呼吸科常用英文

wordword呼吸科常用英文詢問病史casehistoryYouneedtogetadetailedhistoryincludingthetimingandacuityofonset,exacerbatingandalleviatingfactorsandenvironmenttriggerstohelpyouconfirmadiagnosisordiscardotherdiseases/developadifferentialdiagnosis.Askyourpatientwhetherthereisahistoryoftobaccouse,orothertoxicandenvironmentalexposuresandhisoccupationalhistory.General/biographicaldata,maritalstatus,nativity,occupation,informant,timeofadmissionandrecord,chiefcomplaint,historyofpresentillness,previoushealthstatus(well,ordinaryorbad),anyinfectiousdiseases,allergichistory,historyoftraumaorsurgery,smoking(abouthowmanyyears,averagehowmanypiecesperday,ceasedforhowmanyyears),alcoholintake(occasionalorfrequent),spouse'shealthstatus,menorrhea(menarcheage,cyclelastingforhowmanydays,menstrualcycle,lastmenstruationperiodorageofmenopause,anymenstrualpainorirregularcycle),childbearingorpregnancy(times,naturallabor,abortions,prematuredelivery,stillbirths,difficultlabor,familyhistory(anycongenitaldiseases,fatherandmother:stillalive,illness,orcauseofdeath,siblingsandchildren)常用的癥狀symptomsfeverCough咳嗽Sputum(dry,purulent膿性的,copiousgreensputum大量綠色痰，tenaciousyellowsputum黃粘痰，frothywhitesputum白色泡沫痰，rustysputum鐵銹色痰wheezingDyspneaduringexertionoratrest呼吸困難Orthopnea端坐呼吸Paroxysmalnocturnaldyspnea夜間陣發(fā)性呼吸困難Shortnessofbreath(SOB)Chesttightness胸部緊迫感Exerciseintolerancepleuriticchestpain胸膜型胸痛Pharyngalgia;pharyngodynia咽痛Hemoptysis咯血Bucking嗆咳Sneeze噴嚏snore打鼾malaise不舒服myalgia肌痛insomia失眠hoarseness聲嘶dysphonia發(fā)聲困難常見的體征physicalsignsclubbedfingers杵狀指:increasedlongitudinalandtransversecurvature,lossofconcavenailfoldangle,bogginessofnailbedandincreasedsofttissuebulkofdistalphalanx,drumstick-likenicotinestainingcyanosis:bluediscolourationofmucosalmembranesandskin,causedwhenmeancapillaryconcentrationofdeoxyhemoglobinmorethan5g/dl,O2saturationlessthan85%,PaO2lessthan8KPaperipheralcyanosis:coldblueperipheries,e.g.nailbedsduetocoldexposurescentralcyanosis:warmperipheries,bluetongueorlipshandflap:duetoCO2retentionasterixis撲翼樣震顫papilloedema視乳頭水腫chemosis球結(jié)膜水腫enlargedsupraclavicularandaxillarylymphnodesincreasedrespiratoryratetachycardia心動過速pulsusparadoxus:>10mmHgOoninspiration(seeninsevereasthma)barrelchesthyperexpanded,decreasedexpansionkyphosis駝背，脊柱后凸Inspection:tachypnea呼吸急促accessorymusclesofrespiration:sternocleidomastoidmuscle,armsupport,alaeflaringwideornarrowintercostalspacetactilevocalfremitus觸覺語顫subcutaneouscrepitus皮下捻發(fā)感Percussion:resonancedullnessflatnesshyperresonancetympanylowerborders:scapularlineXleft/rightintercostalspacerangeofmobilityAuscultation:vocalresonance語音共振ronchi:wheeze,stridor,crackles,Velcro-likesoundesmoistrales:coarse,medium,fine,crepitus捻發(fā)音pleuralfrictionrubscompleteabsenceofbreathsoundsankleedemaweightloss,cachexia惡病質(zhì)，cachectic惡病