跨文化交際考試大綱

跨文化交際考試大綱跨文化交際考試大綱課程性課程編碼：跨文化交際課程性質(zhì)：專業(yè)必修課時：36分：2開課學(xué)期：第6學(xué)期 先修課程：英語國家概況，語言學(xué)，英美文學(xué)適用專業(yè)：商務(wù)英語專業(yè)一、 考試目的本課程的考試目的主要考核學(xué)生對理論知識的掌握與聯(lián)系實際情況，即對課內(nèi)教材和教師的授課內(nèi)容的掌握與聯(lián)系實際情況等。二、 考試的內(nèi)容及要求（一） 緒論考試內(nèi)容：1跨文化交際的概念、意義?？缥幕浑H學(xué)的學(xué)科性質(zhì)和發(fā)展歷史。要求：掌握跨文化交際的概念，了解跨文化交際的意義、歷史、學(xué)科發(fā)展史。（二） 第一章交際與文化考試內(nèi)容：1交際的概念和特性。2．文化的定義與特征。文化與交際的關(guān)系。要求:掌握文化與交際的概念，了解交際的特性、文化的特征，理解文化與交際之間的關(guān)系。（三） 第二章文化的影響考試內(nèi)容：1文化的多樣性文化的深層結(jié)構(gòu)要求:掌握文化模式的概念，了解交際的多樣性，理解文化的深層結(jié)構(gòu)。（四） 第三章語言與文化考試內(nèi)容：1語言與交際的關(guān)系，其中包括語音、語義、句法、語用與跨文化交際的關(guān)系。語言的翻譯。要求：通過各種實例、練習(xí)了解語音、語義、句法、語用與跨文化交際的關(guān)系。（五） 第四章非言語交際考試內(nèi)容：1非言語交際的概念、功能、特征。2.非言語的詞義和語用。3?人體語、時間語、空間語。4．其他非言語信息。要求：了解非言語交際的研究概況、功能、特征,了解并學(xué)會恰當(dāng)使用一批常用的非言語，掌握一些常見的不同文化背景下的體態(tài)語。（六） 第五章文化對商業(yè)語境的影響考試內(nèi)容：1文化與商業(yè)語境國際商業(yè)語境國內(nèi)商業(yè)語境要求：了解文化價值觀對商業(yè)語境的影響，并通過與中國傳統(tǒng)交易方式的對比，掌握經(jīng)濟全球化形勢下如何進(jìn)行有效溝通，成功進(jìn)行國際競爭的原則和技巧。（七） 第六章文化對教育語境的影響考試內(nèi)容：1教育體制差異性多元文化教育背景多元文化背景下的教學(xué)方式要求：通過學(xué)習(xí)中外教育體制，了解不同文化中教育理念的差異，以及課堂中師生角色的期待差異所導(dǎo)致的不同課堂風(fēng)格和教學(xué)方法。（八） 第七章文化對保健語境的影響

考試內(nèi)容：1?疾病預(yù)防及治療的文化差異性2.性別文化體現(xiàn)在保健語境中的差異性要求：了解不同文化中保健理念的差異，了解性別文化差異性在保健語境中的體現(xiàn)，理解文化差異性可能導(dǎo)致的保健語境中的交際失誤。第八章培養(yǎng)跨文化交際意識考試內(nèi)容：影響跨文化交際的因素要求：進(jìn)一步了解文化的差異性，多元性和發(fā)展性。三、考試方法、考試時間及試題類型筆試1?考試方法：筆試計分方式：考試時間：(10%)試題類型：(10%)⑵判斷題問答題案例分析題期末試卷考試時間為120期末試卷考試時間為120分鐘(1)選擇題(10%)(20%)(20%)(20%)(6)綜合寫作四、教材與主要參考資料1.教材：2.主要參考資料：Samovar,LarryA.CommunicationbetweenCultures.北京：外語教學(xué)與研究出版社.2000胡超《跨文化交際實用教程》北京：外語教學(xué)與研究出版社，2013岀版社，2009顧曰國《跨文化交際》北京：外語教學(xué)與研究顧曰國《跨文化交際》北京：外語教學(xué)與研究許力生《跨文化交際英語教程》上海：外語教育岀版社，2008五、樣題PartOne:TrueorFalse(15points)Directions:ReadthefollowingstatementsanddecidewhethertheyareTrueorFalse.AndwriteTorFontheanswersheet.1.Incountrieswithhighuncertaintyavoidance,peopletendtoensurecertaintyandsecuritythroughanextensivesetofrulesandregulations.2?Cultureisastaticentitywhilecommunicationisadynamicprocess.3?Allculturesrequireandvaluepoliteness,butthewayinwhichpolitenessisachievedmayvarysignificantly.4?LatinAmerican,African,ArabicandmostAsianculturesareM-Timecultures.5?Muchofournon-verbalbehavior,likeculture,tendstobeelusive,spontaneousandfrequentlygoesbeyondourawareness.6?Cultureshocksarealwaysfrustrating,becausetheyalwaysbringnegativeeffectstopeopleinaforeignculture,socultureshocksdonogoodtopeopleininterculturalcommunication.7?Peopleinpast-orientedculturesrespectoldpeopleandplacehighvalueonhistoryandexperiences.8?TheJapanesebelievethatsocializingisintegraltothenegotiationprocesswhiletheAmericansdonotthinkso.GermansfindhumoroutofplaceinbusinessmeetingswhileAmericansthinktellingajokewillhelplighttheatmosphere.Encodingistheprocessofperceivingandinterpreting,ormakingsenseofincomingmessagesandstimulifromtheenvironment.Americansenjoytalkingandinterpretsilenceinanegativeway.Theyappreciateapersonwhodominatesaconversation.12.InUSA,slouchingisconsideredasignofrudenessandpoormanners.13?LikeJapaneseandChinesenegotiators,adetailedwrittenagreementisnotcentraltothenegotiationprocessintheMiddleEast,FranceandGermany.14.InChina,friendshipmeansawillingnesstobeindebtedandtorepaythedebtmorethanowed.15.Cultureissuchacomprehensivetermthatitmayencompasseverything,tangibleorintangible,materialorspiritual.PartII.Translation(20points)Directions:TranslatethefollowingChinesetermsintoEnglishandEnglishtermsintoChinese.stereotypes 2.paralanguage3.ethnocentrism 4.masculinity6.monochronic5.6.monochronic7.speechacttaboos9.vocalqualifiersdistance11.