滴灌系統(tǒng)的組成與規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)定稿

膜下滴灌系統(tǒng)的組成與設(shè)計(jì)TheComponentand膜下滴灌系統(tǒng)的組成與設(shè)計(jì)TheComponentandDesignofDripIrrigationSystemunderMulchFilm何HeLinwang節(jié)水灌溉工程技術(shù)研究中心（）NationalCenterofEfficientIrrigationEngineeringandTechnologyResearch-XinJiang1、膜下滴灌系統(tǒng)的組成Componentof1、膜下滴灌系統(tǒng)的組成ComponentofDripIrrigationSystemunderMulchFilm水源工程Watersourceproject首部樞紐Headofpivot輸配水Pipenetworksforwatertransportation滴頭及測(cè)量和保護(hù)裝置Emitters,pressureregulator,measuringmeterandprotectiondevices1.水源Water1.水源WaterSource2．水泵Pump3.供水管WaterSupplyPipe4.蓄水池Pond 5.逆止閥 BackflowPreventionDevice6.施肥開關(guān)Fertilizervalve7.灌水總開關(guān) IrrigationHeadValve13滴頭Emitter14.(滴灌帶)Lateral(Dripline) 15.滴灌支管Manifold16.尾部開關(guān)(電磁閥ZoneValve(Electricalvalve)17.沖洗閥FlushValve18肥料罐FertilizerTank19.肥量調(diào)節(jié)閥FertilizerRegulator20.施肥器FertilizerInjector21.干管MainLinesubmersiblepumpcentrifugalpumplinepumpdifferentpressureinjectventuriupjerpositionwithwideopencentrifugalscreensandmediadiscfilterPVCpipewith0.4MPaworkpressurePVCpipewith0.6MPaworkpressurePENanopipewiththinwallPEpipewiththickwallnon-reuseablesubmersiblepumpcentrifugalpumplinepumpdifferentpressureinjectventuriupjerpositionwithwideopencentrifugalscreensandmediadiscfilterPVCpipewith0.4MPaworkpressurePVCpipewith0.6MPaworkpressurePENanopipewiththinwallPEpipewiththickwallnon-reuseablereuseablepumpfertilizerinjectorpotCenterfiliterdevicemainlinepipenetworksubmainlateraldriptapeintegraldriplinedripline/typePCdriplinejointswatermetervaluepressuregaugeairinletvalueairreliefvaluereelucingvalueregulationvaluecontrolelementaccessoriesprotectelement2、膜下滴灌系統(tǒng)設(shè)備2、膜下滴灌系統(tǒng)設(shè)備EquipmentofDripIrrigationSystemunderMulchFilm2.1滴灌管（帶）Drip2.1滴灌管（帶）Dripline(tape)柱狀滴頭Columnardriptape柱狀滴頭ColumnardriptapeMicrospraytape微噴Micro-sprinkle補(bǔ)償式滴頭Pressurecompensatingdriptape2.2輸配水管道Pipes2.2輸配水管道PipesforwatertransportationPVC干管PVCMainpipe支管、輔管支管、輔管PESubmainLinepipeandFeederLinepipe2.3首部水泵2.3首部水泵PumpHeadControl過(guò)濾設(shè)備Filtrationdevice1.出水口2.進(jìn)水口waterinlet12罐tank過(guò)濾設(shè)備Filtrationdevice1.出水口2.進(jìn)水口waterinlet12罐tank接砂口sandinlet5.排砂口sandoutlet體過(guò)濾器CentrifugalFilter36.支架4support7.接砂罐sand-inpot8.沖洗口5786flushingoutletCentrifugalCentrifugalFilter網(wǎng)式過(guò)濾器Screen網(wǎng)式過(guò)濾器ScreenFilter離心網(wǎng)式過(guò)濾器組合United離心網(wǎng)式過(guò)濾器組合UnitedCentrifugalFilterandScreenFilterSandFilterSandFilter砂石過(guò)濾器工作原理 OperatingPrincipleInletShelf工作原理 OperatingPrincipleInletShelfBodyFilterMediumOutletDiscFilter疊片式過(guò)濾器DiscFilter疊片式過(guò)濾器施肥罐：FertilizerTank施肥罐：FertilizerTank3.