牛津譯林版八年級(jí)下冊(cè)8B現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

...wd......wd......wd...牛津譯林版八年級(jí)下冊(cè)8b現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)⒈構(gòu)成Have/has+過(guò)去分詞現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的肯定式、否認(rèn)式和疑問式：肯定式否認(rèn)式疑問式單數(shù)IhaveYouhave+workedHe/She/IthasIhaveYouhave+notworkedHe/She/IthasHaveIHaveyou+worked?Havehe/she/it復(fù)數(shù)WeYou+haveworkedTheyWeYou+havenotworkedTheyHaveweHaveyou+worked?Havethey【提示】①現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的肯定式和否認(rèn)式有其縮寫形式：have→’ve,has→’s.例如：She’sworked.=Shehasworked.I’venotworked.=Ihaven’tworked.②現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的否認(rèn)疑問句形式為：Haveyounotworked?Havetheynotworked?Hashenotworked?其縮寫形式為：Haven’tyouworked?Haven’ttheyworked?Hasn’theworked?③現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的簡(jiǎn)單答復(fù)形式為：Yes,Ihave.No,Ihavenot/haven’t.⒉用法⑴過(guò)去動(dòng)作產(chǎn)生的影響等表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果。在沒有具體時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的情況下，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以表示某一行為動(dòng)作在說(shuō)話之前已經(jīng)完成，而其結(jié)果或影響至今仍然存在。因此，現(xiàn)在完車時(shí)這一時(shí)態(tài)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是過(guò)去的動(dòng)作同現(xiàn)在的聯(lián)系，也就是強(qiáng)調(diào)現(xiàn)在的影響和結(jié)果。例如：Someonehasbrokenthewindow.〔“打破〞這一動(dòng)作雖然發(fā)生在過(guò)去，但影響延續(xù)至今，其結(jié)果是窗子仍然是破的，Thewindowisnowbroken.〕Ihavelostmypen.〔結(jié)果是：我現(xiàn)在無(wú)鋼筆可用，Ihavenopentouse.〕He’slockedthedoor.(結(jié)果是：現(xiàn)在門鎖上了，我們進(jìn)不去，Nowthedoorislockedandwecan’tgoin.)Thepartyhasstarted.(Thepartystartedandnowitisgoingon.)I’veforgottenhername=Iforgothername.他今天還沒吃任何東西.(現(xiàn)在一定很餓了)_________________________________________________________________我已經(jīng)吃過(guò)午飯了〔現(xiàn)在不餓了〕____________________________________________________⑵過(guò)去的動(dòng)作延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在和未來(lái)表示一個(gè)開場(chǎng)于過(guò)去，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并可能繼續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，常同for,since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，或用于Howlong…〔多久〕句型中，表示持續(xù)的時(shí)間。例如：HehasstudiedEnglishfortenyears.〔可能繼續(xù)學(xué)下去〕Shehaslivedheresincethen.HehasbeeninNanjingsince2003.MissLinhasworkedinthefactorysinceshecametothecity.你已經(jīng)住在這個(gè)房子里多久了_____________________________________________________這個(gè)女孩已經(jīng)病了一個(gè)星期了。______________________________________________________【提示】for是介詞，后面只能跟單詞或詞組；since是介詞或連詞，后面可以跟單詞、詞組或句子。⑶同recently等狀語(yǔ)連用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常同表示從過(guò)去某時(shí)刻延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并包括現(xiàn)在在內(nèi)的一段時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，如recently,today,thismorning,thisweek,lately,uptonow,sofar,inthepast/lastfewmonths,sincethreeyearsago等。例如：Ihaven’tseenhimthisweek.Ihavebeenbusythismorning.Hehasboughtanewbikerecently.⑷同often等狀語(yǔ)連用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常同不明確指出具體時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用，如often,already,yet,never,ever,always,once,twice,sometimes,just,foralongtime,onlytwice等。例如：Haveyoudoneyourhomeworkyet?我們已經(jīng)完成了工作。__________________________________我從沒去過(guò)英國(guó)。_______________________________________⑸將來(lái)某時(shí)已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以用在條件或時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中，表示將來(lái)某個(gè)時(shí)刻之前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。