譯碼13.文化震驚15.概念意義17.禮貌原則19.空間語言8.conversation10.power12.偏見14.不確定性回避16.語用錯誤18.歸納法20.禮儀與禮節(jié)PartThree:ReadingComprehension:(30points)Directions:Foreachofthefollowingthreepassages,thereare5questions.Readthepassageandchoosethebestanswerforeachquestion,thanwritethecorrespondingletterontheanswersheet.Passage1IntheUnitedStates,youcanfeelfreetovisitinpeople'shomes,sharetheirholidays,enjoytheirchildrenandtheirliveswithoutfeelingobligedtocontinuealifetimerelationship.DonothesitatethereforetoacceptinvitationsfromAmericanssimplybecauseyoucannotinvitethemtoyourhomeinreturn.Noonewillexpectyoutodoso;theyrealizethatyouhavetraveledagreatdistance.Americanswillenjoywelcomingyouandwillbepleasedifyouaccepttheirfriendshipeasily.VisitorsmaynoticethatalthoughAmericansincludethemeasilyintheirpersonaldailylives,theydonotshowvisitorsagreatamountofspecialcourtesyifdoingsorequiresmuchtime.Thisisfrequentlytheoppositeofwhatoccursinsomecountries,wherepeopleareespeciallygenerousingivingtheirtimetovisitors,butdonotnecessarilywelcomethemasguestsintheirhomes.Insomeplaces,hostswillgotoairportslateatnighttomeetavisitortheydonotevenknowwell;theyspendmuchtimeactingasaguide-allevidenceofgreatgenerosity.Yettheymayneverinvitetheguesttomeettheirfamiliesorjoinintheirfamilylife.Itisimportanttonotethatinbothcasesthefeelingisequallywarmandfriendly;onlythewayofexpressingcourtesiesisdifferent.Americanswarmlywelcomevisitorsintotheirhomes,andtrytodoasmanyspecialthingsforaguestastimepermits.Ifpossible,theywillmeetyouattheairportbutifnot,youcantakepublictransportationfromtheairporttoyourhotel;andtaxiorbusfromyourhoteltotheirhome.Uponarrival,awarmwelcomewillawaityou.Indeed,visitorsarereadilyinvitedintohomesduringthetimetheyareinthecountry.Althoughitmaybeconsideredmorepropertoentertainaguestatarestaurantinsomecountries,thisisnotthecaseintheUnitedStates.Generally,however,Americansconsideritmorefriendlytoinviteapersontoone'shomethantotakehimtoarestaurant.Forpurelybusinesspurposes,youaremorelikelytobeinvitedtoarestaurant.Questions1-5arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustread.WhatcanyoufeelfreetodowhenyoustayintheU.S.?A■TaketheirchildrenoutfordinnerB?Takeyourfamilytoafriend，shomeC?TravelwithyourfriendinholidaysD?Callinafriend，shomeafterworkWhenAmericanswelcomeyou,theydon'tcarewhetheryouwillshowyourcourtesyinreturn.Why?Becausetheyareveryconsiderateandunderstanding.Becausetheyknowyouarenotgoodatshowingthecourtesy.Becausetheyknowyouaretootiredtoreturntheirfriendship.Becausetheyknowyouarenotpleasedwiththeirinvitations.WhichofthefollowingislikelyforanAmericantodo?Accompanytheguesttovisitdifferentplaces.Pickuptheguestlateatnightfromtheairport.Inviteyoutomeettheirfamiliesandhavedinner.SpendmuchtimechattingwithanewfriendWhichofthefollowingistrue?YourAmericanfriendwillsurelymeetyouattheairport.Youcantakethepublictransportationtoyourhotel.C?Don'texpectAmericanstodospecialthingsforyou.D.Youwillbeinvitedtostayattheirhomeforthenight.WhichisthecommonwayAmericansusetoentertainaguest?Theywillinviteafriendtoafirst-classrestaurant.Theywillentertainafriendwithhome-madedinner.Theywillinviteabusinesspartnertotheirhomes.TheywilltakethebusinesspartnertoaMacDonald.Passage2Linguisticallyspeaking,peoplearenotbornfree.Weinheritalanguage;evenmoreimportantly,weinheritcertainfixedwaysofexpressionthatmayshackleourthoughts.Languagebecomesourshaperofideasratherthansimplyourtoolforreportingideas.ThewayinwhichcultureaffectslanguagebecomesclearbycomparinghowtheEnglishandHopilanguagesrefertoH2Oinitsliquidstate.English,likemostotherEuropeanlanguages,hasonlyoneword-“water”-anditpaysnoattentiontowhatthesubstanceisusedfororitsquality.TheHopiofArizona,ontheotherhand,usepahetomeanthelargeamountsofwaterpresentinnaturallakesorrivers,andkeyiforthesmallamountsindomesticjugsandcanteens.English,though,makesotherdistinctionsthatHopidoesnot.ThespeakerofEnglishiscarefultodistinguishbetweenalakeandstream,betweenawaterfallandageyer;butpahemakesnodistinctionamonglakes,ponds,rivers,streams,waterfalls,andsprings.AHopispeaker,ofcourse,knowsthatthereisadifferencebetweenageyer,whichspurtsupward,andawaterfall,whichplungesdownward,eventhoughhisorhervocabularymakesnosuchdistinction.Similarly,aspeakerofEnglishknowsthatacanteenofwaterdiffersfromariverofwater.ButtherealpointofthiscomparisonisthatneithertheHopinortheAmericanusesanywherenearthepossiblenumberofwordsthatcouldbeappliedtowaterinallofitsstates,quantities,forms,andfunctions.Eachculturedefinesthecategoriesintermsofthesimilaritiesitdetects;itchannelsamultitudeofideasintothefewcategoriesthatitconsidersimportant.ThecultureofeveryspeakerofEnglishtellshimorherthatitisimportanttodistinguishbetweenoceans,lakes,rivers,fountains,andwaterfalls-butrelativelyunimportanttomakethedistinctionbetweenthewaterinacanteeninhisorhercanoeandthewaterunderneaththesamecanoe.Eachculturehascategorizedexperiencethroughlanguageinaquiteunconsciousway.ThepossibilityofsucharelationshipbetweenlanguageandculturehasbeenformulatedintoahypothesisbytwoAmericanlinguists,SapirandWhorf.Accordingtothem,wedonotliveinthemidstofthewholeworld,butonlyinapartofit,thepartthatourlanguageletsusknow.ToSapirandWhorf,languageprovidesadifferentnetworkoftracksforeachsociety,which,asaresult,concentratesononlycertainaspectsofreality.Questions6-10arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustread.Accordingtothepassage,peoplearenotbornfreebecause .ourperceptionoftheworldisconfinedbyourlanguage.ourexpressionofideasisconfinedbyourlanguage.ourlinguisticcapabilityisconfinedbyourphysicallimitations.ourlinguisticcapabilityisconfinedbyourculture.ThedifferencebetweentheHopiwords“pahe”and“keyi”isprobably.betweenthelargeamountandthesmallamountofwater.betweenthewaterinthelakesandwaterintherivers.betweenthewaterinawaterfallandinaspring.betweenthewaterofnaturalandthatofdomesticexistence.InwhichwayisHopilanguagesimilartoEnglish?Bothlanguagesclassifythemeaningofwordsaccordingtosimilarities.Bothlanguagescantellthedifferencebetweengeyserandwaterfall.Bothlanguageshavewordstodescribewaterinallofitsstatesandforms.Bothlanguagescandescribethestates,quantities,formsandfunctionsofwater.AccordingtoSapirandWhorf,whichofthefollowingstatementisright?Languageisusedonlyasatooltoreportourthoughtsandideas.Languagewillinfluenceculture,butculturewillnotinfluencelanguage.Ourworldviewisbuiltuppurposelyonthelanguagehabitofthegroup.Thedifferencesbetweenlanguagesaremuchmorethanmereobstaclestocommunication.Whatmightthefollowingparagraphsbemainlyabout?MoredifferencesinHopiandEnglishlanguage.Thedifferentnetworkoftracksforeachsociety.C?ExamplestoillustrateSapirandWhorfstheory.D.Thevariousaspectsthatlanguageallowsustoconcentrate.Passage3Humanbeingsbuildnotonlytoprovideshelterbutalsotoprovidestructuresfororderingrelationshipsandactivities.Ourculturesarebuiltintothelayoutofcities,villagesandfarmland,andinthedesignofbuilding.Thesephysicalformsbothreflectandarereflectedinsocialpatternsandinthelanguageswespeak.MostofthecitiesandtownsoftheUnitedStatesarearrangedinagridpatternofright-angledstreets.AmapofNewYorkCityshowsthatthestreetsrunningeastandwestarenumberedinsequence.Thirty-fourthStreet(famousforitslargedepartmentstores)issouthofForty-secondStreet(famousforitmovietheatres).Thenorth-southstreetsarealsonumberedinsequencebutarecalledavenues.FifthAvenuewithitsfashionableshopsiseastofSeventhAvenue,homeofthefashionindustry.OnthesoutherntipofManhattanIslandstreetsdonotfollowthispatternbutcontinuetorevealthedecisionsmadebytheearliestWesternsettlers.Herewefindtheoriginoftheonestreetthatbreakstheoverallpattern,Broadway.Itrunsdiagonallyacrossthegrid,causingtroublefortaxidrivers,visitorsandresidentswhohavecometoexpectthattheycaneasilyfindanypointonthelogicalgridofthecity.Thenamingandnumberingsystemvariesfromcitytocity,butthebasicgridpatternisthesame.Thegridpatternhasmanyadvantages,butforawonderfulholidaytrip,IwouldchoosetogoFrance.IfyoulookatamapofFrancethatshowsthehighwaysystem,theradiatingstarisclearlyvisible.Thestarpatternisalsovisibleinthesocialandpoliticallifethecountry.InFrancepeopleliveintownsandvillageswherethechurchandtownhallareatthecenter.InaFrenchofficetheleader'sofficeisatthecenter,andyoucantellhowimportantanyoneintheorganizationisbyhowfarhisorherofficeisfromtheleader'soffice.Frenchleadersfollowthetraditionofremodelingasectionofthecityorbuildinganewmonumenttoensurethatthecityisaswondrousinthefutureasitwasinthepast.Themostimportantbuildings,eventsandorganizationsareinthecenterofParisandthepoorer,lessimportantpeopleliveinthesuburbs.Questions11-15arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustread.WhichofthefollowingisNOTafunctionofbuildingsofhumanbeings?Toshelterusfromallkindsofweathers.Toreflecttheideaoforderingsociallife.Toshowpatternsthepatternsofthesociety.ToshowthecreativityofthespecificcultureWhatdoesthephrase