膜下滴灌系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)ProjectPlanningandDesignofDripIrrigationSystemunderMulch3.膜下滴灌系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)ProjectPlanningandDesignofDripIrrigationSystemunderMulchFilm3.1Basicprincipleofprojectplanning滴灌工程的應(yīng)與農(nóng)田基本建設(shè)相結(jié)合Projectofdripirrigationshouldconsiderthebasicconstructionoffarmland.近期需要與遠(yuǎn)景發(fā)展相結(jié)合Requirementinthenearfutureshouldconnectwithdevelopmentinthefuture.滴灌工程的、和效益。Projectofdripirrigationshouldtakeintoaccountbenefitsofeconomic,socialandecology.3.1.2的內(nèi)容ContentsofprojectSurveyandcollect3.1.2的內(nèi)容ContentsofprojectSurveyandcollectbasicdata論證工程的必要性和可行性Evaluatenecessityandfeasibilityofproject確定工程的范圍和規(guī)模AscertaincontrollingareaandscopeofprojectChooseproperfetchingwatermode滴灌系統(tǒng)選型Choosedripirrigationsystem工程布置Projectdisposal做出工程概算Workoutprojectbudgetaryestimates資料的收集Datacollection地理位置與地形資料Geographicallocationand資料的收集Datacollection地理位置與地形資料Geographicallocationandtopographydata土地與工程地質(zhì)資料Soilandprojectgeologydata水文與氣象資料Hydrologyandweatherdata農(nóng)作物資料Cropdata狀況及農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展方面的基本資料Situationofsocialeconomyandagriculturedevelopmentproject3.2滴灌系統(tǒng)的布置Layout3.2滴灌系統(tǒng)的布置Layoutofdripirrigationsystem面積的確定Ascertainmentofcontrollingarea水源供水流量穩(wěn)定且無(wú)調(diào)蓄能力時(shí)可用下式確定滴灌面積Usethefollowingformulatodecideirrigationarea,aswaterissupplyingstablyandnoadjustment:式中：inthe式中：intheformula：irrigationarea，hm2；m3/hflowrate，m3/h；watersupplyintensityIa=Ea-P0Ea——設(shè)計(jì)耗水強(qiáng)度，mm/d；designedwaterconsumeintensity，mm/d；efficiencyofrainfall，mm/d；t——水源everyday，h/d；供水時(shí)數(shù)，h/dhourofwatersupply水源有調(diào)蓄能力且調(diào)蓄容積已定時(shí)，可用下式確定滴灌面積Usethefollowingformulatodecideirrigationarea,aswatersourceisadjustableandadjusting水源有調(diào)蓄能力且調(diào)蓄容積已定時(shí)，可用下式確定滴灌面積Usethefollowingformulatodecideirrigationarea,aswatersourceisadjustableandadjustingcubageisfixed：intheformula：K——塘壩復(fù)蓄系數(shù)，K=1.0—1.4；K——efficiencyofponddamrepeatedsavingwater，K=1.0—1.4；η——蓄水利用系數(shù)，η=0.6—0.7；η——coefficientofsavingwater，η=0.6—0.7；V——蓄水工程容積，m3；V——watersavingprojectcubage，m3；mm/d；Ii——gross water supply intensity of irrigationseason，mm/d；monthinTi——灌溉季節(jié)各月的供水天數(shù)，d。