質(zhì)的decreasedfoodappetite,lossofappetite,anorexia食欲減退常做的檢查examinationsorlaboratoryfindings(totake,undergo,perform,receiveorhave)temperaturecharts體溫圖(takeone'sbodytemperature)sputumpot痰盂Blood/urine/stoolroutine,occultbloodtestBloodbiochemistrySputum/bloodcultureanddrugsensitivitytestsputumcytologyPulseoximeter脈氧計：continuousmonitoringofbloodoxygensaturationArterialbloodgasanalysis(ABG):arterialbloodsampling,radial/femoralarterypuncturePaCO2:partialpressureofcarbondioxideinarterialbloodhypercarbiaPaO2:partialpressureofoxygeninarterialbloodhypoxemiarespiratoryfailure:type1:decreased02supply,PaO2V60mmHg(millimetersofmercury)duetodiffusionfailureorV/Qdismatch(ventilation-perfusion(quotient)ratio)pulmonaryedema,pneumonia,infarction,fibrosis,orpulmonaryembolism，pulmonaryhypertension,shunttype2:decreasedCO2removal,PaCO2〉5OmmHg(millimetersofmercury)duetoalveolarventilationfailureobstructive:COPD,asthma,bronchiectasisrestrictive:neuromuscular(sedatives,myasthenia),structural(ankylosingspondylitis),pleuraldiseases,obesityChestX-ray/radiograph:reticulo-nodularshadowing(reticular,linear,militarynodules粟粒樣結(jié)節(jié))coinlesions硬幣樣cavities空腔：amphoric空翁音的(breathinglikeblowingoverabottletop)opacification渾濁：consolidation(airspaceinfiltrate):confluentshadowingandairbronchogramcollapse:lobar(upper,middle/lingual,lower)segmentalatelactasispleuraleffusionmediastinalmass:thyroid,thymoma,teratoma,TBlymphnodes,terriblediagnosesincludinglymphomaandaneurysmChestCTscan(computedtomography)HeadMRI(magneticresonanceimaging)PET-CTofthewholebody(positron-emissiontomography)Abdominalultrasoundskinpricktest皮膚點刺試驗(dustmites塵螨，pollen花粉，cockroach蟑螂)tuberculinskintest(purifiedproteinderivative(oftuberculin)test,PPDtest)Pulmonaryfunctiontest:Spirometry呼吸量測定法，肺量測定法obstructivelungdiseases:airflowlimitationFEV1/FVCFVCRVandTLCKCO<0.70個0restrictivelungdiseases:decreasedlungcomplianceandsmalllungvolumesintraparenchymal>0.750000extraparenchymalvariable000normalFEV1:forcedexpiratoryvolumein1secondFVC:forcevitalcapacityTLC:totallungcapacityRV:residualvolumeKCO:transferfactor(diffusionrate)PEFR:peakexpiratoryflowrateflow-volumeloop(inspirationandexpiration)bronchoprovocation/challengetest支氣管激發(fā)試驗：histamineormethacholine-inhalationbronchodilatation支氣管舒張試驗:salbutamol沙丁胺醇fiberopticbronchoscopy:biopsies,bronchialbrushsamplesforpathologicalexamation,bronchialwashings)bronchoalveolarlavage(BAL)protectedspecimenbrush(PStransthoracicpercutaneousneedleaspirationpercutanousneedlebiopsyunderCTguidance(forperipheraltumours)video-assistedthoracoscopic-guidedlungbiopsyopenlungbiopsypleuralbiopsybiopsyofenlargedlymphnodesD-Dimerselectrocardiogram(ECG)echocardiogram超聲心動圖V/Qisotopescan(ventilation/perfusionscanning)spiralCT/MRA(MagneticResonanceAngiography)pulmonaryangiographyDopplerUSSthighandpelvis(USS:ultrasoundscanning)cardiacmonitorPSG(polysommography)常見的病名diseasesacuteupperrespiratorytractinfection急性上呼吸道感染commoncold普通感冒influenza流感pharynigitis咽炎acutebroncho-bronchitis急性氣管-支氣管炎pneumonia肺炎communityacquiredpneumonia(CAP)社區(qū)獲得性肺炎hospitalacquiredpneumonia(HAP)醫(yī)院獲得性肺炎nosocomicalpneumonia(NP)醫(yī)院內(nèi)肺炎bronchiectasis支氣管擴張chornicbronchitis慢性支氣管炎pulmonaryemphysema肺氣腫chronicobstructivepulmonarydisease(acuteexacerbating)AECOPDCOPD急性發(fā)作bronchialasthma支氣管哮喘allergicrhinitis過敏性鼻炎respiratoryfailure呼吸衰竭lungabscess肺膿腫pulmonarytuberculosis肺結(jié)核病lungcancer:肺癌primarybronchogeniccarcinoma原發(fā)性支氣管肺癌squamouscellcarcinoma鱗癌adenocarcinoma腺癌bronchoalveolarcellcarcinoma支氣管肺泡細胞癌smallcelllungcarcinoma(SCLC)小細胞肺癌pulmonarymetastasis肺轉(zhuǎn)移瘤pulmonaryembolism(PE)肺栓塞pulmonarythromboembolism(PTE)肺血栓栓塞癥pulmonaryinfarction肺梗死deepvenousthrombosis,DVT深靜脈血栓形成empyema膿胸pneumothorax氣胸pyopneumothorax膿氣胸chronicsuppurativedisease慢性化膿性疾病congenitalcyanoticdisease先天性紫紺性心臟病corpulmonale肺源性心臟病pulmonaryhypertension肺動脈高壓pulmonaryencephalopathy肺性腦病rightheartfailure;right-sidedheartfailure右心衰竭pulmonaryvasculardiseases肺血管疾病interstitiallungdisease,ILD彌漫性間質(zhì)性肺疾病idiopathicpulmonaryfibrosis,IPF特發(fā)性肺纖維化cryptogenicfibrosingalveolitis,CFA隱源性纖維化性肺泡炎connectivetissuerelatedlungdiseases結(jié)締組織相關性肺疾病systemiclupuserythematosus,SLE系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡rheumatoidarthritis,RA類風濕性關節(jié)炎systemicsclerosis,SSc系統(tǒng)性硬化scleroderma硬皮病sjoren'ssyndrome感知綜合征polymyositis多發(fā)性肌炎dermatomyositis皮肌炎sarcoidosis結(jié)節(jié)病Pulmonaryalveolarproteinosis,PAP肺泡蛋白沉積癥Idiopathicpulmonaryhemosiderosis特發(fā)性肺含鐵血黃素沉著病Langerhanscellgranulomatosis朗格漢斯細胞肉芽腫病Eosinophilicgranuloma嗜酸性肉芽腫HistiocytosisX組織細胞增多癥XWegenergranulomatosisWegener肉芽腫extrinsicallergicalveolitis外源性過敏性肺泡炎pneumoconiosis塵肺drug-inducedlungdisease藥物性肺病aspergillosis曲菌病：allergicbronchopulmonaryaspergillosis(ABPA)pleuraldisease胸膜疾病broncho-pleuralfistula支氣管胸膜瘺oralcandidiasis口腔念珠菌病，鵝口瘡osteoporoticbonechange骨質(zhì)疏松樣改變glaucoma青光眼cataract白內(nèi)障acutelunginjury，ALI急性肺損傷acuterespiratorydistresssyndrome,ARDS急性呼吸窘迫綜合征urticaria蕁麻疹eczema濕疹hypertension高血壓diabetes糖尿病常用的藥物drugsoragentsbeadministered,treatsb.withempirical經(jīng)驗性的,prophylactic預防性,remedial治療性Expectorant祛痰藥Mucolytics粘液溶解劑bronchodilatorB2-agonists:short-acting:salbutamol沙丁胺醇long-acting:salmeterol沙美特羅muscarinicantagonists:ipratropiumbromide異丙托溴胺aminophylline氨茶堿steroidsinhaled:budesonide布地奈德，beclomethasone倍氯米松，fluticasone氟替卡松systemic:prednisolonepo.,hydrocortisoneiv.mastcellstabilizers:cromoglycatesodium色甘酸鈉leukotrienereceptorantagonists:montelukast孟魯司特respiratorystimulants:lobelinenikethamidecardiactonic強心劑diuretics利尿劑albumin白蛋白antitussiveagents鎮(zhèn)咳藥ammoniumchloride氯化銨ambroxol氨溴索(mucosolvan沐舒坦)常用的治