考研必備語(yǔ)法精要速覽

第一編考研必備語(yǔ)法精要速覽 行式）一、時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)需要掌握的要點(diǎn)：.以下幾類(lèi)動(dòng)詞一般不能用于進(jìn)行時(shí)，同樣不用于完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：(1)表示感知的動(dòng)詞：hear,feel,notice,recognize,see,taste,smell;(2)表示意愿、情感的動(dòng)詞：desire,dislike,forgive,hate,like,love,prefer,refuse,want,wish,fear,love,hate;(3)表示思考、看法的動(dòng)詞：believe,doubt,expect,forget,hope,feel,mean,know,agree,realize,mind,recall,recollect,remember,trust,suppose;(4)表示所有、占有的動(dòng)詞：belongto,owe,own,possess,hold(容納)；(5)其他動(dòng)詞：cost,appear,concern,contain,consist,deserve,matter,seemo如：I'dsaywheneveryouaregoingaftersomethingthatisbelongingtoyou,anyonewhoisdeprivingyouoftherighttohaveitiscriminal.(1997年考研題，belong表示歸屬，不用于進(jìn)行式)Hewasseeingsomebodycreepingintothehousethroughtheopenwindowlastnight.(1990年考研題，see表示結(jié)果，不用于進(jìn).不用will/shall表達(dá)將來(lái)時(shí)的形式：(l)begoingto表示現(xiàn)在的打算和意圖；(2)arrive,come,drive,go,leave,retire,return,setoff,start,takeoff等表示移位的動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行體表示按計(jì)劃肯定要發(fā)生的將來(lái)動(dòng)作；(3)beto(do)表示安排、計(jì)劃、決定、命令或注定要發(fā)生的事，如：Greatereffortstoincreaseagriculturalproductionmustbemadeiffoodshortageistobeavoided.(4)beaboutto(do)表示將要(做)，如：Marlinisayoungmanofindependentthinkingwhoisnotabouttopaycomplimentstohispoliticalleaders.(5)beonthepoint/vergeof(doing)表示“馬上就要"，一般不與表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用；(6)be,begin,come,depart,getoff,go,leave,return,start的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示按日歷或時(shí)刻表要發(fā)生的將來(lái)動(dòng)作或事件，如：Hyouwantyourfilmtobeproperlyprocessed,you,llhavetowaitandpickituponFriday,whichisthedayaftertomorrow.(畫(huà)線部分一般不用willbe)(7)在時(shí)間、條件、讓步從句中，一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)，但要注意區(qū)別從句的類(lèi)型，如：Idon'tknowwherehewillgotomorrow.我不知道他明天去哪兒。（賓語(yǔ)從句）riltellhimwhenyouwillringagain.我告訴他你什么時(shí)候再來(lái)電話。（賓語(yǔ)從句）比較：I'lltellhimwhenyouringagain.你再打電話時(shí)我告訴他。（狀語(yǔ)從句）（8）在makesure,makecertain,see（toit）后的that從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)，如：Seetoitthatyouincludeinthepaperwhateverquestionstheydidn'tknowtheanswertolasttime.（include不能用willinclude或其他形式）.完成時(shí)是時(shí)態(tài)測(cè)試的重點(diǎn)，注意與完成時(shí)連用的句型和時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：（l）by/between/upto/till+過(guò)去時(shí)間、since、bythetime/when+表示過(guò)去發(fā)生情況的從句，主句用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。如：Wehadjusthadourbreakfastwhenanoldmancametothedoor.Between1897and1919atleast29motionpicturesinwhichartificialbeingswereportrayedhadbeenproduced.（表示1919年時(shí)已發(fā)生的情況）（2）by+將來(lái)時(shí)間、bythetime/when+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的從句，主句用將來(lái)完成時(shí)。如：BythetimeyouarriveinLondon,wewillhavestayedinEuropefortwoweeks.Ihopeherhealthwillhaveimprovedgreatlybythetimewecomebacknextyear.(3)bynow、since+過(guò)去時(shí)間、in/during/for/over/thepast/lastfew(或具體數(shù)字)years/days/months,主句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，但在itis+具體時(shí)間since/before這一句型中，主句更多的時(shí)候不用完成時(shí)。如:Thechangesthathowetakenplaceplaceinairtravelduringthelastsixtyyearswouldhaveseemedcompletelyimpossibletoeventhemostbrilliantscientistsattheturnofthe19thcentury.ltisfouryearssinceJohnleftschool.(4)在Itisthe+序數(shù)詞/形容詞最高級(jí)+that的定語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。如：Itisn'tthefirsttimethatIhavefoundmyselfinanembarrassingsituation.(5)在nosooner...than...,hardly/scarcely…when/before…句型中，主句常用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。(6)其他與完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：allthiswhile,allthisyear,forsometime,sofar,already,before,just,long,yet等。4.完成進(jìn)行時(shí)指動(dòng)作在完成時(shí)的基礎(chǔ)上還要繼續(xù)下去。如：Thecompanyhasbeenpromisingariseinsalaryforages,butnothinghashappened.TheschoolboardlistenedquietlyasJohnreadthedemandthathisfollowershadbeendemonstratingfor.