnessvt.利用；控制symbolica.象征的；象征性的plausiblea.可能正確的；有道理的hierarchicala.按等級劃分的diplomatica.1講究手腕的；靈活變通的；2外交的；從事外交工作的diplomaticallyad.講究手腕地；靈活變通地；外交地discriminationn.歧視petroleumn.石油exportn.出口v.出口acren.英畝countyn.（英國的）郡；（美國等國家的）縣erecta.直立的；垂直的vt.豎起cashiern.出納員；收銀員auctionn.拍賣concessionn.妥協(xié)；迎合marinea.海洋的；海產(chǎn)的；海生的n.水兵；（英國/美國）海軍陸戰(zhàn)隊(duì)士兵extentn.程度；限度；范圍viceprefix表示“副”（用于高級職位的名稱前，表示僅次于這個職位的職位）weaponn.武器；兵器；兇器infervt.（根據(jù)資料）推斷，退定violatevt.1打擾；侵犯；侵害；2違背；違反；侵犯valida.1有根據(jù)的；令人信服的；2有效的；正式認(rèn)可的offensen.得罪；冒犯行為veilvt.遮蓋；掩飾n.面紗composevt.1使自己鎮(zhèn)靜下來；2由…組成composeda.鎮(zhèn)靜的；鎮(zhèn)定的headquartersn.部；總公司；總辦事處identicala.完全相同的；非常相似的cooperativea.合作的contextn.1場合；周圍情況；環(huán)境；背景；2上下文；語境scanvt.1掃描；2粗略地看；瀏覽disputen.爭論；辯論；爭端；糾紛consultantn.顧問vaguea.含糊的；不明確的；不清楚的vaguelyad.1模模糊糊地；不明確地；2稍微；有點(diǎn)Phrasesandexpressions:bedisposedtodosth.愿意做某事；樂于做某事onbothcounts在兩個方面takeover接管；接任；接受takealiberty/libertieswithsb.與某人相處時太放肆feelateasewithsb.（與某人在一起）感到放松，不拘束makeaconcession/concessionsto為對某事或某想法取得一致意見作出妥協(xié)tosomeextent在某種程度上comedownto歸結(jié)為burstinto突然迸發(fā)（尤指開始唱歌、哭、笑等）takeexceptiontosth.因某事而生氣（煩惱）stemfrom源于；來自；由于…發(fā)生WomenatthemanagementlevelWhenMonicaappliedforajobasanadministrativeassistantin1971,shewasaskedwhethershewouldratherworkforamaleorafemaleattorney."Iimmediatelysaidaman,"shesays."Ifeltthatamale-boss/female-employeerelationshipwasmorenatural,needingnopersonalaccommodationwhatsoever."But20yearslater,whenshewasaskedthesamequestion,shesaid,"Iwaspleasantlysurprisedthatfemalebossesaremuchmoreaccessibletotheiremployees;they'remuchmoresensitiveandintimatewiththeiremployees."Femalebossestodayarestillfindingtheyfacesubtleresistance.Thereisstillasegmentofthepopulation,bothmenand,surprisingly,womenwhoreportlowtoleranceforfemalebosses.Thegrowingpresenceoffemalebosseshasalsoprovokedtwomajorquestionsthatrevolvearoundstyles:Domenandwomenmanagedifferently,and,ifso,isthatagoodthing?Monicaisdisposedtothinkso,onbothcounts.Nowa40-year-oldmotheroffour,sheispresidentofapublicsectorlaborunionwith45,000members."Relationswithmyemployeesareprobablydifferentfromthoseofmalemanagersprecedingme,"shesays."Iknowwhatit'sliketohavetocallandsaymykidgotthemumpssoIwon'tbecomingin.Ihaveamoreflexiblestyle—notsoft,justmoreunderstanding."ThemanwhoisMonica'sassistantagrees,"Shetendstodelegatemoreandisalwayslookingforaconsensus.Peoplearehappyandflourishbecausetheyhaveaninputintodecisionsandtheyarenotmerebystanders;theirenergiesareharnessed.Ontheotherhand,consensustakeslonger."So,arethedifferencessymbolicorreal?Plausiblestudiessuggestthatmenaretypicallyhierarchical,goal-orientedandfeelentitled.Women,bycontrast,managediplomatically,andsharepower.Thatpointofviewisoftenchallengedandargued.Someproclaimthatmenandwomenofsimilarbackgrounds,experienceandaspirationsbasicallymanageinthesameway.Thisviewisechoedbyyoungerwomen,especiallythosewhohaveencounteredlittlegenderdiscrimination.ThatwascertainlythelessonforNicole.Whenherfatherdiedofaheartattack,shewasanemployeeatapetroleumproductsexportcompany.Shequitandtookoverherfamily's160-acrefruitfarminSt.David'sCounty.Onherfirstdayinthefield,aworkercalledher"darling"."Hewastryingtotestme.Iwasshakingwithanger,"saysNicole,now34."Istooderectandsaid,'Youwouldn'thavecalledmyfatherdarlingandyou'renotgoingtotakethatlibertywithme.Ifyoudo,I'llfireyou.'"Whenwomenworkforwomen,adifferentdynamicoftentakesover.Susan,acashierinaTorontoauctionhouse,saysthatshehasexploredfriendshipswithsomeofherfemalebossesandfeelsshecanrelyonthemmore.Whilewomenmayfeelmoreateasewithafemaleboss,menoftenhavetomakeconcessionstothenewworkingstyles.Brian,amarinebiologist,says,"IttookmeacoupleofyearsbeforeIfeltcomfortableenoughtorelaxaroundafemalemanager.Infact,myrelationswithherweremuchmorebusinesslike."Tosomeextent,themale-femaledifferencescomedowntoconflictingstyles.Onefemalevice-presidentdiscussedthetimesheburstintotearsduringameeting."Menthinkthattearsareanuclearweaponinaconventionalwar.Theytakeexceptiontoawomancrying,inferringthatshe'sfeelingunhappyorviolated."Themenfailedtounderstandthatwhatpromptedhertearswasnothurtbutgenuinerage."Whenwecry,it'sbecausewehaveallthisvalidragethathasnoappropriaterelease,"shesays."Womencry;mengetreliefbygoingonwiththeoffenseorbyveilingtheirfeelingstoappearcomposed."Deborah,presidentofafirmwithitsheadquartersinToronto,saysthatevenifmendounderstand,theysometimesreactdifferentlytotheidenticalinformationandtohercooperativemanagementstyle.Deborahsaysthatherauthorityissometimesunderminedbyperceptionsabouthergender."Itstemsfromthewholesocialcontextoftraditionalrolesformenandwomen,"shesays."Momwouldtellyoutodothings,butperhapsyouwouldn'ttakeasmuchnoticeaswhenDadtoldyoutodothings.Menalsohaveastrongerurgetocontrol,"shesays.Forfemalebosses,thegreatexpectationofsomefemaleemployeesisonemoreobstacle.Juniorwomenassumeafemalebosswillpromotethemmorequicklythanamanwould.But,theyalsoexpectfemalebossestobemoreself-sufficient."Theyask,'Whycan'tyouscanyourownstuff?'or'Whycan'tyoudoyourownfiling?'"saysoneseniorfemaleexecutive.Ontheotherhand,thereisnodisputethatafewdecadesagotheywouldrarelyhavehadafemalebossintheworkplace.Nina,amanagementconsultantsaysshe'svaguelyoptimistic."I'mlookingforwardtotheday,beforeIdie,whenwerecognizethatthebestmanagementstyleswillbecomposedofthebestthatbothgendersbringtothetable..."Well,shepauses,maybenotbeforeshedies,perhapsinherdaughter'slifetime.當(dāng)莫妮卡1971年申請一個行政助理的工作時，有人問她想與男律師共事還是與女律師共事?！拔荫R上說想與男律師共事，”她說?！拔艺J(rèn)為男老板和女雇員的關(guān)系更自然，絲毫不需互相調(diào)整。”但20年后，有人問她同樣的問題時，她說：“令我感到驚喜的是，對員工來說，女上司更容易接近，她們更能理解人，與員工更親密。”今天的女上司仍然發(fā)現(xiàn)，她們面臨著不易察覺的阻力。還是有一部分人——有男性，令人驚訝的是還有女性——說很難忍受為女性工作。女上司的不斷涌現(xiàn)，也引出了與工作方式有關(guān)的兩個主要問題：男人和女人管理風(fēng)格不同嗎？如果有不同，是一件好事嗎？莫妮卡對這兩個問題都持肯定的意見。莫妮卡現(xiàn)在40歲，有四個孩子，并且是一位擁有45,000名成員的公共部門工會的主席。“我與員工的關(guān)系可能跟在我之前的前任男性主管不同，”她說?！拔抑喇?dāng)有人不得不打電話來說孩子得了腮腺炎而不能來上班是一種什么樣的狀況。我的風(fēng)格更靈活，這不是軟弱，只是多了一點(diǎn)理解?！蹦菘ǖ哪兄肀硎举澇桑骸八艡?quán)更多，并總是尋求共識。大家都很開心，也有成就感，因?yàn)樗麄儏⑴c了決策，而不是單純的旁觀者。他們的能量得到了利用。當(dāng)然從另一方面看，通過協(xié)商而達(dá)成一致意見需要的時間要長一些?！蹦敲矗@種差異是象征性的還是實(shí)質(zhì)性的呢？可靠的研究指出，男人通常有等級觀念，以目標(biāo)為導(dǎo)向，喜歡有權(quán)力的感覺。相反，女人則是靈活變通的，愿意分享權(quán)力。這一觀點(diǎn)往往受到質(zhì)疑和爭論。有人宣稱，有類似的背景、經(jīng)驗(yàn)和抱負(fù)的男女，基本上管理方式相同。那些年輕女性，特別是很少遭受性別歧視的女性，也是這樣認(rèn)為的。妮可爾無疑從中得到了教訓(xùn)。當(dāng)她的父親因心臟病去世時，她是一家石油產(chǎn)品出口公司的雇員。她辭了職，接管了她家在圣大衛(wèi)縣160英畝的果園。她第一天出現(xiàn)在果園時，一名工人稱她為“親愛的”。“他是想試探我。我氣得發(fā)抖，”現(xiàn)年34歲的妮可爾說?！拔彝χ毖逭驹谀抢锔f：‘你不會稱我父親親愛的，所以你也沒有權(quán)利這樣稱呼我。如果你再這樣做，我會解雇你。'”當(dāng)女性為女上司工作時，往往會用一種不同的工作和交流方式。蘇珊是多倫多一家拍賣行的收銀員，她說，她與一些女上司建立起了友誼，她感到她們更能夠