例如：Hewillcomeassoonashehasfinishedthehomework.IfyouhavereadthebookbeforeIleave,pleaselendittome.Weshallwaithereuntiltherainhasstopped.⑹havegone和havebeenhavegone和havebeen意義上不同，前者表示“到某地去了，尚沒回來(lái)，現(xiàn)在不在這里〞，后者表示“曾經(jīng)到過(guò)某地，現(xiàn)在已返回〞。比較：ShehasgonetoBeijing.(她現(xiàn)在不在這里，去北京了，可能已經(jīng)到達(dá)，也可能仍在途中)ShehasbeentoBeijing.(她以前到過(guò)北京，現(xiàn)在已不在北京了)Wherehashebeen?(他已回來(lái))Wherehashegone?(他現(xiàn)在不在這里)比較：havebeentodosth做過(guò)了某事havegonetodosth去做某事了havecometodosth來(lái)做某事了⑺for2004還是since2004英語(yǔ)中有些動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作是一時(shí)性的、短暫的、不能延續(xù)的，所以，不能同for和since等引導(dǎo)的表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用，也不可用于“Howlong/Howmany+時(shí)間名詞〞句中。因此，這類動(dòng)詞可以單獨(dú)使用于完成時(shí)中，但不可同表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)一起用于完成時(shí)中，包括現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和過(guò)去完成時(shí)。這類動(dòng)詞有：go,come,leave,arrive,join,receive,get,die,buy,borrow,choose,close,fall,finish,kill,lend,marry,open,reach,return,start,stop,sitdown,standup等。比較：HowlongmayIkeepthebook?Hergrandmotherhasbeendeadforfivemonths.Itisfivemonthssincehergrandfatherdied.Hehasarrived.Hearrivedtherethreehoursago.It’sthreehourssincehearrived.Ithasbeenthreehourssincehearrived.HehasbeenawayfromShanghaifortwoweeks.ItistwoweekssinceheleftShanghai.HehasleftShanghai.Shehasjoinedthearmy.Shehasbeeninthearmysince20004.Itisthreeyearssinceshejoinedthearmy.【提示】①非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的完成時(shí)有時(shí)可以同for引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ)連用，但表示的是某一動(dòng)作的目的或結(jié)果，而不是表示動(dòng)作本身延續(xù)的時(shí)間。例如：Shehascomefortwoweeks.她已經(jīng)來(lái)了，準(zhǔn)備住兩個(gè)星期。Hehasgoneforthreedays.他走了，要在三天后回來(lái)。②非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的否認(rèn)式表示動(dòng)作的持續(xù)過(guò)程，具有延續(xù)性，因此可以同for或since引導(dǎo)的一段時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。例如：Ihaven’treceivedherletterforawholeyear.Hehasn’tboughtanybooksincelastmonth.for/since的特殊注意：在帶有for或since短語(yǔ)或since從句的句子中以及Howlong提問的句子中,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞只用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞〔可持續(xù)一段時(shí)間的動(dòng)作)，而不能用短暫性動(dòng)詞〔在瞬間發(fā)生完畢的動(dòng)作〕常見的短暫性動(dòng)詞與延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的轉(zhuǎn)換borrow/lend have(has)keptbuy have(has)had/owneddie have(has)beendeadbegin/start have(has)beenonfinish have(has)beenoveropen have(has)beenopenclose have(has)beenclosedcatchacold have(has)hadacoldfallill have(has)beenillfallasleep have(has)beenillbecome have(has)beenleave have(has)beenawayfromgetmarried have(has)beenmarriedjoin have(has)beenamemberof have(has)beeninmove/come/goto have(has)beenin/at⑻現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)的比較①現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)不可與表示特定過(guò)去時(shí)間的副詞連用，如ago,then,yesterday等，但一般過(guò)去時(shí)可以。例如：Heworkedherelastyear.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響或產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果，而一般過(guò)去時(shí)只限于表示過(guò)去的動(dòng)作本身，與現(xiàn)在的結(jié)果無(wú)關(guān)。例如：Hehasbeenillforaweek.〔現(xiàn)在仍然病著〕Hewasillforaweek.〔過(guò)去病過(guò)一個(gè)星期，現(xiàn)在好了〕Hehasboughtahouse〔現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，到說(shuō)話時(shí)仍然擁有那所房子〕Heboughtahousefiveyearsago(一般過(guò)去時(shí)只說(shuō)明他五年前買過(guò)一所房子，現(xiàn)在不一定還擁有那所房子)Ihaven’twrittenhimforages.(現(xiàn)在仍沒有寫)Ididn’twritehimforages(僅指過(guò)去)③現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以同現(xiàn)在在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用；而一般過(guò)去時(shí)那么不可。