時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)答題思路：⑴先根據(jù)選項(xiàng)的區(qū)別點(diǎn)確定考題要點(diǎn)為時(shí)態(tài)，然后回到題句中尋找給出的或暗示的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，縮小選擇范圍，進(jìn)而選出正確答案；(2)根據(jù)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與句子主語(yǔ)或非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與其邏輯主語(yǔ)的關(guān)系，確定句子是主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)還是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。二、不定式.不定式做主語(yǔ)⑴做形式主語(yǔ)的代詞：不定式做主語(yǔ)，通常用it充當(dāng)形式主語(yǔ)，把做主語(yǔ)的不定式短語(yǔ)后置。Ittookmeonlyfiveminutestofinishthejob.Tobefrank,itisagreatrelieftohavethetaskfulfilledinsoshortatime.(2)引導(dǎo)邏輯主語(yǔ)的介詞：不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)一般由介詞for引導(dǎo)，但下列表示人的性格行為特征的形容詞做表語(yǔ)時(shí)，不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)則由of引導(dǎo)：absurd,bold,brave,courageous,careful,careless,clever,wise,foolish,silly,stupid,good,nice,kind,thoughtful,considerate,greedy,generous,honest,modest,polite,rude,cruel,selfish,lazy,wicked,wrong,如：Expertssaywalkingisoneofthebestwaysforapersontostayhealthy.It'scleverofyoutohaveinventedsuchadevice.(3)不定式做主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：掌握常用不定式做主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的句型。注意不定式表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間，并采用相應(yīng)形式。如:saidreportedthoughtbetodosth.believedknownsupposedByronissaidtohavelivedonvinegarandpotatoes.Thebankisreportedinthelocalnewspapertohavebeenrobbedinbroaddaylightyesterday..不定式做賓語(yǔ)⑴必須接不定式做賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞：掌握要求接不定式做賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞：agree,afford,aim,arrange,appear,ask,attempt,choose,claim,decide,desire,determine,expect,fail,guarantee,hope,endeavor,intend,long,mean,manage,offer,ought,plan,pledge,pretend,prepare,promise,proceed,prove,resolve,refuse,request,swear,tend,try,venture,wait,wish.如：Eventhoughthechildrenpretendedtobeasleep,thenurseswerenotdeceivedwhentheycameintotheroom.注意：1)有的動(dòng)詞要求特殊疑問(wèn)詞+不定式做賓語(yǔ)，這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞有：consider,discover,explain,forget,guess,know,learn,observe,remember,see,tell,understand,wonder,如：Whilestillayoungboy,Bizetknewhowtoplaythepianowellandashegrewolder,hewroteoperas,themostfamousofwhichisCarmen.2)如果該特殊疑問(wèn)詞在不定式中做介詞賓語(yǔ)，介詞往往置于該特殊疑問(wèn)詞的前面。如:Theprofessorcanhardlyfindsufficientgroundsonwhichtobasehisargumentinfavorofthenewtheory.Withoutfacts,wecannotformworthwhileopinionforweneedtohavefactualknowledgeuponwhichtobaseourthinking.(2)可以用不定式做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)(復(fù)合賓語(yǔ))的動(dòng)詞：下列動(dòng)詞可以用不定式做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)(復(fù)合賓語(yǔ))：advise,allow,ask,beg,cause,command,compel,enable,determine,encourage,expect,feel,find,force,hate,have,hear,help,inform,invite,let,like,make,mean,need,notice,notify,oblige,order,permit,persuade,remind,request,require,see,send,teach,tell,tempt,trouble,urge,want,warn,watch,wish,注意：畫(huà)線動(dòng)詞后面的不定式不帶to。如：Becauseoftherecentaccidents,ourparentsforbidmybrotherandmetoswimintheriverunlesssomeoneagreestowatchoverus..不定式做定語(yǔ)(1)被修飾的名詞前有序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)或next,last,only,nota,the,very等限定詞時(shí)，該名詞用不定式做定語(yǔ)。如：thefirstwomantosetfootonthemoon第一個(gè)登上月球的女性(2)如果其動(dòng)詞要求不定式做賓語(yǔ)，相應(yīng)的名詞一般用不定式做定語(yǔ)。如：tendencytodo—tendtodo,decisiontodo—^decidetodoThisbookisanattempttohelpyouuseEnglishandrecognizehowitisused.(3)如果其形容詞形式要求接不定式做補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，相應(yīng)的名詞一般用不定式做定語(yǔ)。如：ambitiontodo”干 的雄心”一beambitioustodo“有雄心干 ”curiositytodo”對(duì) 的好奇心”—becurioustodo”對(duì) 好奇”abilitytodo”做 的能力”—abletodo“有能力做……”AccordingtoDarwin,randomchangesthatenhanceaspecies'abilitytosurvivearenaturallyselectedandpassedontosucceedinggeneration.