療措施loworhighflowoxygen:nasalcannulae鼻導管，Venturiface-masknebulizer噴霧器:finerparticlesize(3to20um)allowstracheobronchialdepositionmetereddoseinhaler(MDI)continuouspositiveairwaypressure(CPAP)-tight-fittingmask(non-invasive)intermittentpositive-pressureventilation(IPPV)non-invasivepositive-pressureventilation(NIPPV)mechanicalventilation:non-invasiveorinvasive(viaintubation插管，tracheostomy氣管造口術，tracheotomy氣管切開術)synchronizedintermittentmandatoryventilation,SIMV同步間歇指令通氣pressuresupportventilation,PSV壓力支持通氣thoracocentesis胸腔穿刺術chestdrain/drainage引流術chemotherapy化療radiationtherapy放療pneumonectomy肺切除術lobectomyoflung,pulmonarylobectomy肺葉切除術thoracotomy開胸術，胸廓切開術pleurodesis胸膜剝脫術pleurectomy胸膜切除術pleuraladhesion胸膜粘連術thromboendarterectomy血栓動脈內(nèi)膜切除術inferiorvenacavafilter下腔靜脈過濾器常見的疾病chornicbronchitis:procuctivecough,mostdaysof3monthsoftheyear,foratleast2consecutiveyears,coughwithwhiteorpurulentsputumbronchiectasis:cystic囊性的/varicose曲張樣/cyclindrical柱狀-tram-tracks軌道樣hemoptysisphysiotherapy:chestwallpercussionwirhhead-downposturaldrainagelongtermoxygeninhalation:topreventcorpulmonalemedical:bronchodilators,mucolytics,rotatingcoursesofantibioticssurgical:resection,arteryembolizationforhemoptysislungabscessusuallyonrightside,asrightbronchusisshorterandmorevertical;inthesupinepatient,abscessdevelopsinapicallowerlobeorposterialupperlobe.pneumothoraxaccumulationofairinpleuralspace,withsecondarypartialcollapseofsubpleuralblebruputurelactrogenic:positivepressureventilation,bronchoscopy,esp.biopsytypes:closed,open,tensionmediastinaldeviation:tracheaandapexshiftcontralaterallyCXR:translucency+collapse:visiblerimbetweenlungandchestwall〉2cm=>50%lungvolumelossaspiration吸引術，intercostaldrainrefractoryorrecurrent:pleurodesis,pleurectomy,bullastaplingorlaseringpleuraleffusionchestpainandprogressivelyworseningofshortnessofbreathTransudate漏出液：redistributionofStarlingforcesacrossmicrocirculation,diureticscanresultinrapidresolution,protein<30g/Lorpleura:serumprotein<1/2orpleura:serumLDH<2/3;oftenseenincardiacfailure,hypoalbuminemia,embolism,superiororinferiorvenacavaobstruction,hypothyroidism.Exudate滲出液：capillarypermeabilityincreasesorlymphdrainagedecreasesoftenseenininfection,neoplasia,surgeryortrauma.CXR:meniscus-shaped,risestowardsaxillaAppearance:clear,straw-coloured:suggeststransduateturbid,green:indicatesexudates(puscells)orempyema(bacterialinfection)bloody(haemothorax血胸):tumor,pulmonaryembolism,acutepancreatitis,traumawhite(chylothorax乳糜胸)：lymph‘blockedthoracicduct,usuallyduetotumourTherapy:transudate:diureticsexudates:repeateddrainage(thoracocentesis)intrathoracicstreptokinaseviachestdrain:tolysefibrinousadhesionspleuraladhesion:tetracycline.bleomycinlungcancerhoarseness:duetoleftrecurrentlaryngealnervepalsydysphagiapancoasttumorinfiltratesT1stellateganglionresultinginHornersyndromehypertrophicpulmonaryosteoarthropathysuperiorvenacavaobstruction(SVCO):headache,shortnessofbreath;conjunctivaledema,plethora,veindilation,pericardialtamponade(JVP個,ABPO’quiethSparaneoplasticsyndromes:endocrine(ACTH:Cushing's;B-HCG:gynaecomastiaandbodyhairloss;PTH:hypercalcaemiaespeciallysquamouscellcarcinoma),skin(dermatomyositis)immunocompromisede.g.shingles帶狀皰疹squamouscellcarcinoma:30%ofallprimarylungtumours,butdecreasingincidence,relativelygoodprognosisiflocalized,squamousmetaplasiawithkeratinwhorls,centrallocation,clubbing,hypercalcemia(PTH-rpsecretion)adenocarcinoma:30%,increasingincidence,esp.women,lessassociationwithsmoking,poorprognosis,metastasisearly,gland-likeandmucin-secretion,peripherallocation,pleuraleffusions,hypercoagulablestatesmallcellcarcinoma:20%,poorprognosis,metastasisoccurearly,smallAUPDcellswithneurosecretorygranules,centrallocation,paraneoplasticsyndromescommonbronchoalveolarcellcarcinoma:variantofadenocarcinomathatisassociatedwithchroniclunginflammation,e.g.fibrosing,copiousclearmucoidsputumNSCLC:surgicalresectionpossibleatfirst,adjuvantchemotherapySCLC:radiotherapy+chemotherapy(etoposide+cisplatin)secondarylungcancer:breast,oesophago/gastric/head-neck(+coloniflivermetastasis),melanoma,bone(sarcoma),thyroid,renal,prostate,ovary,choriocarcinoma,testesetc.obstructivesleepapnoeaobstructionofupperairwayoccursatnightwithlossofmuscletoneinsleep,snoring,sleepinessduringday,aponeicspells(O2O,patientawakesfromsleep),awakeningwithnocturia,daytimesomnolence,decreasedmemoryandattention,increasedaccidentrisk,polycythaemia,systemichypertensionandpulmonaryhypertensionCauses:centralobesity(fatdepositionaroundupperairwayleadstoairwaynarrowing,abdominalfatelevatesdiaphragm),structuralfeaturesofupperairway(nasalobstruction:rhinitis,polyps,deviatedsputum;adenotonsillarhypertrophy,micrognathia;macroglossiaduetohypothyrodism/amyloid/Down's;cervicalmasses:goiter,laryngealstenosis),smoking(exacerabateshypoxia),alcohol(actsasasedativetherebyreducingupperairwaytone),neuromuscularorCNSdiseasesPSG(polysommography):overnightsleepstudyTherapy:conservative:weightloss,avoidalcohol/smoking/sedatives,avoidsupinepositioncontinuouspositiveairwaypressure(CPAP)mandibularadvancementdevice(MAD)adenoidectomy(curativeinchildren)uvulopalatopharyngoplasty懸雍垂-腭-咽成形術maxillomandibularosteotomyobesity-hypoventilationsyndrome:collapseofalveoliatend-expiration,decreasedcomplianceduetoweightofabdomenandchestwall,centralrespiratorydrive。