高考英語二輪復習閱讀主旨題講義以及練習題（含答案）

高考復習干貨之閱讀主旨題閱讀專題：主旨題解題思路：主旨題分為兩種解法：但是在解法上，主旨題分為兩種解法：1）首尾段解法（首段如果太短，就首段+第二段）+尋找中心句法適用面最廣2）自擬題目法+逆推法（尤適用于記敘文）兩種解法分別對應不同類型的閱讀文章文體。自擬題目法對應純記敘文，首尾段法對應說明文，議論文（或者說首尾段法對應除了記敘文外的其他文體。）其他注意事項備注：注意文中給的漢字注釋。1）首尾段解法（首段如果太短，就首段+第二段）+尋找中心句法重視首尾段，尤其重視首尾段的中心句。中心句很有可能會涉及文章中多次提到或核心的關(guān)鍵詞一般做法是：Step1看首段有沒有轉(zhuǎn)折詞或者因果順承關(guān)系的詞（but，yet，however，although，thus,therefore等），若有即該句很有可能是主旨句Step2若沒有轉(zhuǎn)折詞，看尾句是否有總結(jié)性的語句，若有，則尾句是.Step3若不存在兩種情況，那往往第一句是。2）自擬題目法+逆推法（尤適用于記敘文）記敘文的主旨，先把不夠具體比較空泛的選項排除。自擬題目法+逆推法意思是記敘文讀完之后，自己先起一個題目，然后看選項哪個選項和自己的題目最接近。如果不行，就把四個選項當成命題作文，想象自己會怎么寫文章，會不會寫成文中那樣。主旨大意題主要考查考生把握全文主題和理解中心思想的能力，以概括1）中心大意、2）段落大意、3）選擇標題及4）判斷作者寫作意圖等形式出現(xiàn)。1）中心大意e.gWhatcanbeconcludedfromthepassage?2)段落大意 e.gWhatisParagraph___mainlyabout?3）選擇標題e.gWhatcouldbethebesttitleforthepassage？4）判斷作者寫作意圖e.gWhatistheauthor’sintentionofwritingthispassage?1）中心大意2013年天津高考D篇 Whenaskedabouthappiness,weusuallythinkofsomethingextraordinary,anabsolutedelight,whichseemstogetrarertheolderweget. Forkids,happinesshasamagicalquality.Theirdelightatwinningaraceorgettinganewbikeisunreserved(毫無掩飾的). Intheteenageyearstheconceptofhappinesschanges.Suddenlyit’sconditionalonsuchthingsasexcitement,loveandpopularity.Icanstillrecalltheexcitementofbeinginvitedtodancewiththemostattractiveboyattheschoolparty. Inadulthoodthethingsthatbringdeepjoylove,marriage,birthalsobringresponsibilityandtheriskofloss.Foradults,happinessiscomplicated(復雜的). Mydefinitionofhappinessis“thecapacityforenjoyment”.Themorewecanenjoywhatwehave,thehappierweare.It’seasytooverlookthepleasurewegetformthecompanyoffriends,thefreedomtolivewhereweplease,andevengoodhealth. Iexperiencedmylittlemomentsofpleasureyesterday.FirstIwasoverjoyedwhenIshutthelastlunch-boxandhadthehousetomyself.ThenIspentanuninterruptedmorningwriting,whichIlove.Whenthekidsandmyhusbandcamehome,Ienjoyedtheirnoiseafterthequietoftheday. Psychologiststellusthattobehappyweneedamixofenjoyableleisuretimeandsatisfyingwork.Idon’tthinkthatmygrandmother,whoraised14children,hadmuchofeither.Shedidhaveanetworkofclosefriendsandfamily,andmaybethisiswhatsatisfiedher. We,however,withsomanychoicesandsuchpressuretosucceedineveryarea,haveturnedhappinessintoonemorethingwe’vegottohave.We’reself-consciousaboutour“right”toitthatit’smakingusmiserable.Sowechaseitandequalitwithwealthandsuccess,withoutnoticingthatthepeoplewhohavethosethingsaren’tnecessarilyhappier. Happinessisn’taboutwhathappenstousit’sabouthowweseewhathappenstous.It’stheskillfulwayoffindingapositiveforeverynegative.It’snotwishingforwhatwedon’thave,butenjoyingwhatwedopossess.Whatcanbeconcludedfromthepassage? A.Happinessliesbetweenthepositiveandnegative. B.Eachmanisthemasterofhisownfate. C.Successleadstohappiness. D.Happyishewhoiscontent.答案：D這個主旨比較簡單，整篇文章都在說幸福，首尾段聯(lián)系起來，可以選D。