(4)表示方式、原因、時(shí)間、機(jī)會(huì)、權(quán)利等名詞用不定式做定語(yǔ)，這些名詞包括:way,method,reason,time,place,chance,occasion,opportunity,evidence,power,right,movement,drive(運(yùn)動(dòng))，effort等。如：IworkedsolateintheofficelastnightthatIhardlyhadtimetocatchthelastbus.Weappreciateyoureffortstobringaboutacomprehensivesolutiontotheexistingproblem.(5)不定代詞something,nothing,little,much,alot習(xí)慣上用不定式做定語(yǔ)。如：Thoughwehavemadegreatprogress,thereisstillmuchtobeimproved..不定式做狀語(yǔ)不定式做狀語(yǔ)主要表示目的、程度、結(jié)果、方式。(l)inorderto(do),soasto(do)結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)，soasto不能置于句首。如：Tosucceedinascientificresearchproject,oneneedstobepersistent.Iadvisethemtowithdrawsoasnottogetinvolved.(2)so...asto,such...asto,enough...to,too...to結(jié)構(gòu)做程度狀語(yǔ)。如：Thesolutionworksonlyforcoupleswhoareself-employed,don'thavesmallchildrenandgetalongwellenoughtospendmostoftheirtimetogether.ThevocabularyandgrammaticaldifferencesbetweenBritishandAmericanEnglisharesotrivialandfewashardlytobenoticed.(3)不定式做結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)只能出現(xiàn)在句子的末尾，表示不愉快的結(jié)果，有時(shí)用only加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣。常見(jiàn)的不定式動(dòng)詞有find,hear,see,betold,form,give,make,produce等。如：Greatlyagitated,Irushedtotheapartmentandtriedthedoor,onlytofinditlocked.(4)not/nevertoo...to,too...notto,but/onlytoo...to,tooready/eager/apt/inclinedto表示肯定意義。如：Iamonlytoopleasedtohearfromyoufurther.能再聽(tīng)到你的消息，我太高興了。三、動(dòng)名詞.必須接動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞牢記下列要求接動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞：acknowledge,advocate,anticipate,appreciate,advise,avoid,admit,confess,consider,defend,delay,deny,dislike,enjoy,escape,excuse,fancy,favor,finish,forgive,imagine,include,involve,justify,keepmind,miss,mention,pardon,practice,postpone,permit,report,resent,resume,recall,recollect,risk,resist,suggest,tolerate.如：Althoughateenager,Fredcouldresistbeingtoldwhattodoandwhatnottodo.Iappreciatehavingbeengiventheopportunitytostudyabroadtwoyearsago..動(dòng)名詞做介詞短語(yǔ)考生尤其要識(shí)別下列短語(yǔ)中的to是介詞，不是不定式符號(hào)：objectto,resortto,reactto,contributeto,lookforwardto,beaccustomedto,becommittedto,beexposedto,besubjectedto,bedevotedto,bededicatedto,beopposedto,bereconciledto,becontraryto,be(get)usedto,comecloseto,getdownto,giveoneselfupto,prefer...to,seeto,setto,taketo,inadditionto,withregardto,withaviewto,onthewaytoo如：TherewasnosignthatMr.Jospin,whokeepsafirmcontrolonthepartydespitehavingresignedfromleadershipofit,wouldintervenepersonally.Ourmoderncivilizationmustnotbethoughtofashavingbeencreatedinashortperiodoftime.Nowhereinnatureisaluminumfoundfree,owingtoitsalwaysbeingcombinedwithotherelements,mostcommonlywithoxygen.Asthechildrenbecomefinanciallyindependentofthefamily,theemphasisonfamilyfinancialsecuritywillshiftfromprotectiontosavingfortheretirementyears.Everyonewithhalfaneyeontheunemploymentfiguresknewthattheassertionabouteconomicrecoverybeingjustaroundthecornerwasuntrue.四、分詞分詞起形容詞和副詞的作用，在句中做定語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)。在概念上考生應(yīng)清楚：?現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)，表示動(dòng)作在進(jìn)行。?過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)，表示動(dòng)作結(jié)束了的狀態(tài)或結(jié)果。.分詞做定語(yǔ)，弄清現(xiàn)在分詞與過(guò)去分詞的區(qū)別分詞短語(yǔ)做定語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于扃略了的定語(yǔ)從句，考生應(yīng)掌握：⑴現(xiàn)在分詞與被修飾詞之間具有主動(dòng)意義。如：Ifseasytoblamethedeclineofconversationonthepaceofmodernlifeandonthevaguechangestakingplaceinourever-increasingworld.(相當(dāng)于thechangeswhichtakeplace...)TherewasaveryinterestingremarkinabookbyanEnglishmanthatIreadrecentlygivingwhathethoughtwasareasonforthisAmericancharacteristic.(相當(dāng)于whichgave...)Howmanyofusattending,say,ameetingthatisirrelevanttouswouldbeinterestedinthediscussion?(相當(dāng)于Howmanyofuswhowillattend...)(2)過(guò)去分詞與被修飾詞之間具有被動(dòng)意義。如：Goodnewswassometimesreleasedprematurely,withtheBritishrecaptureoftheportannouncedhalfadaybeforethedefendersactuallysurrendered.