常用的化療藥cisplatin順鉑Gemcitabine吉西他濱：Gemzar（鹽酸吉西他濱注射劑）paclitaxel;taxinol紫杉醇（Taxol泰素）docetaxel多西他賽（泰素帝）常見的抗生素beta-lactamantibiotics:inhibitcellwallsynthesispenicillinskintestamoxicillin阿莫西林piperacillin/tazobactamsodium哌拉西林/他唑巴坦鈉ticarcillin/clavulanatepotassium替卡西林/克拉維酸鉀cephamycin頭孢菌素類cefradine頭孢拉啶cefaclor頭孢克洛cefoperazone/sulbactam頭孢哌酮/舒巴坦ceftriaxone頭孢曲松cefpiramide頭孢吡啶ceftazidime頭孢他定ceftizoxime頭孢唑污carbopenems碳青霉烯類azactam氨曲南meropenem美羅培南imipenemandsodiumcilastatin亞胺培南/西司他丁鈉（泰能tienam）Glycopeptides糖肽類inhibitcellwallassemblyvancomycin萬古霉素norvancomycin去甲萬古霉素teicoplanin替考拉林Macrolides大環(huán)內(nèi)酯類：inhibitproteinsynthesisroxithromycin羅紅霉素clarithromycin克拉霉素azithromycin阿奇霉素erythromycin紅霉素Aminoglycosideantibiotics:氨基糖苷類reno-andototoxicinhibitinitiationandelongationprocessduringproteinsynthesisamikacin阿米卡星（丁胺卡那）gentamicin慶大霉素streptomycin鏈霉素Sulfamido磺胺類sulfamethoxazolecompound（SMZ.CO）Quinolones喹諾酮類：inhibitDNAgyrasenorfloxacin諾氟沙星ofloxacin氧氟沙星levofloxacin左氧氟沙星gatifloxacin加替沙星moxifloxacin莫西沙星ciprofloxacin環(huán)丙沙星Tetracycline四環(huán)素類minocycline美滿霉素Nitromidazole硝基咪唑類metronidazole甲硝唑tinidazole替硝唑ornidazole奧硝唑Antitubercularagents抗結(jié)核藥rifampicin利福平rifapentine利福噴丁isoniazide,isonicotinichydrazideacidINH異煙肼pyrazinamide吡嗪酰胺ethambutol乙胺丁醇Antifungal/antimycoticdrug抗真菌藥nystatin制霉菌素amphotericin兩性霉素Bfluconazole氟康唑voriconazole伏立康唑itraconazole伊曲康唑Antivirusagentsribavirin利巴韋林oseltamivir奧司他韋acyclovir阿昔洛韋ganciclovir更昔洛韋valaciclovir伐昔洛韋foscarnetsodium,phosphonoformicacid膦甲酸鈉(可耐)lamivudine拉米夫定entecavir恩替卡韋常見的病原微生物microorganism,microbe微生物bacterium細菌lipopolysaccharide(LPS)脂多糖antibiotics抗生素pyrogen致熱原exotoxin外毒素endotoxin內(nèi)毒素Gramstain革蘭染色Colonyformingunit,CFU集落形成單位antibacterialagents抗菌藥resistance耐藥性ESBLs：extendedspectrumB-lactamases超光譜B內(nèi)酰胺酶MRSA：methicillin-resistantstaphylococcusaureus耐甲氧西林金黃色葡萄球菌bacteremia菌血癥toxemia毒血癥endotoxemia內(nèi)毒素血癥septicaemia敗血癥pyemia膿毒血癥pathogen致病原pathogenicity致病性virulence毒力medianlethaldose(LD50)半數(shù)致死量medianinfectivedose(ID50)半數(shù)感染量virus病毒replication復制viremia病毒血癥normalmicrobiota,microflora,normalflora,physiologicalmicrobiota正常微生物群floradisequilibrium菌群失調(diào)dysbacteriosis菌群失調(diào)癥opportunisticinfection機會性感染conditionedinfection條件致病性感染endogenousinfection內(nèi)源性感染exogenousinfection外源性感染antimicrobialsusceptibilitytesting藥物敏感試驗minimuminhibitoryconcentration(MIC)最小抑菌濃度minimumbactericidalconcentration(MBC)最小殺菌濃度disinfection消毒sterilization滅菌asepsis無菌aseptictechnique無菌技術bacteriostasis抑菌antisepsis防腐disinfectant消毒劑bacteriostaticagent抑菌劑bactericide殺菌劑autoclavingorsteamunderpressuresterilization高壓蒸汽滅菌法ultravioletradiation,UV紫外線isolationprecaution隔離預防artificialactiveimmunization人工主動免疫vaccination疫苗接種killed/inactivatedvaccine死/滅活疫苗attentuatedlivevaccine減毒活疫苗toxoid類毒素artificialpassiveimmunity人工被動免疫antitoxin抗毒素gammaglobulin丙種球蛋白Staphylococcusaureus金黃色葡萄球菌Coagulase-negativestaphylococci凝固酶陰性葡萄球菌Staphylococcusepidermidis表皮葡萄球菌Streptococcuspneumoniae,pneumococcus肺炎鏈球菌Viridansstreptococci草綠色鏈球菌Escherichiacoli大腸埃希菌Klebsiellapneumoniae肺炎克雷伯菌Pseudomonasaeruginosa銅綠假單胞菌Haemophilusinfluenzae流感嗜血桿菌Legionella軍