例如：Ithasbeenhotthissummer.〔說(shuō)話時(shí)仍然是夏天〕Itwashotthissummer.〔說(shuō)話時(shí)夏天已經(jīng)過(guò)去〕現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)不可與疑問副詞when連用；而一般過(guò)去時(shí)那么可以。例如：Whendidhecome?⑼already和yet的區(qū)別already用于肯定句，yet用于否認(rèn)句和疑問句；already有時(shí)也可用于疑問句，表示“驚訝，意外〞的意思。例如：Hurryup,wearealreadytwentyminuteslate.Ihaven’theardfromhimyet.Hasclassbegunyet?Hasclassbegunalready?(想不到)Haveyousoldthecaryet?Haveyousoldthecaralready?〔驚訝〕【補(bǔ)充】ago和before的用法ago是副詞，表示從現(xiàn)在算起的假設(shè)干時(shí)間以前，用于“名詞詞組+ago〞構(gòu)造；ago所在句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用一般過(guò)去時(shí)；ago不可單獨(dú)使用，也不可用作連詞。before作副詞用時(shí)，表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某一事件算起的假設(shè)干時(shí)間以前，所在句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去去完成時(shí)；before還可以單獨(dú)使用，意為“以前〞，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，ago那么沒有這種用法；before還可以用作連詞，后接單詞、詞組或句子，ago那么沒有這種用法。比較：Shesawthefilmthreedaysago.〔從現(xiàn)在說(shuō)起三天前〕Shetoldmethatshehadseenthefilmthreedaysbefore.〔從過(guò)去說(shuō)起三天前〕Ihaveseenherbefore.Shehadleftbeforehearrived.※課堂訓(xùn)練：一、用所給動(dòng)詞的正確形式填空。1.I______already_________(see)thefilm.I________(see)itlastweek.2.__________he_________(finish)hisworktoday?Notyet.3.Myfather_________just________(come)backfromwork.Heistirednow.4.Where’sLiMing?He__________(go)totheteacher’soffice.5.I__________(work)heresinceI______(move)herein1999.6.SofarI_______________(make)quiteafewfriendshere.7.Howlong________theWangs______________(stay)here?Fortwoweeks.8.I________just___________(finish)myhomework.9.He________(go)toschoolonfooteveryday.10.____you______(find)yoursciencebookyet?11.Ifit____(be)finetomorrow,I'llgowithyou.12.Thestudents____________(read)Englishwhentheteachercamein.13.Look!Themonkey__________(climb)thetree.14.Mymother__________(come)toseemenextSunday.15.I'velostmypen._________you________(see)itanywhere?二、單項(xiàng)選擇〔〕1.Howlonghaveyou_______here?A.comeB.gotC.arrivedD.been〔〕2.Mygrandpadied_________.A.attheageofmy2B.for2yearsC.whenIwas2.D.myagewas6.〔〕3.Janehas_____toBeiJing.Shewillcomebacktomorrow.A.beenB.goneC.wentD.neverbeen〔〕4.Itistenyears_____Ilastsawher.A.afterB.sinceC.forD.that〔〕5.--WhowillgotothestationtomeetLorry?--Iwill.I_____herseveraltimes.A.metB.havemetC.hadmetD.willmeet〔〕6.--Whatanicedress!Howlong_____you_____it?--Just2weeks.A.will,buyB.did,buyC.are,havingD.have,had〔〕7.--DoyouknowLydiaverywell?--Yes,SheandI_____friendssincewewereveryyoung.A.havemadeB.havebecomeC.havebeenD.haveturned〔〕8.TheSmiths_______inChinafor8years.A.haslivedB.livedC.havebeenD.live〔〕9.--Hello,thisisMr.Greenspeaking.CanIspeaktoMr.Black?--Sorry.He______theBainiaoPark.A.hasbeentoB.hasgonetoC.wenttoD.willgoto〔〕10.--____youever____totheUS?--Yes,twice.A.Have,goneB.Have,beenC,Do,goD.were,going三、句型轉(zhuǎn)換IhavebeentoMacaubefore.(改為否認(rèn)句)I__________________beentoMacaubefore.Hehasn’tcometoschoolbecausehewasill.(就劃線局部提問)_____________hecometoschool?Iboughanewbikejustnow.(用just改寫)I____just____anewbike.WebegantolearnEnglishthreeyearsago.(改為同義句)We________English____threeyears5.Hehasneversurfed,______________?〔改成反意疑問句〕6.Theyhavebeenheresince2000.(對(duì)劃線局部提問)______________havetheybeenhere?Theoldman_________lastyear.Hehas______________forayear.(die)〔動(dòng)詞填空〕MissGaoleftanhourago.(同義句轉(zhuǎn)換)MissGaohas_______________________anhourago.※課后作業(yè)一、用have/hasbeento/in,havegoneto及go的各種形式填空。1)WhereisJack?He_________________hiscountry.2)David________________theparkjustnow.3)John_