Ti——supplywaterdaynumberofeverymonthinirrigationseason，d.3.2.2常見(jiàn)的幾種布置方式Somefamiliarpipenetworkslayouts“一”disposal6012012012012060支ManifoldLateralsLaterals水源干Mainline管Watersource出地管Hydrant管水源位于田塊的中心，面積較大時(shí)，常采用一字形樹枝裝布置形式“一”disposaltreeformofpipenetworksascontrollingareaislargeorwatersourceislocatedincenterofthefield.1251253.2.2常見(jiàn)的幾種布置方式Somefamiliarpipenetworkslayouts“一”disposal6012012012012060支ManifoldLateralsLaterals水源干Mainline管Watersource出地管Hydrant管水源位于田塊的中心，面積較大時(shí)，常采用一字形樹枝裝布置形式“一”disposaltreeformofpipenetworksascontrollingareaislargeorwatersourceislocatedincenterofthefield.125125T形布置“T”disposal125125T形布置“T”disposal125125Combformdisposal125125125125ManifoldMainlineCombformdisposal125125125125ManifoldMainline3.3系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)的確定Ascertainmentof3.3系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)的確定AscertainmentofsystemdesignparameterBasicparameter1Insurancerateofdesign2、灌溉水的利用率不低于90%Irrigationwateruseefficiencyisnotlessthan90%3、設(shè)的日工作小時(shí)應(yīng)根據(jù)不同水源和農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)條件確定，一般不宜大于20hWorkhourofdesignedsystemaccordingtodifferentwatersourceandagriculturetechnicalcondition,anditisbetternottoworkmorethan20hours.4、滴頭設(shè)計(jì)工作水頭應(yīng)取所選滴頭的額定工作水頭，或由滴頭與流量關(guān)系曲線確定。Choosenominal4、滴頭設(shè)計(jì)工作水頭應(yīng)取所選滴頭的額定工作水頭，或由滴頭與流量關(guān)系曲線確定。Choosenominalworkingwaterheadasworkpressure,ordoaccordingtopressureandflowratecurveofemitter.5、設(shè)計(jì)耗水強(qiáng)度應(yīng)采用作物耗水強(qiáng)度峰值，并地試驗(yàn)資料確定。Designedconsumewaterintensity（Ea）：shouldadoptcropconsumewaterpeakvalue，localexperimentdatadecidetheEa.6、計(jì)劃土壤濕潤(rùn)層深度，不同作物不同階段的計(jì)劃濕潤(rùn)層深度不一樣，根據(jù)各地的經(jīng)驗(yàn)確定。Planeddepthofwettedsoil（Z）：planeddepthofwettedsoilindifferentcropanddifferentgrowthstagearedifferent，accordingtodifferentlocalexperience.3.3.2灌溉制度3.3.2灌溉制度Irrigationscheme設(shè)計(jì)灌水定額：根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)卦囼?yàn)資料按下面公式之一計(jì)算Designirrigationquota：Accordingtolocalexperimentdatum,useoneofthereinafterformulastocalculate:m=0.1γZP(θmax-θmin)/ηOrm=0.1ZP(θmax-θmin)/ηm——設(shè)計(jì)灌水定額mm；designirrigationquotamm)；γ——土壤容重g/cm3；γ——soildensityg/cm3，toselectaccordingtoFig2.3-1；z——計(jì)劃土壤濕潤(rùn)層深度m；z——thedepthofplannedwettedsoilm；P——%P——percentageofwettedarea%；θmax、θmin——適宜土壤含上、下限（占干土重的百分比），θmax可取田間持表2.3-1選用；的90%，θmin可取田間持的60%，可根據(jù)θmax、θmin——upanddownlimitofwatercontent（weightpercentageinθmax、θmin——適宜土壤含上、下限（占干土重的百分比），θmax可取田間持表2.3-1選用；的90%，θmin可取田間持的60%，可根據(jù)θmax、θmin——upanddownlimitofwatercontent（weightpercentageindrysoil），θmaxreferto90%offieldmoisturecapacity，θminreferto60%offieldmoisturecapacity.Choosetheparameteraccordingtotable2.3-1；θmax、θmin——適宜土壤含上、下限（占土壤體積百分比）,θmax可取田間持根據(jù)表2.3-1選用；的90%,θmin可取田間持的60%，可θmax、θmin——upanddownlimitofwatercontent（cubagepercentageindrysoil），θmaxreferto90%offieldmoisturecapacity，θminreferto60%offieldmoisturecapacity.ChoosetheparameteraccordingtoFig.2.3-1.η——灌溉水利用系數(shù)。η——irrigationwaterusecoefficient.表3-1不同土壤的物理特性表Table3-1physicalcharacteristicsofdifferentsoil土壤質(zhì)地Soilcharacteritisc容重Density（g/cm3）田間持水量Fieldmoisturecapacity凋萎系數(shù)Wiltingcoefficient重量含WCWM(%)體積含CCWM（%）重量含WCWM(%)體積含CCWM%）砂土Sand1.45-1.8016-2026-32表3-1不同土壤的物理特性表Table3-1physicalcharacteristicsofdifferentsoil土壤質(zhì)地Soilcharacteritisc容重Density（g/cm3）田間持水量Fieldmoisturecapacity凋萎系數(shù)Wiltingcoefficient重量含WCWM(%)體積含CCWM（%）重量含WCWM(%)體積含CCWM%）砂土Sand1.45-1.8016-2026-32砂壤土Sandysoil1.36-1.5422-3032-404-65-9輕壤土Lightloam1.40-1.521.40-1.5522-2830-364-96-128-15中壤土loam22-2830-356-10重壤土Heavyloam1.38-1.5422-2832-426-139-18輕粘土Lightclay1.35-1.4428-3240-451520中粘土clay1.30-1.4525-3535-4512-1717-24重粘土Heavyclay1.32-1.4030-3540-50設(shè)計(jì)灌水周期：可按下式計(jì)算Designirrigationintervalcalculateaccordingtothereinafterformula:T=（m/Ea）η式中：T——設(shè)計(jì)灌水周期d；Inthe設(shè)計(jì)灌水周期：可按下式計(jì)算Designirrigationintervalcalculateaccordingtothereinafterformula:T=（m/Ea）η式中：T——設(shè)計(jì)灌水周期d；Intheformula：T——designedirrigationcycled；Ea——設(shè)計(jì)耗水強(qiáng)度mm/d。Ea——designedwaterconsumeintensitymm/d.按上式求得的值為作物需水期的灌水周期。foregoingformula,wecouldworkoutirrigationwatercycleasthecycleatpeakofcroprequirementwater.一次灌水延續(xù)時(shí)間Durationofirrigationt=m?一次灌水延續(xù)時(shí)間Durationofirrigationt=m?Se?Sr/（ηqd）式中：t——一次灌水延續(xù)時(shí)間h；intheformula：t——durationofoneirrigation(h)；qd——設(shè)計(jì)滴頭流量l/h。qd——designeddischargeofemitterl/h.灌水次數(shù)與灌水總量的確定irrigationtimesandgrossirrigationquality3.3.3滴灌灌水均勻度Irrigationuniformityofdripirrigation滴灌均勻系數(shù)3.3.3滴灌灌水均勻度Irrigationuniformityofdripirrigation滴灌均勻系數(shù)Uniformitycoefficientofdripirrigation灌水器設(shè)計(jì)流量偏差率qv應(yīng)不大于20%，設(shè)計(jì)灌水均勻度不應(yīng)低于0.95。Designedallowableflowratedeviation(qv)islowerthan20%，designirrigationuniformityisbetterthan0.95.灌水小區(qū)水頭偏差Permitflowratedeviationofirrigationblock滴頭工作水頭偏差率hV與流量偏差率qV之間的用下式表示：Wecouldusethereinafterformulatoshowrelationofdeviationrateofemitterworkwaterhead(hv)andpermitflowratedeviation(qv)：式中：X——滴頭流態(tài)指數(shù)。