“agridpattern”possiblymean?Apatternconsistingofnumbers.Apatternconsistingofsquares.Astrangepattern.Aregularpattern.WhatcanweinferaboutthestreetsinNewYorkCityfromthe2ndparagraph?Allthenamesofstreetsweredecidedlongagobytheearliestsettlersofthecity.Thenamesofstreetsaregivenaccordingtothemainattractionsofthestreets.Broadwayisastreetinwhichpeoplewilloftenhavetroublefindingtheirway.Broadwayissodifferentbecauseitwasintendedtobemadetobefamous.Ifthenamesofstreetsarearrangedinalphabeticalorder,mostprobablytheplaceisavillagenearParissuburbanareainFrancetowninUnitedStatesfarminMidwestofAmericaAccordingtowhatyouhaveinferredfromthepassage,whichofthefollowingwordwouldyouliketousetodescribetheeducationalsystemofFrance?centralized B.presidentialC.peripheralD.democraticPartFour:MultipleChoiceQuestions:(20points)Directions:Studythefollowingmini-casesandchoosetherightanswertothequestionaskedaftereachcase,andwritethecorrespondingletterontheanswersheet.1?Jared,anAmerican,nowlivesinMorocco(摩洛哥).HedecidestoinviteaMoroccanfriendtoapicnicatthebeachonSaturday.WhenJaredasksifhewillcome,“Perhaps”theMoroccanfriendsaysinEnglish,translatingfromtheArabicexpression“InshaAllah”,whichliterallymeans“IfitisGod'swill”.Jaredfeelshurt.WhatdoestheMoroccanfriendmean?Hedoeswanttogo,butheisnotsurewhetherhewillbeavailablethen.Hedoesn'twanttogoand“InshaAllah”istheMuslims'waytosay“no”indirectly.HewantstowaitforAllahtodecideforhimwhethertogoornotlikeotherMuslims.Hedoesn'twanttogowithJared.InMuslimculture,itisconsideredinappropriatefortwopeopleofthesamesextowalktogetherinpublic.2?Kitty,anAmericanstudent,studiedandlivedinIndia.OnceherhostfamilyandKittywereinvitedtoaspecialdinneratarelative'shouse.Duringthelongpreparationofthedinner,shereadandhighlightedhertextbook.Tomakeherselfcomfortable,sheplacedherfeetonthechair.Severalvisitorsstaredatherwithanguishedlooks.Whatdidshedowrong?InIndia,itisrudetoreadalonewhileothervisitorsaretalkingtoeachother.B?InIndia,booksareconsideredsacred,andwritinginitisimproper.InIndia,puttingyourfeetonachairisarudebehavior-you'llmakethechairunclean.InIndia,itisarudebehaviordirectingyourfeetorthesolesofyourshoestowardothers.3.GeorgewantstosetupabranchofhisconsultingfirminSeoul,SouthKorea.Heisinterestedinhiringalocalaccountant.Heoffersagreatsalarywithexcellentworkingconditions.Butaftermeetingwithsomepeoplewhoareputforwardthroughcontacts,Georgeissurprisedtofindallofthemturndownhisoffer.Why?A.Georgeshouldnothaveapproachedthemdirectlywithoutgettingthroughathirdparty.Koreans,highuncertaintyavoidingpeople,areunwillingtoshifttoanewjob.C?Koreans,whoarecollectivists,prefertostaywiththeirfirstemployeroutofasenseofloyalty.D.Koreans,whopreferanindirectcommunicationstyle,willnotacceptthefirstoffer.4?BobworksforanAmericanITcompany.OncehewassenttoBuenosAires（布宜諾斯艾利斯）tomakeamarketingpresentationforanArgentineancompany.Uponhisarrival,hewastoldthatthepresentationwaspostponedfortwodaysandthathecouldusethetimetorestandseethesites.Heinsistedthathewasfitandreadyforthepresentation.EventuallyBobandhisArgentineancounterpartssattogetherbuthenoticedthatnoneoftheexecutivesatthemeetingseemedinterested.HowdoyouexplaintheArgentineans'attitude?A?TheywerenotinterestedinBob'spresentation.That'stheirindirectwaytorefusehim.B?TheywereproudoftheircultureandsawBob'slackofenthusiasmtoseethesightsasaninsult.TheirinitialoffertodelaythepresentationwastheirwayofallowingenoughtimetoknowBob:theywantedtobuildagoodpersonalrelationshipwithhim.TheArgentineanspreferredthehigh-contextinteractionstyle,anddidnotlikeBob'sstyleofcommunication,whichislow-context.5.TonyteachesEnglishliteratureinJapan.TheJapanesestudentsareveryquietandpolite.Buttohisannoyance,Tonyfindsthattheyrepeatedlyturntheireyesawayfromhimdespitehisgreatefforttoestablisheyecontactwiththemwhiletalking.Tonyfeelsdepressedandunsureofhimself.“AmIagoodteacher?Aretheyinterested?”Doyouknowwhy?ItisconsideredrudeinJapantolookaforeignerintheeye.B?TheJapanesestudents'avoidanceofeyecontactisasignofrespect,notlackofinterest.That'stheJapanesesilentwaytosay“Weadmireyou”.TheJapanesestudentsmeantthattheynotimpressedbyhislecturethroughtheuseofeyes.6.Sarah,anAmericanwoman,waitedinhercarinfrontofadrive-throughfast-foodwindow,andorderedacheeseburgerandsoftdrink.Theclerk'srighthandwasonthecashregister^hisleftatthewindow.Whenhehandedherordertoher,helookedawaybriefly,andthensaidtoSarah,“Verysorry.Inmycountry,Ghana（加納），itisveryrudetodothis.”Doyouknowwhytheclerksaid“sorry”?BecauseinGhanaitisrudetopassfoodwiththelefthand.BecauseinGhanaitisrudetostareatpeople.BecauseinGhanaitisrudetokeepaladywaitingforabovefiveminutes.BecauseinGhanaitisrudetotalktopeoplewithoutknowingwhotheyare.7?TomandSimonaretalkingaboutthequicktripSimonhasjusttakentotheirco-opinKorea.Tom:Howdidthevisittotheco-opgo?Simon:Quitewell,Ithinkthey'reinterestedinusingmyexpertise.Tom:Didtheyshowyouaround?Simon:Yes.Isawthewholeco-op.Tom:Thewholething!Thatmusthavetakenhours.Simon:Actually,wewereinandoutinlessthan30minutes.Theysaidanotherguywascomingatnoon.Q:WhatdoyouthinkofSimon's30-minutetrip?Whatdoesitsuggest?A.Sinceanotherguywascoming,theywereforcedtomakeSimon'stripshort.B?Theyweren'tinterestedinSimon'sexpertise;thestoryaboutthe“anotherguy”wasjustanexcuse.C?Theco-opwasveryefficient-goodnewsforSimon.D.Simonwasjustoneofthecandidates-hemayormaynotbeacceptedbytheco-op.8.InaJapanesestore,thesalesclerktriestosellacustomeranexpensivepearlnecklace.Andthecustomerformsacirclewiththethumbandindexfingerofhisrighthand,andmeantimewaveshisopenlefthandbackandforthinfrontofhimasifhewerechasingamosquitoawayfromhim.Whatdoeshemeanbythesetwogestures?A.Allright,Ilikeit.No,it'sfake.You'realiar.Ok.You'vedoneagreatjob.No,Ihavenomoney.9?AnAmericanandhisfamilymovedbacktotheUS,afterhavingspent10yearsinIndonesia.Atfirstthingswentquitewell一theyfoundahouse,acarandaschoolfortheirdaughter,andevenaprofitablejob!Butsoonproblemsarose.Theygotsomanytelephonecallseveryday:notonlyfriendswhowantedtotalk,butcompanieswhowantedthemtobuythings.Itwasthesamewiththemail.Everydaytheyreceivedasmanyas10lettersfrombusinessesandorganizationsthatwantedtosellthemproductsorservicestheydidn'twant.Anotherstrangethingwasrules.Therearerulesabouteverything:howfaryo