(相當(dāng)于...recaptureoftheportwhichhadbeenannounced...)Justasthevalueofatelephonenetworkincreaseswitheachnewphoneaddedtothesystem,sodoesthevalueofacomputersystemincreasewitheachprogramthatturnsout.(相當(dāng)于…eachnewphonewhichisaddedto...)Theauthorgaveadetaileddescriptionbasedonhispersonalobservationofnature.(相當(dāng)于...descriptionwhichwasbasedon...)(3)下列不及物動(dòng)詞也以過(guò)去分詞形式做定語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)，但不具有被動(dòng)意義：deceased,departed,elapsed,faded,fallen,gone,grown-up,retired,returned,risen,set,vanished,much-travelled,newlyarrived,recentlycome。如：anescapedprisoner一個(gè)逃才巳aretiredworker一位退休工人afadedcurtain一個(gè)褪了色的窗簾anewlyarrivedstudent一個(gè)新來(lái)的學(xué)生.分詞做狀語(yǔ)，注意區(qū)分分詞的一般式與完成式(1)表示時(shí)間，多置于句首，注意如果分詞表示的動(dòng)作的時(shí)間先于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，要用完成式。如：Havingcompletedonetask,westartedonanotherone.(complete先于start之前發(fā)生)(2)表示原因，置于句首句尾均可，根據(jù)情況有時(shí)要用完成式，有時(shí)用一般式。如：Hewasn'taskedtotakeonthechairmanshipofthesociety,beingconsideredinsufficientlypopularwithallmembers.Thereseemedlittlehopethattheexplorer,havingbeendesertedinthetropicalforest,wouldfindhiswaythroughit.(3)表示伴隨、方式，置于句尾，用分詞的一般式。如：Helenborrowedmydictionarytheotherdaysayingthatshewouldreturnitsoon.Annawasreadingapieceofsciencefiction,completelylosttotheoutsideworld.(4)表示結(jié)果，置于句尾，用分詞的一般式。如：Thecityfounditselfinacrisissituationlastsummerwhentheairconditioningondozensofthenewbusesbrokedown,themunusable.(5)表示補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明(同位)，置于句尾，用分詞的一般式。如：Thearticleopensandcloseswithdescriptionsoftwonewsreports,eachmakingonemajorpointincontrastwiththeother.Fordtrieddividingthelabor,eachworkerassignedaseparatetask..分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)一般為句子的主語(yǔ)，否則分詞短語(yǔ)要有自己的邏輯主語(yǔ)，稱為分詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。分詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)只是句子的一個(gè)部分，但在翻譯時(shí)經(jīng)常譯成獨(dú)立的句子，考生要注意英漢兩種語(yǔ)言在結(jié)構(gòu)上的區(qū)別。如：Allflightshavingbeencanceledbecauseofthesnowstorm,wedecidedtotakethetrain.Darknesssettingin,theyoungcouplelingeredonmerrymaking..分詞做表語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，尤應(yīng)注意由使役動(dòng)詞變來(lái)的分詞的形式(1)現(xiàn)在分詞表示主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)的特征，多以事物做(邏輯)主語(yǔ)。如：HisvictoryinthefinalwasnomoreconvincingthanIhadexpected.(2)過(guò)去分詞表示主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)所處的狀態(tài)或?qū)δ呈碌男睦矸磻?yīng)和感受，多以人做(邏輯)主語(yǔ)。如:Thesestudentsarequickatlearning.We'llhavethemtrainedinnewmethods.Peoplecannotbutfeelpuzzled.Fortheysimplycannotunderstandhowhecouldhavemadesuchastupidmistake.五、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的其他考點(diǎn).按不定式或動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ)都可以，但在意思上有區(qū)別的動(dòng)詞的用法meantodo想要（做某事）proposetodo打算（做某事）meandoing意味（做某事）proposedoing建議（做某事）forgettodo忘記（要做的事）remembertodo記得（要做某事）forgetdoing忘記（已做的事）rememberdoing記得（已做過(guò)的事）goontodo繼而（做另一件事）stoptodo停下來(lái)去做另一件事goondoing繼續(xù)（做原來(lái)的事）stopdoing停止正在做的事regrettodo（對(duì)將要做的事）遺憾regretdoing（對(duì)已做過(guò)的事）后悔如：Mr.Jankinregrettedhavingblamedhissecretaryforthemistake,forhelaterdiscovereditwashisownfault.Theboyisconstantlybeingtoldnottoscratchthepaintoffthewall,buthegoesondoingitallthesame..不定式的習(xí)慣用法句型:cannothelpbutdocannotbutdocannotchoosebutdocandonothingbutdohavenochoice/alternativebuttodo上述句型的意思接近，即“不得不做”、“不禁做”、“不由自主地做"、“不能不做”、“只能做”。其共同的特點(diǎn)是都有一個(gè)否定詞和but?如：Nobodycanhelpbutbefascinatedbytheworldintowhichheistakenbythesciencefiction.WhenIconsiderhowtalentedheisasapainter,Icannothelpbutbelievethatthepublicwillappreciatehisgift..