中西方建筑文化差異-中英文版課件

TheDifferencesinHistoryandCulturebetweenChineseandWesternArchitecture

建筑是人類文明的沉淀，也是人類文明的載體。它以其獨特的語言方式向人們傾述著各地區(qū)、各民族的思想觀念、宗教情感、審美情趣等等。所以地域和歷史文化截然不同的中西方也有著不同的建筑理念。同時中西方的人審美觀念、性格氣質(zhì)也有著相當(dāng)?shù)牟町?，這些都在無形地影響著當(dāng)?shù)氐慕ㄖO(shè)計藝術(shù)。Architectureisnotonlytheprecipitationofhumancivilization,butalsothecarrierofhumancivilization.Itrevealstheideologicalconcept,religiousfeelingsandaestheticinterestsofallpeoplesinallregionstouswithitsdistinctivelanguageexpressions.Therefore,Chineseandthewestwithdifferentregions,historyandculturealsohavedifferentarchitecturalphilosophy.Meanwhile,theChinesepeopleandwesternersalsohavequitedifferencesonaestheticstandards,characterandtemperament.Alltheseimpactthelocalartsofarchitecturaldesign.Chineseandthewestwithdifferentregions,historyandculturealsohavedifferentarchitecturalphilosophy.Meanwhile,theChinesepeopleandwesternersalsohavequitedifferencesonaestheticstandards,characterandtemperament.Alltheseimpactthelocalartsofarchitecturaldesign.地域和歷史文化截然不同的中西方也有著不同的建筑理念。同時中西方的人審美觀念、性格氣質(zhì)也有著相當(dāng)?shù)牟町?，這些都在無形地影響著當(dāng)?shù)氐慕ㄖO(shè)計藝術(shù)。Therefore,atfirst,wespeciallydiscussedsomedifferencesontherootofthearchitecturebetweentheeastandthewest.Herein,ItakeGreeceasthewesternrepresentative.因此，特地在此探討一下東西方的建筑根源上的一些差異。在這里，以希臘為西方的代表。

Buildingmaterials,reflectedthedifferentbetweenChineseandwesternmaterialcultureandphilosophyofthedifferences.Judgingfromthebuildingmaterials,inmodernarchitecturenotproducedbefore,alltheworldhasdevelopedmatureconstructionsystem,includingbelongtoeasternarchitectureofIndianarchitectureinside,basically,areformajorconstructionmaterialstobrickybuild,belongstothebrickstructuresystem.SuchasthepyramidsinEgypt,ancientGreektemple,Romanchichenitza,theShuShuiDao,inEuropeinthemiddleages,thechurch...Allarebuiltwithstonematerial,nottinghaveisnotthe"stone"inthehistoryofhistoricallefttestimony.OnlyinChineseancientbuildings(includingneighbouringJapan,Koreaandotherregions)isthewoodtodothemainframehouses,belongtotimberworksystem,thusisknownas"woodhistory".Chinawhateverbuilding,fromhousingtothepalace,almostisapattern,similartothe"quad"mode.ThebeautyofChinesearchitectureisakindof"collective"beauty.Forexample;Beijingpalace,theMingtombsMingtemple,qufuFirstly,wediscusstheperceptionalarchitectureinGreece.TheancientGreekarchitecturepursuedplasticarts,andeachbuildingseemedtobeasculpture.Theypursuedharmonyandconsideredthathumanbodywasthemostharmoniousandbeautifulshapeintheworld.Thephysicalbeautyiswellreflectedintheirarchitectures.Forinstance,theDoricorderrepresentedmalemodelisresoluteandmagnificent.TheIonicorderrepresentedfemalemodelisgentleandgraceful.Asshowningraphs:Thefirstdifference首先我們來討論一下希臘建筑的感性化。古希臘建筑追求造型藝術(shù)，每個建筑就如一個雕塑品。他們追求和諧，并認(rèn)為人體是世界上最和諧最美的形體。人體美在他們的建筑上得到了很好的體現(xiàn)，如代表男體的多立克柱式剛毅雄偉，代表女體的愛奧尼柱式柔和端麗。

這多立克式的是高浮雕，甚至圓雕，強調(diào)體積，愛奧尼式的是薄浮雕，強調(diào)線條。

這兩種柱式，確實可以說是分別典型的概括了男性和女性的體態(tài)與性格，不僅是像維特魯威所說的那樣簡單地模仿男體和女體的比例。

。Next,weexploredthespiritofethicsinChinesearchitecture.Contrarytothetendencyofpursuingformalbeauty,attractiveappearanceandsculptureinGreece,theChinesepeopledon’tpursuetheexternalbeautybutconsiderthatthearchitectureistheplaceofliving,thinkingandcultivatingmoral,andshouldfocusonethics.接下來探討中國建筑的倫理精神。與希臘人追求形式美、造型美、雕塑感的傾向相反，中國人不求外在形式的美感，而是認(rèn)為建筑是生活、思考、養(yǎng)德的地方，應(yīng)以倫理為重點

