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歡迎閱讀本文檔,希望本文檔能對您有所幫助!歡迎閱讀本文檔,希望本文檔能對您有所幫助!感謝閱讀本文檔,希望本文檔能對您有所幫助!感謝閱讀本文檔,希望本文檔能對您有所幫助!歡迎閱讀本文檔,希望本文檔能對您有所幫助!感謝閱讀本文檔,希望本文檔能對您有所幫助!“文化”(culture)物質(zhì)文化(materialculture)制度文化(institutionalculture)心理文化(也稱觀念文化)(mentalculture)咖啡(coffee)、巧克力(chocolate)、色拉(salad)、三明治(sandwich)、歇斯底里(hysteria)、休克(shock)、基因(gene)、鈣(calcium)、維他命(vitamin)、奧林匹克(Olympic)、雷達(dá)(radar)、先令(shilling)、夾克(jacket)、電視(television)、激光(laser)、飛機(jī)(aeroplane)、火車(train)、交響樂(symphony)、基督徒(Christian)、面包(bread)、盲文(brail)、圣誕老人(SantaClaus)、圣經(jīng)(Bible)、馬海毛(mahair)、貝雷帽(beret)、革命(revolution)、營養(yǎng)(nourish)、解放(liberate)、民主(democracy)、科學(xué)(science)、獨(dú)裁(dictatorship)、心理學(xué)(psychology)、形而上學(xué)(metaphysics)、圖書館(library)、想象(imagination)、暗示(hint)、投資(investment)磁卡電話(cardphone)、立交橋(overpass)、隱形眼鏡(contactlenses)、下拉菜單(pulldown)、軟驅(qū)(floppydrive)、光驅(qū)(CDdrive)、鼠標(biāo)(mouse)、電腦(computer)、內(nèi)存條(RAMchip)、復(fù)印機(jī)(xeroxmachine)、安樂死(euthanasia)、艾滋?。ˋIDS)、香波(shampoo)、連鎖店(chainstore)、熱狗(hotdog)、自助餐(buffet)、牛仔服(cowboysuit)、T恤衫(T-shirt)意合(parataxis)隱性(covertness)顯性(overtness)形合(hypotaxis)倫理(ethics)認(rèn)知(cognition)順其自然(Letnaturetakeitscourseinaccordancewithitsnaturaltendency)、聽其自然(leavethematterasitis;taketheworldasitis)、聽天安命(acceptthesituation)、聽天由命(beatthemercyofnature;belefttoGod'smercy;letfatehaveitsway;submitthewillofHeaven;waitforone'sfate)。individualism(不管別人怎樣做)只按個人方法行事的感覺或行為;我行我素個體主義”。整體(integrity)綜合性(synthetic)個體(individuality)、分析性(analytic)直覺(intuition)實證(evidence)天人合一”(TheUnityofManandHeaven形象思維(figurativethinking)邏輯思維(logicalthinking)表象(presentation)天亮(daybreak;dawn明槍易躲,暗箭難防(Itiseasytododgeaspearthrustintheopen,butdifficulttoguardagainstanarrowshotfromhiding)、腳踩兩只船(比喻因為對事物認(rèn)識不清或存心投機(jī)取巧而跟兩方面都保持聯(lián)系,straddletwoboats;haveafootineithercamp)、腳踏實地(haveadown-to-earthmanner)、膽小如鼠(astimidasamouse;chicken-hearted)、頂天立地(dauntless;ofgiganticstature;ofindomitablespirit;giant)、調(diào)虎離山(1urethetigeroutofthemountains;luretheenemyawayfromhisbase)、丟盔棄甲(throwawayeverythinginheadlongflight)、哭笑不得(形容處境尷尬,不知如何是好,notknowwhethertolaughortocry;findsth.bothfunnyandannoying)、枯木逢春(比喻重獲生機(jī),getanewleaseoflife)、居高臨下(處在高處,俯視下面,形容處于有利的地位,occupyacommandingposition)、蒙在鼓里(bekeptinthedark)。英美人也用具體形象詞語比喻抽象的事物,但常常喜歡用抽象名詞指代具體事物。