2)段落大意2018-2019年高三英語周報Recentlyresearchersstudiedspidersandhadnewdiscovers.Theteam,ledbyDr.Nabawy，wastryingtounlockthesecretsbehindthejumpingspiders’extraordinarilyhighjumpstocatchtheprey(獵物).Abetterunderstandingofthesecretsbehindtheirjumpswouldhelpexpertsdevelopmoreefficientjumpingrobots.Whileobtainingthetestspidersfromapetshopwaseasyenough,trainingthemtojumpondemandsothattheprecisemovementscouldberecordedwaschallenging.3Sincespiderseatonlyonceaweek,attractingthemwithfoodwouldresultinjustasinglejumpeverysevendays.Theresearchers,therefore,decidedtotrytotrainthespiderstojumpbyphysicallymovingthembackandforthbetweentwomoveableplatforms,whichcouldbeadjustedtodifferentlevelsanddistance.Theyhopedthatoncethespidersbecamefamiliarwiththechallenge,theywouldtrytoattemptitbythemselves.Eventually,onespider,Kim,decidedtocooperate.What’sParagraph3mainlyabout? A.ThejumpingcharacteristicofspidersB.Theprecisemovementsofspiders.C.TheeffortstoattractspiderstojumpforfoodD.Thetrainingprocessofspiders’jumpingondemand.答案：Dtherefore表示遞進，由此找到第三段中心句，根據(jù)中心句選出正確答案。3）選擇標題2013年天津高考C篇PoetWilliamStaffordoncesaidthatwearedefinedmorebythedetours(繞行路)inlifethanbythenarrowroadtowardgoals.Ilikethisimage.ButitwasquitebyaccidentthatIdiscoveredthedeepmeaningofhiswords. ForyearswemadethelongdrivefromourhomeinSeattletomyparents’homeinBoiseinninehours.Wetraveledthelongwaymostpeopledo:thefastest,shortest,easiestroad,especiallywhenIwasalonewithfournoisy,restlesskidswhohateconfinement(限制)andhavestrongopinionsabouteverything. Roadtripsfeltrisky,soIwoulddrivefast,stoppingonlywhenIhadto.Wewouldsticktothefreewaysandarrivetired. ButthenBanner,ourlambwasborn.HewasrejectedbyhismamadaysbeforeourplannedtriptoBoise.Ihadtwochoices:leaveBannerwithhusband,ortakehimwithme.Myhusbandmadethedecisionforme. ThatishowIfoundmyselfontheroadwithfourkids,ababylambandnothingbutmyeverlastingoptimismtoseemethrough.Wetookthecountryroadsoutofnecessity.Wehadtostopeveryhour,letBannershakeouthislegsandfeedhim.Thekidschasedhimandoneanother.They’dgetbackinthecarbreathlessandenergized,smellingfreshfromthecoldair. Weexploredsideroads,catchinggrasshoppersinwaist-highgrass.Evenifwesimplylookedoutofthecarwindowsatbabypigsfollowingtheirmother,orfishleapingoutofthewater,itwasbetterthantheridedownthefreeway.Herewaslife.Andnewhorizons(見識). Weeventuallyarrivedatmyparents’doorstepastonishinglyfreshandfullofstories. Igrewbravewiththetripbackhomeandcreativewithmydiscipliningtechnique.Onanemptysectionofroad,everyonestartedquarreling.Istoppedthecar,orderedallkidsoutandtoldthemtomeetmeupahead.Iparkedmycarhalfamileawayandreadmybookinsweetsilence. Someroadtripsarebynecessityfastandstraight.ButthattripwithBanneropenedoureyestoaworldavailabletoanyoneadventurousenoughtowanderaroundandmademerealizethatadetourmayuncoverthebestpartofajourneyandthebestpartofyourself.Whatcouldbethebesttitleforthepassage? A.CharmoftheDetour B.TheRoadtoBravery C.CreativityoutofNecessity D.RoadTripandCountryLife答案：A聯(lián)系首尾段能得出正確答案2017年天津高考C篇Thismonth，Germany’stransportminister，AlexanderDobrindt，proposedthefirstsetofrulesforautonomousvehicles(自主駕駛車輛)．Theywoulddefinethedriver’sroleinsuchcarsandgovernhowsuchcarsperformincrasheswherelivesmightbelost.Theproposalattemptstodealwithwhatsomecallthe“deathvalley”ofautonomousvehicles：thegreyareabetweensemi-autonomousandfullydriverlesscarsthatcoulddelaythedriverlessfuture.Dobrindtwantsthreethings：thatacaralwayschoosesproperty(財產(chǎn))damageoverpersonalinjury；thatitneverdistinguishesbetweenhumansbasedonageorrace；andthatifahumanremoveshisorherhandsfromthedrivingwheel—tocheckemail，say—thecar’smakerisresponsibleifthereisacrash.