Thefirstdifference群體和諧的思想是中國建筑美學(xué)的特征，也正是中國建筑的獨特理念。因此中國建筑以向水平方向發(fā)展為主，極力削弱個體建筑的突出。這種形式的布局，不是以單體建筑的造型取勝，而是以群體的對稱、呼應(yīng)、錯落有序形成整體氣勢。中國人有著令人驚訝的對建筑群體的駕馭能力。

ThethoughtofgroupharmonyisthecharacteristicsofChinesearchitecturalaesthetics,butalsotheuniqueideasofChinesearchitecture.Therefore,Chinesearchitectureismainlyinhorizontaldevelopment,astoweakenthehighlightoftheindividualarchitecturegreatly.Thiskindoflayoutbecamedominantdependingontheoverallmomentumofthesymmetry,concertandgoodorderamonggroupsinsteadofthemodelingofindividualarchitecture.Chinesepeoplehavesurprisingcontrolabilitytothearchitecturalgroups.Thefirstdifference

ThefirstdifferenceInthegroupharmonyofChinesearchitectures,itischaracterizedby“courtesy”oftheConfucianism.“Courtesy”isthecriteriaofdividingintothedifferencesamongpeople.Therefore,ithasclearexpressionontheprimaryandsecondaryinarchitecture.Thearchitectureswithdifferentgradeshavethecorrespondingposition,form,colorandroofstyles,etc.AllthesealsoreflectedtheethicsofChinesearchitecture.Forinstance,intheForbiddenCity,allthebuildingsarearrangedinacertaincourtesyorder,soastoshowthetremendousmomentum.中國建筑的群體和諧中，以儒家的“禮”的思想為特色?！岸Y”是一種劃分人與人之間差異區(qū)別的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，因此，建筑中有著鮮明的主次表達。不同級別的建筑有著與自身級別相應(yīng)的位置、形式、色彩、屋頂樣式等等。這也正體現(xiàn)了中國建筑的倫理觀念。Thefirstdifference圖

故宮在古希臘建筑中，大型建筑往往依地勢而建，并不強調(diào)中軸對稱和等級思想。如雅典的建筑衛(wèi)城中，建筑物的安排順應(yīng)地勢，布局方式自由活潑，給人的感覺是生機勃勃多于莊嚴(yán)肅穆。Theseconddifference圖

雅典衛(wèi)城山門Graph4thePropylaeainAthensAcropolisIntheancientGreekarchitectures,thelarge-scalebuildingsareoftenestablishedaccordingtothetopography,notemphasizedtheaxissymmetryandhierarchicalthinking.Forinstance,intheAcropolisofAthens,thelayoutofbuildingsisinaccordancewiththetopography.Thefreeandlivelylayoutmakespeoplefullofvigormorethaninasolemnandawe-inspiringatmosphere.IntheancientChinesearchitectures,therealwaysshowedthewell-fortifiedhierarchyfromthelayout,dimension,structuralunits,architecturalornaments,buildingmaterialstothecitysize,eventheroadwidth,etc.Thestronghierarchyregulationsarefilledwitheverywhere.Evensomerelativelawsandregulationinvolved.而中國古代建筑中，有著壁壘森嚴(yán)的等級制度，從建筑的布局方位、形體大小、結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件、建筑裝飾、建筑材料到城市大小、道路寬度等等，處處凝聚著強烈的等級規(guī)范。甚至還有相關(guān)法律規(guī)定。Theseconddifference西方對宗教建筑極為重視，在古建筑中宗教建筑往往代表著時代建筑的最高水平。設(shè)計師們使用垂直發(fā)展的空間序列和挺拔向上的形式，來表達人們對神的崇拜以及對天國的熱切向往和癡迷。西方人不像中國人重視世俗皇權(quán)，而是重視自己心靈中的神，用最好的材料、最好的技術(shù)來建造一座座名垂千古的神廟和教堂。

ThethirddifferenceThewesternerspaidmoreattentiontothereligiousbuildings.Intheancientbuildings,thereligiousbuildingsoftenrepresentthetoplevelofthearchitectureatthattime.Thedesignersappliedtheverticalspacesequenceandupwardstraightformtoexpressthepeople’sworshiptotheGodandtheeageryearningandinfatuationtotheheaven.Thewesternerspaidlessa