棍子stick)、鍋wok漢藏語系(Sino-TibetanFamily印歐語系(Indo-EuropeanFamily)文字(script)書面語言(systemofwriting表意文字(ideographicscript音節(jié)文字(ideographic-orientedsyllabicscript)字(character詞(word偏旁部首(radical語素(morpheme)拼音文字(alphabeticscript象形字(pictagraph指事字(indicativecharacter會意字(associativecharacter形聲字(morpheme-phoneticcharacter音素(phoneme韻母(final聲母(initial元音(vowel輔音(consonant)漢語拼音字母(pinyin國際音標(biāo)(internationaltranscription聲調(diào)語言(tonallanguage重讀音節(jié)(stressedsyllable語調(diào)語言(intonationlanguage第一音節(jié)(scholar,family倒數(shù)第三個音節(jié)(psychology主重音(primarystress次重音(secondarystress)(magazine雙重音(doublestress)實詞(contentwords虛詞(formwords音節(jié)文字(ideographic-orientedsyllabicscript)拼音文字(alphabeticscript合成法(compounding綴合法(affixation)音變法(sound-changing縮略法(abbreviation重疊法(reduplication轉(zhuǎn)換法(conversion逆構(gòu)詞法(back-formation截短法(clipping超短波ultrashortwaves超短裙Miniskirt超標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Superstandard超語言符號extralinguisticsigns超代數(shù)Hyperalgebra超大氣壓Overpressure超高頻ultra-highfrequency。命根子(lifeblood胖子(fatty矮子Shorty墊葉子cushion,mat撣子(duster騙子(swindler)。doom(n.毀滅、末日deem(v.認(rèn)為)house(n.房屋house(v.留宿)。北大Beida(PekingUniversity)清華Tsinghua(TsinghuaUniversity央視CCTV(CentralChinaTelevisionStation華中師大CCNU(CentralChinaNormalUniversity安琪兒(angel桑巴(samba馬拉松(marathon撲克(poker幽默(humour卡路里(calorie)康乃馨(carnation)籃球(basketball交響樂(symphony工會(tradeunion智商(IQ)冰淇淋(icecream咖哩粉(curry漢堡包(hamburger)爵士樂(jazz繃帶(bandage嘉年華會(carnivallitchi(荔枝loquat(枇杷kaoliang(高粱jiaozi(餃子ginseng(人參sampan(舢板kowtow(叩頭kungfu(功夫makjong(麻將mu(畝yuan(元jin(斤panda(熊貓mooncake(月餅Chinarose(月季mandarinduck(鴛鴦tael(銀兩emptyword(虛詞goldfish(金魚PekingOpera(京劇bricktea(磚茶醫(yī)生(仔仔細(xì)細(xì))給病人作了檢查。Thedoctorexaminedthepatientvery,verycarefully.一眼望去,(疏疏的)林,(淡淡的)月,襯著蔚藍(lán)的天,頗像荒江野渡光景;……Asonelookedintothedistance,thesparsetreesandpalemoonsetoffbytheblueskyofferedaviewlikethatatadesertedferryonadesolateriver.(朱自清《槳聲燈影里的秦淮河》,胡士光譯)他很聽話,我的話(句句)聽。HewasveryobedientandalwaysdidasItoldhim.“句句”在這里強(qiáng)調(diào)“聽話”的程度,用“alwaysdidasItoldhim”譯出了原文強(qiáng)調(diào)的程度。警察監(jiān)視著犯罪嫌疑人的(一舉一動)。Thepolicekeptclosewatchonthemanundersuspicion.“一舉一動”在下例中,便換了一種譯法。我們是新雇員,得注意自己的(一舉一動)。Asnewemployeeswemustbecarefulaboutwhatwedo.果品freshanddriedfruitsstrawberry(草莓blackberry(黑莓blueberry(藍(lán)莓raspberry(鉤子hollyberries(泡葉栒子模糊詞(fuzzywords中國古代氣論(theoryofvitality元?dú)鈖rimordialQi氣虛Qideficiency。做家務(wù)dothehousework、dothehousechore做大掃除dogeneralcleaning掃地洗碗洗衣服擦玻璃做飯擦皮鞋倒垃圾sweepthefloor、dothedishes、washclothes、cleanglasses、cookmeals、shineleathershoes、dumprubbish。