動(dòng)名詞的習(xí)慣用法句型：bebusy/activedoingsth.havedifficulty/trouble/problemdoingsth.Ifsnogood/use/picnicdoingsth.haveagood/great/wonderfultimedoingsth.spend/wastetimedoingsth.Thereisnopoint/sense/harm/usedoingsth.cannothelpdoingsth.Thereisnodoingsth.Iknowitisn'timportantbutIcan'thelpthinkingaboutit.Alicewashavingtroublecontrollingthechildrenbecausethereweresomanyofthem.Thereisnousecryingoverspiltmilk.4.therebe非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的用法（1）做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)取決于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的持續(xù)要求。如：Thestudentsexpectedtheretobemorereviewingclassesbeforethefinalexams.（expect要求接不定式做賓語(yǔ)）（2）做目的狀語(yǔ)或程度狀語(yǔ)時(shí)用fortheretobe,做其他狀語(yǔ)用therebeing?如：Fortheretobesuccessfulcommunication,theremustbeattentivenessandinvolvementinthediscussionitselfbyallpresent.（fortheretobe…在句中做目的狀語(yǔ)）Itisn'tcoldenoughfortheretobeafrosttonight,soIcanleaveJim'scaroutquitesafely.（fortheretobe…在句中做程度狀語(yǔ)）Therebeingnofurtherquestions,we'llstopheretoday.（therebeing…做原因狀語(yǔ)）（3）引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)用fortheretobe。如：Itisunusualfortheretobenolatecomerstoday.（4）做除for外的介詞賓語(yǔ)，用therebeing,如：Hewouldalwaysignorethefactoftherebeingsuchacontradictioninhisinnerthought.六、虛擬語(yǔ)氣.主從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)（1）掌握主從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的規(guī)范搭配：主句從句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反would/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式+dowere（不分人稱）/did與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反would/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式+havedonehaddone與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反would/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式+doshoulddo如；Ifthedoctorhadbeenavailable,thechildcouldnothavedied.Thereisarealpossibilitythattheseanimalscouldbefrightened,shouldtherebeasuddenloudnoise.（2）區(qū)分主從句表示的不同時(shí)間概念：主從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所指時(shí)間不同，這叫做錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句，動(dòng)詞形式應(yīng)根據(jù)實(shí)際情況來(lái)調(diào)整。如：Haditnotbeenforthetimelyinvestmentfromthegeneralpublic,ourcompanywouldnotbesothrivingasitis.（主句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，從句與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反）HadPaulreceivedsixmorevotesinthelastelection,hewouldbeourchairmannow.（主句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，從句與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反）（3）識(shí)別事實(shí)和假設(shè)混合句：Yourmathinstructorwouldhavebeenhappytogiveyouamake-upexaminationhadyougoneandexplainedthatyourparentswereillatthetime.（句子前半部分為假設(shè)情況，而“父母病了”是事實(shí)）Iwouldhavegonetovisithiminthehospitalhaditbeenatallpossible,butIwasfullyoccupiedthewholeoflastweek.（前半部分為假設(shè)，后半部分是事實(shí)）.名詞性從句的虛擬形式名詞性從句是指賓語(yǔ)從句、主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句。從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞需用(should+)動(dòng)詞原形表示虛擬。考生應(yīng)熟悉：(1)下列動(dòng)詞做謂語(yǔ)時(shí)，that賓語(yǔ)從句中的動(dòng)詞用虛擬形式：desire,advise,recommend,command,direct,order,ask,demand,request,require,insist,maintain,move,propose,prefer,urge,voteo如：Inthepastmengenerallypreferredthattheirwivesworkinthehome.Imovethathebedischargedforhisseriousmistake.(2)下列形容詞和分詞做表語(yǔ)或補(bǔ)語(yǔ)時(shí)，that主語(yǔ)從句中動(dòng)詞用虛擬形式：advisable,desirable,insistent,preferable,urgent,appropriate,compulsory,crucial,essential,imperative,important,necessary,obligatory,possible,probable,proper,vital,advised,arranged,commanded,demanded,desired,ordered,proposed,recommended,requested,required,suggested,如：Theboarddeemiturgentthatthesefilesshouldbeprintedrightaway.Itisessentialthatallthesefiguresbecheckedtwice.(3)下列名詞接同位語(yǔ)從句或表語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，從句中動(dòng)詞用虛擬形式：insistence,preference,recommendation,suggestion,proposal,motion,desire,re-quirement,request,order,necessity,importance,regulation,rule,resolution,understanding.如：JohnWagner'smostenduringcontributiontothestudyofAfro-Americanpoetryishisinsistencethatitbeanalyzedinareligious,aswellasworldly,frameofreference.Theykeeptellingusitisofutmostimportancethatourrepresentativebesenttotheconferenceonschedule..