“Thechangetotheroadtrafficlawwillpermitfullyautomaticdriving，”saysDobrindt.Itwillputfullydriverlesscarsonanequallegalfootingtohumandrivers，hesays.Whoisresponsiblefortheoperationofsuchvehiclesisnotclearamongcarmakers，consumersandlawyers.“Theliability(法律責任)issueisthebiggestoneofthemall，”saysNatashaMeratattheUniversityofLeeds，UK.AnassumptionbehindUKinsurancefordriverlesscars，introducedearlierthisyear，insiststhatahuman“bewatchfulandmonitoringtheroad”ateverymoment.Butthatisnotwhatmanypeoplehaveinmindwhenthinkingofdriverlesscars.“Whenyousay‘driverlesscars’，peopleexpectdriverlesscars，”Meratsays.“Youknow—nodriver.”Becauseoftheconfusion，Meratthinkssomecarmakerswillwaituntilvehiclescanbefullyautomatedwithouthumanoperation.Driverlesscarsmayendupbeingaformofpublictransportratherthanvehiclesyouown，saysRyanCaloatStanfordUniversity，California.ThatishappeningintheUKandSingapore，wheregovernment-provideddriverlessvehiclesarebeinglaunched.ThatwouldgodownpoorlyintheUS，however.“Theideathatthegovernmentwouldtakeoverdriverlesscarsandtreatthemasapublicgoodwouldgetabsolutelynowherehere，”saysCalo.Whatcouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A．AutonomousDriving：WhoseLiability?B．FullyAutomaticCars：ANewBreakthroughC．AutonomousVehicles：DriverRemoved!D．DriverlessCars：RootofRoadAccidents答案：A聯(lián)系首尾段能得出答案，但是首尾段較難懂，可以多關(guān)注文中標明的漢字，就能明白全文再說什么。2016年四川高考D篇Awarmdrinkofmilkbeforebedhaslongbeenthebestchoiceforthosewantingagoodnight’ssleep.Butnowastudyhasfounditreallydoeshelppeoplenodoff—ifitismilkedfromacowatnight.Researchershavediscoveredthat“nightmilk”containsmoremelatonin(褪黑激素)，whichhasbeenproventohelppeoplefeelsleepyandreduceanxiety.Thestudy，byresearchersfromSeoul，SouthKorea，involvedmicebeingfedwithdriedmilkpowdermadefromcowsmilkedbothduringthedayandatnight.Thosegivennightmilk，whichcontained10timestheamountofmelatonin，werelessactiveandlessanxiousthanthosefedwiththemilkcollectedduringdaytime，accordingtothestudypublishedinTheJournalofMedicinalFood.Nightmilkquickenedthestartofsleepandcausedthemicetosleeplonger.Whiletheeffectofcowsmilkharvestedatdifferenttimehasnotbeentestedonhumansuptonow，takingmelatonindrugshasbeensuggestedtothosewhoarestrugglingtofallasleepatnight.Previousstudieshavealsoindicatedthatmilkcanbeexcellentforhelpingsleepbecauseofthecalciumcontent，whichhelpspeopletorelax.Milkisalsosugar-freeandadditive-freewithnutritionistsrecommendingskimmedmilkasthebestchoicebeforebedasitistheleastfattening.Themorefatyoutakeinbeforebedtime，thegreaterburdenyouwillputonyourbodyatnight.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A．NightMilkandSleepB．Fat，SugarandHealthC．AnExperimentonMiceD．MilkDrinkingandHealth答案：A聯(lián)系首尾段能得出答案4）判斷作者寫作意圖2013年天津高考B篇Lastnight’smeteor(流星)showerleftmanypeopleinthecommunitydissatisfiedanddemandinganswers.AccordingtoGabeRothschild,EmeraldValley’smayor,peoplegatheredinthesuburbsofthecity,carryingheavytelescopes,expectingtowatchthebrightlyburningmeteorspassingthroughthesky.Whattheyfoundinsteadwasaskysobrightenedbythecity’slightsthatitdarkenedthelightofthemeteorspassingoverhead.