搽藥applylotion(orointment)搽粉powderone'sface搽雪花膏putonvanishingcream(1)探春笑道:“只恐又是你的杜撰?!睂氂裥Φ溃骸俺端臅吠?,杜撰的太多,偏只我是杜撰不成?”“You'remakingthatup,I'mafraid,”teasedTanChun.“Mostworks,apartfromtheFOURBOOKS,aremadeup;amItheonlyonewhomadethingsup?”heretortedwithagrin.(楊憲益、戴乃迭譯)(2)賈母笑道:“你不認(rèn)得他,他是我們這里有名的一個潑皮破落戶兒,南省俗謂作‘辣子’,你只叫他‘鳳辣子’就是了。”“Youdon'tknowher,”saidGrandmotherJiamerrily.“She'saholyterrorthisone.WhatweusedtocallinNankinga‘peppercorn’.Youjustcallher‘PeppercornFeng’.She'llknowwhoyoumean!”(DavidHawkes譯)(3)賈母笑道:“外客未見,就脫了衣裳,還不去見你妹妹!”WithasmileatPao-yu,theLadyDowagerscolded,“Fancychangingyourclothesbeforegreetingourvisitor.Hurryupnowandpayyourrespectstoyourcousin.”(楊憲益、戴乃迭譯)(4)賈母笑道:“可又是胡說,你又何曾見過他?”“You'retalkingnonsenseagain,”saidhisgrandmother,laughing.“Howcouldyoupossiblyhavemether?”(楊憲益、戴乃迭譯)詞義相符(semanticcorrespondence)沙漠(desert蔬菜(vegetabl工廠(factory歷史博物館(historymuseum歷史遺產(chǎn)(historicalheritage溫室效應(yīng)(greenhouseeffect環(huán)境保護(hù)(environmentalprotection狐貍(fox(1)他是只狡猾的老狐貍。Heisanoldfox.(2)他們的拉車姿勢,講價時的那隨機(jī)應(yīng)變,走路時的抄近繞遠(yuǎn),都足以使他們想起過去的光榮,而且用鼻翅扇著那些后起之輩?!?老舍《駱駝祥子》)Theirpullingposture,theiradroitbargaining,theirshrewduseofshort-cutsorcircuitousroutesareenoughtomakethemrelivepastgloriesandturnuptheirnosesattheyoungergeneration.(3)那本書的作者似乎沒有自己的觀點,書里都是人云亦云的東西。Thatbook,whoseauthordoesn'tseemtohavehisownviewpoints,isfullofparrot-learnedknowledge.島之西南海邊,有一塊巨大的巖石,(中空),人可穿行其間Atthesouthwestendoftheislet,thereisahugerockwithabigholeinthecenterthroughWhichpeopleCanwalktoandfro.(5)全島6300戶(人家),共有200多架鋼琴。(同上)Of6300householdsontheislet,morethan200haveapianoathome.詞義相異(semanticnon-correspondence)三羊開泰”(ThreeRamsBringBliss形容兇悍強(qiáng)暴的人,尤指悍婦或母夜叉(fierceperson,espawomanOALED長生鳥”(mythicalbirdoftheArabiandesert,saidtoliveforseveralhundredyearsbeforeburningitselfandthenrisingbornagainfromitsashesOALED龍鳳呈祥”(DragonandPhoenixBringingProsperity文化休克(cultureshock詞義空缺(semanticzero)糖葫蘆Tanghulu,asugar-coatedfruitonthestickwhichisakindofchildren'sfavouritefoodinwinter文房四寶thefourtreasuresofthestudy(writingbrush,inkstick,inkstoneandpaper)文明禮貌月SocialistEthicsandCourtesyMonth章草zhangcao(acursivehandformerlyusedinmemoria1stothethrone)站票standing-room-onlytickets特困生themostneedystudents三八紅旗手awomanpace-setter三八式干部athirty-eighter(apersonwhojoinedtherevolutioninl938)三教九流peopleinvarioustrades(derog.)