含蓄虛擬條件句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式含蓄虛擬語(yǔ)氣是指假設(shè)條件不通過(guò)if從句表達(dá)，而是暗含在其他結(jié)構(gòu)中?？忌鷳?yīng)熟悉：⑴連詞but,butthat,or,orelse;副詞otherwise,unfortunately等表示轉(zhuǎn)折假設(shè)。如：Asafetyanalysiswouldhaveidentifiedthetargetasapotentialdanger.Unfortunately,itwasneverdone.Victorobviouslydoesn'tknowwhafshappened;otherwisehewouldn'thavemadesuchastupidremark.(2)介詞短語(yǔ)暗含假設(shè)條件，常用的有:without,butfor,undermorefavorableconditions等。如：ButfortheEnglishexaminationIwouldhavegonetotheconcertlastSunday.(3)intended/meant/hoped/wished/planned或was/were+不定式完成式或hadintended/meant/planned/hoped/wished+不定式一般式暗示虛擬語(yǔ)氣。如：Iintendedtohavecalledonyou,butIwasbusyatthattime.(4)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞完成式暗示虛擬語(yǔ)氣。如:Ishouldhavecalledtomakeanairlinereservation,butIdidn't..常用虛擬形式的句型(1)從句中動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式或過(guò)去完成式表示虛擬的句型：wouldratherwouldassoonasthoughsuppose...hadratherwouldsoonerasifsupposing...Ifonly...Itis(high)timethat…(從句中動(dòng)詞只用過(guò)去式)如：Hiswifewouldrathertheydidn'ttalkaboutthematteranymore.I'dratheryouwentbytrain,becauseIcan'tbeartheideaofyourbeinginanairplaneinsuchbadweather.IfIwereinamovie,thenitwouldbeabouttimethatIburiedmyheadinmyhandsforacry.Myfatheralwaystalksasthoughhewereaddressingapublicmeeting.(2)Ifitwerenotfor...(與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反)Ifithadnotbeenfor…(與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反)相當(dāng)于butforo如：Ifithadnotbeenforhishelp(=butforhishelp),wewouldnothavesucceeded.(3)Ifonly…謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞視情況選用適當(dāng)?shù)男问?。如：Ifonlythecommitteewouldapprovetheregulationsandputthemintoeffectassoonaspossible.(4)lest/forfearthat/incase從句謂語(yǔ)用(shou[d+)動(dòng)詞原形。如：Themadmanwasputinthesoft-paddedcelllestheinjurehimself.(5)whether…or…有時(shí)謂語(yǔ)用be的原形，引導(dǎo)讓步虛擬從句，這種用法經(jīng)常采用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。如:Churchasweusethewordreferstoallreligiousinstitutions,betheyChristian,Islamic,Buddhist,Jewish,andsoon.Thebusinessofeachday,beitsellinggoodsorshippingthem,wentquitesmoothly.七、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞注意情態(tài)動(dòng)詞完成式的用法有兩方面的含義：.表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的情況(l)musthave+過(guò)去分詞，表示對(duì)已發(fā)生情況的肯定推測(cè)，譯為“(昨天)一定 如：MypainmusthavebeenapparentthemomentIwalkedintotheroom,forthefirstmanImetaskedsympathetically:“Areyoufeelingallright?”(2)cant/couldn"have+過(guò)去分詞，表示對(duì)已發(fā)生情況的否定推測(cè)，譯為“(昨天)一定沒(méi) 如:Marycouldn'thavereceivedmyletter;otherwiseshewouldhaverepliedbeforenow.(3)may/mighthave+過(guò)去分詞，表示對(duì)已發(fā)生的事情做不肯定、可能性很小的推測(cè)，或事實(shí)上根本沒(méi)發(fā)生，譯為“也許 如：AtFloridaPower'sCrystalRiverplant,apotentiallyseriousleakageofradioactivewatermayhavebeenunknowinglycausedbyanelectrician..表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣(l)needn"have+過(guò)去分詞，表示做了不必做的事，譯為“其實(shí)沒(méi)必要……如:Asitturnedouttobeasmallhouseparty,weneedn'thavedressedupsoformally.(2)should/shouldnothave+過(guò)去分詞，表示應(yīng)該做某事但實(shí)際上未做，或本不應(yīng)該做但實(shí)際上做了，譯為“本(不)應(yīng)該 如：Iregrethavinglefttheworkunfinished;Ishouldhaveplannedeverythingaheadcarefully.(3)oughttohave+過(guò)去分詞，表示動(dòng)作按理該發(fā)生了，但實(shí)際上未發(fā)生，譯為“該 ”，與should的完成式含義類(lèi)似。如：Theporteroughttohavecalledthefire-brigadeassoonashesawthefireinthestock,whichwentupinsmoke.(4)couldhave+過(guò)去分詞，表示過(guò)去本來(lái)可以做但卻未做，譯為“完全可以 如：Whatyousaidisright,butyoucouldhavephraseditmoretactfully.(5)may/mighthave+過(guò)去分詞，表示過(guò)去可以做但實(shí)際未做，譯為“(那樣)也許會(huì) 如：Itmighthavebeenbettertoincludemorepunchystatisticsandphotosofequipmentintheintroductiontofurtherassistfirst-timeofficeautomationmanagers..幾個(gè)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞常考的句型(l)may/might(just)aswell”不妨，最好”，與hadbetter相近。如：Sincetheflightwascancelled,youmightaswellgobytrain.(2)cannot/caiTt…too…”越 越好，怎么也不過(guò)分”。注意這個(gè)句型的變體cannot...over...,如：Youcannotbetoocarefulwhenyoudriveacar.Thefinalchaptercoversorganizationalchangeanddevelopment.Thissubjectcannotbeoveremphasized.(3)usedn,t或didn'tuseto為usedto(do)的否定式。(4)should除了“應(yīng)該”一層意思外，考研大綱還規(guī)定要掌握其“竟然”的意思。如:Ididn'texpectthatheshouldhavebehavedlikethat.八、形容詞、副詞及其比較級(jí).形容詞的句法功能形容詞在句中做定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和主語(yǔ)?？忌鷳?yīng)注意：(1)以“a”開(kāi)頭的形容詞如alone,alike,asleep,awake等不能做前置定語(yǔ)，可做表語(yǔ)或后置定語(yǔ)。(2)某些以副詞詞綴“-ly”結(jié)尾的詞是形容詞，如friendly,leisurely,lovely等。(3)下列動(dòng)詞既是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞又是系動(dòng)詞，注意用做系動(dòng)詞時(shí)，要求形容詞做表語(yǔ)：remain,keep,become,get,grow,go,come,turn,stay,stand,run,prove,seem,appear,look,如：Al!thoseleftundonemaysoundgreatintheory,buteventhetruestbelieverhasgreatdifficultywhenitcomestospecifics..副詞主要測(cè)試其修飾作用考生應(yīng)了解：副詞可修飾謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、整個(gè)句子。如：Thispairofshoesisn'tgood,butthatpairishardlybetter.(與前半句的否定意義吻合)It'sessentia!thatpeoplebepsychologicallyabletoresisttheimpactbroughtaboutbythetransitionfromplannedeconomytomarketeconomy.Andrew,myfather'syoungerbrother,willnotbeatthepicnic,muchtothefamily'sdisappointment.Mostofusareoftheopinionthatthissetoftrainingprogramisamongthemostwiselydevisedoneswehaveseensofar.考比較級(jí)時(shí)，考生應(yīng)把握(1)形容詞和副詞比較級(jí)的形式是否和比較連詞對(duì)應(yīng)出現(xiàn)，即是否符合原級(jí)比較及比較級(jí)的結(jié)構(gòu)。如：Doyouenjoylisteningtorecords?Ifindrecordsareoftenasgoodas,orbetterthananactualperformance.Onthewhole,ambitiousstudentsaremorelikelytosucceedintheirstudiesthanarethosewithlittleambition.(2)比較的成分是否屬于同類(lèi)事物或同類(lèi)概念。如：Thenumberofregisteredparticipantsinthisyear'smarathonwashalfthatoflastyear's.Youngreaders,moreoftenthannot,findthenovelsofDickensfarmoreexcitingthanThackeray's.(3)比較級(jí)的修飾語(yǔ)如alittle,alot,the,any,even,far,hardly,lots,much,rather,還有表示倍數(shù)比較的詞等，他們的位置是：修飾語(yǔ)+as...as…，或修飾語(yǔ)+more...than...o如：Smokingissoharmfultopersonalhealththatitkillsseventimesmorepeopleeachyearthanautomobileaccidents.“Doyouregretpayingfivehundreddollarsforthepainting?”“No,Iwouldgladlyhavepaidtwiceasmuchforit.”(4)下列詞和短語(yǔ)不用比較級(jí)形式卻表示比較概念：inferior,minor,senior,prior,preferto,superior,major,junior,preferable,differfrom,comparedwith,incomparisonwith,differentfrom,ratherthan?4口：Theirwatchissuperiortoalltheotherwatchesonthemarket.最高級(jí)形式應(yīng)注意的問(wèn)題(1)最高級(jí)比較范圍用介詞in,over,of,among,in,(all)over用于在某一范圍內(nèi)的比較，如：inChina,allovertheworld;of,among用于在同一群體內(nèi)同類(lèi)事物的比較，如：amongtheteachers,ofthefourdresses.注意：among...相當(dāng)于oneof…，不說(shuō)amongall....這一點(diǎn)考生應(yīng)與漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)區(qū)別開(kāi)來(lái)。如：Ofallvisiblelights,redlighthasthelongestandviolettheshortestwavelength.(2)比較級(jí)形式表示最高級(jí)意義時(shí)，比較對(duì)象的范圍應(yīng)用：anyother+單數(shù)名詞theother+復(fù)數(shù)名詞theothersanyone/anythingelse上述詞是用來(lái)將比較級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)變成最高級(jí)意義的關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)，切不可遺漏，否則會(huì)造成邏輯混亂的錯(cuò)誤。如不能說(shuō)：Johnrunsfasterthananyone.注意與漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)的不同。有關(guān)比較級(jí)的特殊句型(l)notsomuch…as…與其說(shuō) 不如說(shuō)……Thechiefreasonforthepopulationgrowthisn'tsomuchariseinbirthratesasafallindeathratesasaresultofimprovementsinmedicalcare.(2)no/notanymore…than…兩者一樣都不 Theheartisnomoreintelligentthanthestomach,fortheyarebothcontrolledbythebrain.Thereisnoreasontheyshouldlimithowmuchvitaminyoutake,anymorethantheycanlimithowmuchwateryoudrink.(3)no/notanyless…than…兩者一樣都 Sheisnolessbeautifulthanhersister.(4)justas...so.…正如 也 (用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu))Justasthesoilisapartoftheearth,soistheatmosphere.九、平行結(jié)構(gòu).注意由并列連詞或等立連詞連接的成分在語(yǔ)法形式上是否相同，即都是形容詞，或都是介詞短語(yǔ)，或都是不定式，或都是動(dòng)名詞，或都是句子等。