intheformula：式中：X——滴頭流態(tài)指數(shù)。intheformula：X——emitterdischargeexponent。灌水小區(qū)水頭偏差按下式計(jì)算：Wecanworkoutpermitflowratedeviationofirrigationdistrictwiththereinafterformula：[ΔH]=hV×hd式中：[ΔH]——灌水小區(qū)intheformula：水頭偏差，m；[ΔH]——permitflowratedeviationofirrigationdistrict，m；hd——設(shè)計(jì)滴頭工作水頭，m。hd——designemitterworkwaterhead，m.3.4.滴灌系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)Designationofdripirrigation3.4.滴灌系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)Designationofdripirrigationsystem設(shè)計(jì)Driptapedesign1、滴灌帶的選型Driptapespecification2、水平極限滴頭個(gè)數(shù)的確定ConfirmlimitdrippernumbersofdriptapeNm——Inthisformula:的極限分流孔數(shù)；Nm:limitNm——Inthisformula:的極限分流孔數(shù)；Nm:limitdrippernumbersofdriptape[△h2]——的應(yīng)經(jīng)過(guò)技術(shù)比較確定，對(duì)于平地β2可取0.55；[Δh2]permitwaterheadlossofdriptape.[△h]——灌水小區(qū)水頭差m；[Δh]permitwaterheadlossofirrigationregion.d——d------innerradiusofdriptape,mmk水頭損失擴(kuò)大系數(shù)，一般為1.1～1.2；qdk:waterheadlossenlargemodulus;commonlyis1.1～1.2.qdL/h.滴頭設(shè)計(jì)流量L/hqd:Designedflowrateofdriptape,極限長(zhǎng)度(Lm)確定Confirmoflimitlengthof極限長(zhǎng)度(Lm)確定Confirmoflimitlengthofthepipetape(Lm)Lm=Nm×Se根據(jù)極限長(zhǎng)度及條田的實(shí)際情況可確定毛管的實(shí)際鋪設(shè)長(zhǎng)度。Confirmlimitlengthoflateral,calculatethereallengthoflateralaccordingtolimitlengthandrealsituationoffarmland.的沿程水頭損失h毛（多孔管）確定Confirmofwaterheadlossalonglateral,h(porouspipe)式中：f、m、b——分別為摩阻系數(shù)，流量指數(shù)和管徑系數(shù)，可由表式中：f、m、b——分別為摩阻系數(shù)，流量指數(shù)和管徑系數(shù)，可由表3-3查得；Inthisformula:f、m、bisrespectivelyattritionmodulus,flowrateindexandpiperadiusmodulusyoucanchoosetheparameterfromtable2.3-3:N——出水孔個(gè)數(shù)；Nnumberofoutlet;S0——進(jìn)口至首孔的間距，m。S0:spacebetweenfirstemitterandthebeginningofthelateral,m確定局部水頭損失Confirmlocalwaterheadlossoflateral當(dāng)參數(shù)缺乏時(shí),計(jì)算。10%-20%Take10%-20%ofwaterheadlossalongthelateralasthelocalwaterheadlossifnotoomuchparameters.輔管、支管設(shè)計(jì)Designforassistantpipelineandsubmain輔管、支管的選型Chooseassistant輔管、支管設(shè)計(jì)Designforassistantpipelineandsubmain輔管、支管的選型Chooseassistantpipelineandlateral確定管徑Confirmeconomypipediamet式中：D——管內(nèi)徑，mm；Inthisformula:DpipeinsidediametermmQ——管設(shè)計(jì)流量，m3/h；Q——pipedesignflowrate,m3/hI——I——economywaterpowergradient,I=0.03-0.06支管、輔水頭損失的計(jì)算Calculatelateral、assistantpipe支管、輔水頭損失的計(jì)算Calculatelateral、assistantpipewaterheadloss對(duì)于有輔助支管的滴灌系統(tǒng)，支水頭損失計(jì)算至最后一個(gè)給水閥，當(dāng)只開一條或兩條輔頭損失計(jì)算公式為：，其沿程水Fordripirrigationsystemwithassistantsubmain,calculatewaterheadlossalongassistanttillthelastsupplyvalve.Whenopeningoneortwoassistantlateral,itscalculationformulaofwaterheadlossalongsubmainis:支管的鋪設(shè)長(zhǎng)度L，在系統(tǒng)分析的基礎(chǔ)上，用線性hf，然后反推算出管長(zhǎng)LSubmainlengthL:afteranalyzingthesystem,getthelengthwithabackcalculationbylinearconfirmoflateralwaterheadlosshf支管的鋪設(shè)長(zhǎng)度L，在系統(tǒng)分析的基礎(chǔ)上，用線性hf，然后反推算出管長(zhǎng)LSubmainlengthL:afteranalyzingthesystem,getthelengthwithabackcalculationbylinearconfirmoflateralwaterheadlosshfuselinearityprogramordynamicprogram.管道沿程水頭損失計(jì)算系數(shù)、指數(shù)表modulus、indexforwaterheadlossalongpipelinecalculation或動(dòng)態(tài)PipeFmb管Hardplasticpipe0.4641.774.77硬管d>8mm0.5051.754.75微灌用聚乙烯管PEpipeformicroirrigationRe>23200.5951.694.69D≤8mmRe≤23201.7514支localwaterheadlossofsubmain支localwaterheadlossofsubmain當(dāng)參數(shù)缺乏時(shí)，局部水頭損失可按沿程水頭損失的5%~10%計(jì)算Take5%-10%ofwaterheadlossalongthesubmainasthelocalwaterheadlossifparametersarenotenough.Calculatewaterheadlossalongsubmainwiththinwall干管的設(shè)計(jì)Mainlinedesign干管的沿局部水頭損失計(jì)算Calculatewaterheadlossalongsubmainwiththinwall沿Calculationformulaofmainline局部水損Calculationformulaofpartwaterheadlosswaterheadlossalong式中ζ為局部水頭損失系數(shù)。Informula:ζislocalwaterheadlossmodulus.HeadHeadControlDesign水源過(guò)濾及施肥設(shè)備選型Watersourcefiltrationandfertilizerequipmentselection應(yīng)根據(jù)水源水質(zhì)和滴頭抗堵塞能力選擇過(guò)濾設(shè)備型條件選配過(guò)濾設(shè)備：Selectfiltrationequipmentaccordingtoqualityofwaterresourceandemittercharacterofanti-clogging.Duetodifferenceonflowpassagedesign,emittersrequiredifferentwaterquality.Differentwaterqualitiesneeddifferenttreatment.Ifweknowthecontentofimpurityintheirrigationwater,wecanselectfiltrationequipmentsbasedonfollowingconditions:10ppm或粒徑小于80μm10ppm或粒徑小于80μm時(shí)，宜選用砂石過(guò)濾器或篩網(wǎng)過(guò)濾器。Whenmineralcontentintheirrigationwaterislessthan10ppmorgraindiameterislessthan80μm,sandfilterorscreenfilterisbetter.10～100ppm之間，或粒徑在80～500μm之間時(shí)，宜先選用離心過(guò)濾器或篩網(wǎng)過(guò)濾器作初級(jí)處理，然后再選用砂石過(guò)濾器。Whenmineralcontentintheirrigationwaterisbetween10and100ppm,orgraindiameterisbetween80and500μm,centrifugalfilterorscreenfilterisasthefirstclass,screenfilterandsandfilterisbetterforsecondclass.100ppm或粒徑大于500μm時(shí)，應(yīng)使用沉淀池或離心過(guò)濾器作初級(jí)處理，然后再選用篩網(wǎng)或砂石過(guò)濾器。Whenmineralcontentintheirrigationwaterismorethan100