一日之長aslightsuperiority一窮二白poorandblank烏紗帽anofficialpost五星紅旗theFive-StarredRedFlag(thenationalflagofthePeople'sRepublicofChina)五岳TheFiveSacredMountains(Taishan,theEasternMountaininShangdongProvince;Hengshan,theSouthernMountaininHunanProvince;Huashan,theWesternMountaininShaanxiProvince;Hengshan,theNorthernMountaininShanxiProvince;Songshan,theCentralMountaininHenanProvince)五經(jīng)TheFiveClassics(TheBookofPoetry,TheBookofHistory,TheBookofChanges,TheBookofRites,andTheSpringandAutumnAnnals)小句(clause單句(simplesentence簡單句(simplesentence復(fù)雜句(multiplesentence并列句(compoundsentence復(fù)合句(complexsentence主語(subject謂語(verb賓語(object補(bǔ)足語(complement狀語(adverbial間賓(indirectobject直賓(directobject意合(parataxis形合(hypotaxis①我常見許多青年的朋友,②聰明用功,③成績優(yōu)異,④而語文程度不足以達(dá)意,⑤甚至寫一封信亦難得通順,⑥問其故則曰其興趣不在語文方面。(梁實秋《學(xué)問與趣味》)Ihavecomeacrossagreatmanybrightanddiligentyoungfriends(who)havedoneexceedinglywellintheirstudies,butareratherweakinChinese.(They)cannotevenwritealetterincorrectChinese.(WhenI)askedthemwhy,(they)saidtheywerenotinterestedintheChineselanguage.篇章(text信息結(jié)構(gòu)(informationstructure)主位(theme)述位(rheme主題(topic述題(comment主題顯著(topic-prominent意念主軸(thought-pivot主語顯著(subject-prominent主謂主軸(subject-predicate-pivot銜接手段(cohesivedevices)照應(yīng)(co-referenceanaphora)。外指(exophoric內(nèi)指(endophoric回指(anaphoric下指(cataphoric(4)爸爸媽媽,你們也買個錢罐存錢吧。你們沒錢用了罐子就會把肚肚里的錢掏出來給你們的。Daddy,Mummy,pleasebuyapiggieforyourselves.Whenyouhavenomoremoney,thepiggiewillopenitstummyandgiveyoumoney.(《童心》,居祖純譯)(5)這幅畫是一部用思考和修養(yǎng)完成的杰作,它既有歷史感又有現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)語言的獨(dú)特性。Thepaintingisamasterpiecereflectingdeepinsightandartisticattainments;itexpressesasenseofhistorybyusingspecificmodernartisticvocabulary.(6)稍稍能安慰我們的,是在那石上有一個不大不小的坑凹兒,雨天就盛滿了水。Theonlythinghadinterestedusintheuglystonewasalittlepitontopofit,whichwasfilledwithwateronrainydays.(賈平凹《丑石》,劉榮躍譯)(7)這種力,使一般人看不見的生命力,只要生命存在,這種力就要顯現(xiàn),……Itisaninvisibleforceoflife.Solongasthereislife,theforcewillshowitself.(8)A:蘋果在哪里?Wherearetheapples?B:在那邊。Overthere.(9)人到了老年,會有一種似乎奇怪又不奇怪的現(xiàn)象:即發(fā)生在昨天的事,倒會忘得一干二凈;而幾十年前對自己印象極深的事情,卻像是昨天剛發(fā)生一樣,記得一清二楚。我對于我的中學(xué)美術(shù)老師胡純浦先生的懷念,就是這樣。Whenyouaregettingoninyears,youtendtohaveafeelingthatseemsratheroddbut,infact,notverymuchso:whathappenedtoyoujustacoupleofdaysago,youcleanforgetaboutit,butwhathappenedaslongasdecadesearlierwithasharpimpactonyou,yourememberasclearlyasifithadoccurredyesterday.ThisishowIfeelaboutMr.HuChunpu,mymiddleschoolfineartteacher.