“Myfamilywassofrustrated,”admittedtownresidentDuaneCosby,“Wewantedtomakethisanunforgettablefamilyouting,butitturnedouttobeahugedisappointment.”

Astronomers—scientistswhostudystarsandplanets—havebeencomplainingaboutthisproblemfordecades.Theysaythatlightpollutionpreventsthemfromseeingobjectsintheskythattheycouldseequiteeasilyinthepast.Theycallonpeopleandthegovernmenttotakemeasurestofightagainstit.

Thereisyetapopulationbesidesprofessionalandamateurstarobserversthatsuffersevenmorefromlightpollution.Thispopulationconsistsofbirds,bats,frogs,snakes,etc.Forexample,outdoorlightingseverelyaffectsmigrating(遷徙的)birds.AccordingtotheInternationalDark-SkyAssociation,“100millionbirdsayearthroughoutNorthAmericadieincrasheswithlightedbuildingsandtowers.”

Countlessmoreanimalcasualties(傷亡)resultfromtheuseofartificiallighting.Clearly,peopleenjoythebenefitsoflightingtheirevenings.Butsomescientiststhinkitcanbeharmfulforhumans,too.Theyworrythatexposuretolightwhilesleepingcanincreaseaperson’schancesofgettingcancer.

EmeraldValleyisonlyonecommunitythatisbecomingawareofthenegativeeffectsoflightpollution.Foryears,Flagstaff,Arizona,hasenforcedlightingregulationsinitscityinordertoassistastronomersattheLowellObservatory.Similareffortshavebeenmadeworldwide,andamovementisunderwaytoremindustoturnofflightswhenwearenotusingthem,sothatothercreaturescansharethenight.Whatmessagedoestheauthormostwanttogiveus?A.Savingwildlifeissavingourselves.B.Greateffortsshouldbemadetosaveenergy.C.Humanactivitiesshouldbeenvironmentallyfriendly.D.Newequipmentshouldbeintroducedforspacestudy.答案：C聯(lián)系首尾段能得出答案。2018年天津高考D篇Giveyourselfatest.Whichwayisthewindblowing?Howmanykindsofwildflowerscanbeseenfromyourfrontdoor?Ifyourawarenessisassharpasitcouldbe,you’llhavenotroubleansweringthesequestions.Mostofusobservedmuchmoreaschildrenthanwedoasadults.Achild’sdayisfilledwithfascination,newnessandwonder.Curiositygaveusallanaturalawareness.Butdistinctionsthatweresharptousaschildrenbecomeunclear;wearenumb(麻木的)tonewstimulation(刺激),newideas.Relearningtheartofseeingtheworldaroundusisquitesimple,althoughittakespracticeandrequiresbreakingsomebadhabits.Thefirststepinawakeningsensesistostoppredictingwhatwearegoingtoseeandfeelbeforeitoccurs.Thisblocksawareness.OnechillynightwhenIwashikingintheRockyMountainswithsomestudents,Imentionedthatweweregoingtocrossamountainstream.Thestudentsbegancomplainingabouthowcolditwouldbe.Wereachedthestream,andtheyunwillinglywalkedahead.Theywerealmostknee-deepwhentheyrealizeditwasahotspring.Latertheyalladmittedthey’dfeltcoldwateratfirst.Anotherblocktoawarenessistheobsession(癡迷)manyofushavewithnamingthings.Isawbirdwatcherswhospottedabird,immediatelylookeditupinfieldguides,andsaid,a"ruby-crownedkinglet"andcheckeditoff.Theynolongerpaidattentiontothebirdandneverlearnedwhatitwasdoing.Thepressuresof"time"and"destination"arefurtherblockstoawareness.Iencounteredmanyhikerswhowereheadedtoadistantcamp-groundwithjustenoughtimetogettherebeforedark.Itseldomoccurredtothemtowanderabit,totakeamomenttoseewhat’saroundthem.Iaskedthemwhatthey’dseen."Oh,afewbirds,"theysaid.Theyseemedbentontheirdestinations.Natureseemstounfoldtopeoplewhowatchandwait.Nexttimeyoutakeawalk,nomatterwhereitis,takeinallthesights,soundsandsensations.Wanderinthisframeofmindandyouwillopenanewdimensiontoyourlife.Inthepassage,theauthorintendstotellusweshould________.A.filloursensestofeelthewondersoftheworldB.getridofsomebadhabitsinourdailylifeC.openourmindtonewthingsandideasD.tryourbesttoprotectnature答案：A聯(lián)系首尾段能得出答案。2014年天津高考D篇Peoplearen’twalkinganymoreiftheycanfigureoutawaytoavoidit.IfeltsuperioraboutthismatteruntiltheotherdayItookmycartomailasmallparcel.Thejourneyisamatterof281steps.ButIusedthecar.AndIwasn’tinayhurry,either,Ihadmerelybecomeonemorevictimofanationalsickness:motorosis.ItisanillnesstowhichIhadthoughtmyselfimmune(免疫的),forIwasbredinthetraditionofgoingtoplacesonmyowntwolegs.Atthattime,weregarded25milesasgoodday’swalkandtheabilitytocoversuchadistanceintenhoursassignofstrengthandskill.Itdidnotoccurtousthatwalkingwasahardship.Andtheeffectwaslasting.WhenIwas45yearsoldIraced–andbeat—ateenagefootballplayerthe168stepsuptheStatureofLiberty.Suchenterprisestodayareregardedbymanymiddle-agedpersonsasbadfortheheart.Butawell-knownBritishphysician,SirAdolpheAbrhams,pointedoutrecentlythatheartsandbodiesneedproper……ismorelikelytohaveillnessesthanonewhoexercisesregularly.Andwlakingisanidealformofexercisethemostfamiliarandnaturalofall.ItwasHenryThoreauwhoshowedmankindtherichnessofgoingonfoot.Themanwalkingcanlearnthetrees,flower,insects,birdsandanimals,thesignificanceofseasons,theveryfeelofhimselfasalivingcreatureinalivingworld,Hecannotlearninacar.Thecarisaconvenientmeansoftransport,butwehavemadeitourwayoflife.Manypeopledon’tdaretoapproachNatureanymore;tothemtheworldtheywereborntoenjoyisallthreat.Tothemsecurityisasteelriverthunderingonaconcreteroad.Andmuchoftheirthinkingtakesplacewhilewaitingforthetrafficlighttoturngreen.Isaythatthegreenofforestsisthemind’sbestlight.Andnonebutthemanonfootcanevaluatewhatisbasicandeverlasting.Whatistheauthor’sintentionofwritingthispassage?A.Totellpeopletoreflectmoreonlife.B.TorecommendpeopletogiveupdrivingC.ToadvisepeopletodooutdooractivitiesD.Toencouragepeopletoreturntowalking答案：D聯(lián)系首尾段能得出正確答案2）自擬題目法+逆推法（尤適用于記敘文）為了更好地減小難度，我們一般用排除法先排除錯誤選項。怎么排除？2014年天津高考C篇“Dad,”Isayoneday…..takeatrip.Whydon’tyouflyandmeetme?”Myfatherhadjustreired………..Hisjobfilledhisday,histhought,hislife.Whilehewokeupandtookawarmshower,IscreamedunderafreezingwaterfallPeru.WhilehetiedatieandputonthesameSwisswatch,IrowedaboatacrossLakeoftheOzarks.Myfatherseesmedrftingaimlessly,nothingtoshowformy33yearsbutapassportfulloffunnystamps.Hewantsmetosettledown,butnowIwanthimtofindanadventure.Heagreestotravelwithmethroughthenationalparks.WemeetfourweekslaterinRapidCity.“Whatisourfirststop?”asksmyfather.“Whattimeisit?”“Stilldon’thaveawatch?”LessthananhourawayisMountRushmore.AshestaresupatthefourPresidentscarvedingranite(花崗巖),hismouthandeyesopenslowly,likethoseoflittleboy.