如：Symposiumtalkswillcoverawiderangeofsubjectsfromoverfishingtophysicalandenvironmentalfactorsthataffectthepopulationsofdifferentspecies.Intheteachingofmathematics,thewayofinstructionisgenerallytraditional,withteacherspresentingformallecturesandstudentstakingnotes..注意比較結(jié)構(gòu)中相比較的內(nèi)容在語(yǔ)法形式上是否相同。如：Itisbettertodieonone'sfeetthantoliveonone'sknees.Despitethetemporarydifficulties,themanagerprefersincreasingtheoutputtodecreasingit..其他具有并列或比較意義的短語(yǔ)。(l)ratherthan,letalone雖不是并列連詞,但在結(jié)構(gòu)上連接兩個(gè)語(yǔ)法形式相同的成分。如：Wearetaughtthatabusinesslettershouldbewritteninaformalstyleratherthaninapersonalstyle.Forthenewcountrytosurvive,letaloneforitspeopletoenjoyprosperity,neweconomicpolicieswillberequired.(2)如果平行的兩個(gè)成分在形式上是介詞短語(yǔ)，而且介詞相同，一般說(shuō)來(lái)第二個(gè)介詞不要省略。如：Attimes,morecaregoesintothecompositionofnewspaperandmagazineadvertisementsthanintothewritingofthefeaturesandeditorials.十、代詞1.與所指代的名詞在性、數(shù)、格上是否一致如：Eachcigaretteapersonsmokesdoessomeharm,andeventuallyhemaygetaseriousdiseasefromitseffect.Itwasduringthe1920'sthatthefriendshipbetweenthetwoAmericanwritersHemingwayandFitzgeraldreacheditshighestpoint.Ourdepartmentwasmonitoredbytwosupervisors,Billandme.l.that的指代作用that指代不可數(shù)名詞和單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞(如是復(fù)數(shù)，用those),后面通常跟有修飾語(yǔ)，如出現(xiàn)在比較結(jié)構(gòu)中的thatof。如：Conversationcallsforawillingnesstoalternatetheroleofspeakerwiththatoflistener,anditcallsforoccasional“digestivepauses“byboth.Nobreadeatenbymanissosweetasthatearnedbyhisownlabor.3.one的指代作用one指代帶不定冠詞的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，復(fù)數(shù)為onesotheone指代帶定冠詞的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。如：Agoodwriterisonewhocanexpressthecommonplaceinanuncommonway.4.do的替代作用do代替動(dòng)詞，注意數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化。如:Forhimtobereflected,whatisessentialisnotthathispolicyworks,butthatthepublicbelievethatitdoes.十一、主謂一致問(wèn)題 主謂一致是指主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)在數(shù)上要一致。把握主謂一致問(wèn)題，考生主要解決的是對(duì)不同結(jié)構(gòu)的主語(yǔ)單復(fù)數(shù)的認(rèn)定，進(jìn)而選擇適當(dāng)?shù)闹^語(yǔ)。.主謂一致常出現(xiàn)在主謂倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)中。如：Justoutsidetheruinsisamagnificentbuildingsurroundedbytalltrees.Althoughagreatnumberofhousesinthatareaarestillinneedofrepair,therehasbeenimprovementinthefacilities.2.主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)之間有定語(yǔ)從句或其他結(jié)構(gòu)修飾，所以距離較遠(yuǎn)，考生易誤認(rèn)主語(yǔ)。Theamountofpressurewhichthematerialsaresubjecttoaffectsthequalityoftheproducts..關(guān)系代詞做主語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)的數(shù)要與先行詞一致。如：Despitemuchresearch,therearestillcertainelementsinthelifecycleoftheinsectthatarenotfullyunderstood.Therearemanyvaluableserviceswhichthepublicarewillingtopayfor,butwhichdonotbringareturninmoneytothecommunity..動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)、不定式短語(yǔ)、名詞性從句做主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。如：Buyingclothesisoftenatime-consumingjobbecausethoseclothesthatapersonlikesarerarelytheonesthatfithimorher.Tounderstandthesituationcompletelyrequiresmorethoughtthanhasbeengiventhusfar..主語(yǔ)帶有(togethei7a】ong)with,suchas,aswellas,accompaniedby,including,ratherthan等附加成分，謂語(yǔ)的數(shù)不受附加成分的影響。如：Thepresidentofthecollege,togetherwiththedeans,isplanningaconferenceforthepurposeoflayingdowncertainregulations..表示時(shí)間、距離、金額、重量、面積、體積、容積等度量的名詞短語(yǔ)做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。.某些固定結(jié)構(gòu)中謂語(yǔ)的數(shù)：agreatmany+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)manya+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)anumberof+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)thenumberof+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)themajorityof+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)each/every+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù) neither/eitherof+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù) morethano