(10)一路上吃了半斤炒栗子,睡了一會兒覺,就到了北京。Weatehalfajinofroastchestnuts,hadanapandsoonarrivedinBeijing.還是從火車上說起吧Letmebeginwithmytriponthetrain.我現(xiàn)在對我原來的父母還有個模糊不清的印象……關(guān)于我個人的歷史情況,我就知道thisiswhatIknowaboutmychildhoodandbeyondthatIdonotremembermuchelse。結(jié)構(gòu)銜接(structuralcohesion)⑴①我仍舊站在那顆柿子樹下,望著樹梢上那個孤零零的小火柿子。②它那紅得透亮的色澤,依然給人一種喜盈盈的感覺。③可是我卻哭了。④哭那陌生的,但卻疼愛我的賣灶糖的老漢。①Istoodunderthepersimmontree,lookingatthelonelittlepersimmon.②Itsflamingrednesswasajoyoussight,butIcriedforthestrangeoldcandypeddlerwhohadbeensofondofme.替代(substitution⑵——我能看看那條圍巾嗎?——可以。哪一條?紅的還是黑的?—MayIhavealookatthatscarf?—Yes.Whichone?Theredoneortheblackone?⑶——誰愿意和我們一起打籃球?——我不干?!猈ho'dliketoplaybasketballwithus?—No,Iwon't.⑷——他們總是把房間搞得亂七八糟。你怎么也這樣呢?—They'vealwaysmadeamessoftheroom.Whyhaveyou,too?⑸——我想買一套家具?!I大連出的(家具)吧!—Iwanttobuyasetoffurniture.—Buyone(setoffurniture)madeinDalian.⑹——我們到那里去春游?——(我們到)磨山(去春游)?!猈hereshallwegoforaspringouting?—(We'llgoto)Moshan(foraspringouting)⑺——你決定了畢業(yè)后去西藏工作嗎?——當(dāng)然?。ㄎ覜Q定了畢業(yè)后去西藏工作。)—HaveyoumadeupyourmindtoworkinTibetaftergraduation?—Sure!(I'vemadeupmymindtoworkinTibetaftergraduation.)對偶(antithesis排比(parallelism對照(contrast頂針(anadiplosis回環(huán)(palindrome層遞(climax反復(fù)(repetition⑻虛心使人進(jìn)步,驕傲使人落后。(對偶)Modestyhelpsonetogoforward,whereasconceitmakesonelagbehind.⑼燕子去了,有再來的時候;楊樹枯了,有再青的時候;桃花謝了,有再開的時候。但是,聰明的,你告訴我,我們的日子為什么一去不復(fù)返呢?(排比)Swallowsflyaway,yetreturn;willowswither,yetburgeonagain;peach-blossomfades,yetbloomsafresh.Buttellme,youwhoarewise,whydoourdaysdepartnevertoreturn?⑽大紅花一朵朵全被拉長了,這時是潑刺奔進(jìn)的紅錦帶。帶織入狗中,狗織入白云中。白云織入村女中……Eachofthegreatcrimsonflowersstretchedoutnowintoripplingredsilkbelts.Thebeltsinterwovewiththedogs,thedogswiththewhiteclouds,andthewhitecloudswiththecountrygirls.⑾我為人人,人人為我。Oneforall,allforone⑿人不犯我,我不犯人。Wewillnotattackunlessweareattacked.⒀長相知才能不相疑,不相疑才能長相知。Onlybybeingwellacquaintedwitheachothercanwebefreefromsuspicions,andonlywithoutsuspicionscanwealwayskeepbosomfriendswitheachother.⒁①一年,兩年,三年,你的望眼將穿,②一年,兩年,三年,我的歸心似箭。Yearinyearoutyou'vebeenlookingforwardwitheagerexpectationtomyhome-coming;yearinyearoutI'vebeenlookingforwardwithgreatanxietytoreturninghome.⒂我們自由呀!我們自由呀!一切的一,自由呀!一的一切,自由呀!自由便是你,自由便是我!自由便是“他”,自由便是火!Wearefree!Wearefree!Theonethatisallisfree!Theallthatisone
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