“Unbelievable,”hesays,“Howwasthisdone?”AfilmintheinformationcentershowssculptorGutzonBorglumdevoted14yearstothesculptureandthenleftthefinaltouchestohisson.WestareupandIaskmyself,WouldIeverdevotemylifetoanything?Nodirections,……Ialwaysusedtohearthosewordsinmyfather’svoice.NowIheartheminmyown.Thenextdaywe’reatYellowstone“Didyouevertravelwithyourdad?Iask.“Onlyonce,”hesays.“Ineverspokemuchwithmyfather.Welovedeachotherbutneversaidit.Whateverhecouldgiveme,hegave.”>Thekastsebtebceit’sprobablythesamethingI’ssayaboutmyfather.AndwhatI’dwantmychildtosayaboutme.InGlacierNationalPark,myfathersays,“I’veneverseenwatersoblue.”Ihave,inseveralplacesoftheworld,Icankeeptraveling,Irealizeandmaybearegularjobwon’tbeasdullasWeeksafterourtrip,Icallmyfather.“Thephotosfromthetriparewonderful,”hesays.”Wehavegottotakeanothertriplikethatsometime.ItellhimI’velearndecidedtosettledown,andI’mwearingawatch.Whatcouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.LoveNature,LoveLifeB.ASonLostinAdventureC.AJourneywithDadD.TheArtofTravel答案：C容易誤選為D，但是D不如C具體，記敘文的標題，應該是C更合適。2015年天津高考D篇OnedaywhenIwas12,mymothergavemeanorder:Iwastowalktothepubliclibrary,andborrowatleastonebookforthesummer.Thiswasonemoreweaponforhertodefeatmystrangeproblem—inabilitytoread. Inthelibrary,Ifoundmywayintothe“Children’sRoom.”Isatdownonthefloorandpulledafewbooksofftheshelfatrandom.Thecoverofabookcaughtmyeye.Itpresentedapictureofabeagle.Ihadrecentlyhadabeagle,thefirstandonlyanimalcompanionIeverhadasachild.Hewasmysecretsharer,butonemorning,hewasgone,givenawaytosomeonewhohadthespaceandthemoneytocareforhim.Ineverforgotmybeagle. Thereonthebook’scoverwasabeaglewhichlookedidentical（相同的）tomydog.Iranmyfingersoverthepictureofthedogonthecover.Myeyesranacrossthetitle,Amos,theBeaglewithaPlan.Unknowingly,Ihadreadthetitle.Withoutopeningthebook,Iborroweditfromthelibraryforthesummer.Undertheshadeofabush,IstartedtoreadaboutAmos.Ireadvery,veryslowlywithdifficulty.Thoughpageswereturnedslowly,Igotthemainideaofthestoryaboutadogwho,likemine,hadbeenseparatedfromhisfamilyandwhofinallyfoundhiswaybackhome.Thatdogwasmydog,andIwasthelittleboyinthebook.Attheendofthestory,mymindcontinuedthefinalsceneofreunion,onandon,untilmyownlostdogandIwere,inmymind,runningtogether. Mymother’scallreturnedmetotherealworld.Isuddenlyrealizedsomething:Ihadreadabook,andIhadlovedreadingthatbook.EveryoneknewIcouldnotread.ButIhadreadit.BookscouldbeincrediblywonderfulandIwasgoingtoreadthem. Inevertoldmymotheraboutmy“miraculous”(奇跡般地)experiencethatsummer,butshesawaslowbutremarkableimprovementinmyclassroomperformanceduringthenextyear.Andyearslater,shewasproudthathersonhadreadthousandsofbooks,wasawardedaPhDinliterature,andauthoredhisownbooks,articles,poetryandfiction.Thepowerofthewordshasheld.Whichonecouldbethebesttitleofthepassage?A.TheCharmofaBook B.Mum’sStrictOrderC.ReunionwithMyBeagle D.MyPassionforReading答案：A容易誤選為D，但是D不如A具體，記敘文的標題，應該是A更合適。2017年6月天津高考B篇Fifteenyearsago,Itookasummervacationi