PID控制的意義中英文翻譯資料

ThesignificanceofPIDcontrolThecurrentoflevelofmodernizationanimportantexperiencedthedevelopmentofthetheoryoftheoryandintelligenttheoryofIntelligentcontrolisatypicalofautomaticwashingOpen-loopcontrolsystembedividedintosystemsAsystemoutputoutputoutputinterface,theagency,addedtothechargedsystem;controlsystem,theamountcharged,throughsensors,transmitters,senttothecontrollerthroughtheinputinterface.Differentcontrolsystems,sensors,transmitters,actuatorsarenotthesame.Suchaspressurecontrolsystempressuresensortobeused.Electricheatingcontrolsystemsensorisatemperaturesensor.Atpresent,PIDcontrolandcontrollerorintelligentPIDcontroller(instrument)hasalotofproductshavebeenintheengineeringpracticehasbeenwidelyapplied,thereisawiderangeofPIDcontrollers,themajorcompanieshavedevelopedPIDparameterself-tuningcapabilitiesofintelligentcontroller(intelligentregulator),whichautomaticallyadjuststhePIDcontrollerparametersareadjustedthroughtheintelligentorself-correction,adaptivealgorithmsachieve.PIDcontrolareachievedusingpressure,temperature,flow,liquidlevelcontroller,PIDcontrolcanachieveprogrammablecontroller(PLC),alsoallowsPIDcontrolofPCsystems,ProgrammableLogicControlleristousetheclosed-loopPIDcontrolmoduletoachievecontrol,programmablelogiccontroller(PLC)canbeconnecteddirectlywithControlNet,suchasRockwell'sPLC-5andsoon.PIDcontrolfunctionalsoallowsthecontroller,suchRockwell'sLogixproductline,whichcanbeconnecteddirectlywithControlNet,usethenetworktoachieveitsremotecontrolfunctions.1,theopen-loopcontrolsystemOpen-loopcontrolsystem(open-loopcontrolsystem)ischargedwiththeobjectoutput(controlledvariables)onthecontroller(controller)didnotaffecttheoutput.Inthiscontrolsystem,notdependentontheamountwillbechargedagainstsendingitbacktoformanyclosedloops.2,closedcontrolsystemClosedloopcontrolsystem(closed-loopcontrolsystem)characterizedthesystemcontrolobjectoutput(controlledvariables)willaffectthecontrolleragainsttheoutputbacktoformoneormoreclosedloop.Closed-loopcontrolsystemhaspositivefeedbackandnegativefeedback,ifthefeedbacksignalandsystemforagivenvalueofsignalcontrast,isknownasnegativefeedback(NegativeFeedback),ifthesamepolarityiscalledpositivefeedback,thegeneralclosed-loopnegativefeedbackcontrolsystemsareused,alsoknownasnegativefeedbackcontrolsystem.Manyexamplesofclosedloopcontrolsystem.Suchpersonisanegativefeedbackcontrolsystem,theeyethesensor,asfeedback,thehumansystemthroughconstantcorrectiontoalltherightmoveslast.Iftherearenoeyes,nofeedbackwillbecomeanopen-loopcontrolsystem.Othercases,whenatrulyautomaticwashingmachineshavetocontinuouslycheckwhetherclotheswashed,andcutoffthepowerautomaticallyaftercleaning,itisaclosedloopcontrolsystem.3,stepStepresponseisastepinput(stepfunction)tothesystem,systemoutputs.Steady-stateerroristheresponseofthesystemintosteadystate,thesystem'sexpectedoutputandactualoutputofthedifference.Controlsystemperformancecanbestable,accurate,fastandthreetodescribe.Stabilitythestabilityofthesystem(stability),asystemtoproperly,firstofallmustbestable,fromthestepresponseappearstobethatconvergence;quasi-controlsystemreferstotheaccuracy,controlprecision,usuallystablestateerrorto(Steady-stateerror)description,itsaidthesystemoutputandtheexpectedsteady-statevalueofthedifference;fastercontrolsystemresponsefast,usuallytherisetimetoquantify.4,PIDcontrolprinciplesandcharacteristicsInengineeringpractice,themostwidelyusedregulatorcontrollawisproportional,integral,differentialcontrol,referredtoasPIDcontrol,alsoknownasPIDregulator.PIDcontrollerhasbeendevelopedfornearly70years,itisitssimplestructure,stable,reliable,easytoandbecomeoneofthemaintechniquesindustrialcontrol.Whenthestructureandparametersoftheobjectandcannotfullygrasp,orlackofaccuratemathematicalmodels,controltheoryisdifficulttouseothertechnologies,thesystemcontrollerstructureandparametersmustrelyonexperienceandon-sitecommissioningtodetermine,whenappliedPIDcontroltechniquemoreconvenient.Thatis,whenwenotfullyunderstandasystemandthecontrolledobject,orcannotbeaneffectivemeansofmeasurementtoobtainsystemparameters,themostsuitablePIDcontroltechnology.PIDcontrol,inpracticetherearePIandPDcontrol.PIDcontrolleristheerroraccordingtothesystem,usingproportional,integral,differentialcalculationofthevolumecontroltocontrol.Proportion(P)controlProportionalcontrolisthemostsimplecontrolmethod.Thecontroller'soutputandtheinputerrorsignalproportional.Whenonlyaproportionalcontrolsystemoutputwhentheresteady-stateerror(Steady-stateerror).Integral(I)controlInintegralcontrol,thecontroller'soutputandtheinputerrorsignalproportionaltotheintegral.Anautomaticcontrolsystemintothesteadystateifthereissteady-stateerror,claimedthatthiscontrolsystemiscalledasteady-stateerrororpoorsystem(SystemwithSteady-stateError).Inordertoeliminatesteadystateerror,thecontrollermustintroduce"integralterm."Integraltermoftheerrordependsonthetimeintegral,astimeincreases,integraltermwillincrease.Thus,eveniferrorverysmall,integraltermwillincreaseovertimetoincreaseitspromotionofthecontrolleroutputincreasestofurtherreducethesteady-stateerror,untilzero.Therefore,theratioof+integral(PI)controllerallowssystemtoentersteadyofnosteadystateerror.Differential(D)controlInthedifferentialcontrol,thecontrolleroutputanddifferentialinputerrorsignal(ie,rateofchangeoferror)isproportionalAutomaticcontrolsystemtoovercomeerrorsintheadjustmentprocessofoscillationoreveninstabilitymayoccur.Thereasonbecauseofgreaterinertiacomponents(links),alag(delay)component,caninhibittheroleoferror,thechangesalwayslagbehindchangesintheerror.Thesolutiontochangetheroleofinhibitionoferror,"ahead",thatisclosetozerointheerrorandsuppresstheroleoferrorshouldbezero.Thismeansthatthecontrolleronlytheintroductionofthe"ratio"itemisoftennotenough,proportionitemonlytoenlargeroleofthemagnitudeoftheerror,butnowneedtoincreasethe"differentialitem"thatcanchangethetrendofforecasterrors,Inthisway,withtheproportionof+differentialcontroller,itcanadvancetotheroleofinhibitionofthecontrolerroriszero,evennegative,thusavoidingthechargedamountofseriousovershoot.Thereforehavegreaterinertiaorlagthecontrolledobject,proportional+derivative(PD)controller5,PIDcontrollertuningTuningPIDcontrolleristhecoreofthecontrolsystemdesign.ItisbasedonthecharacteristicsofcontrolledprocesstodetermineproportionPIDcontrollercoefficients,integraltimeandderivativetime,thesizeofthe.PIDcontrollertuningaremanywaystosumup,therearetwocategories:First,tuningthetheoreticalcalculation.Itismainlybasedonthemathematicalmodel,throughtheoreticalcalculationstodeterminethecontrollerparameters.Thismethodthecalculateddatamaynotbedirectlyused,itmustadjustreviseengineering.Second,thetuningmethodworks,itmainlyreliesonengineeringexperience,directlyinthecontrolexperimentscarriedout,andthemethodissimple,easytomaster,inengineeringpracticeiswidelyused.PIDcontrollerparametertuningmethodworks,mainlythecriticalratio,reactioncurveandattenuation.Threemethodshavetheirowncharacteristics,theircommonpointsaretheexperiment,andthenfollowtheempiricalformulaworksthecontrollerparametertuning.Butnomatterwhichmethodusedbythecontrollerparametersareneededintheactualoperationofthefinaladjustmentandimprovement.Nowcommonlyusedisthecriticalratiomethod.PIDcontrollerusingthemethodparametersettingofthefollowingsteps:(1)firstpre-selectashortenoughsamplingperiodofthesystemtowork;(2)byaddingproportionalcontrolonlypartuntilthesystemappearscriticalstepresponseinputoscillationNotetheamplificationfactorandtheproportiontimecriticaloscillationperiod;(3)acertaindegreeofcontrolintheformulaadoptedunderthePIDcontrollerparametersPID控制的意義目前工業(yè)自動(dòng)化水平已成為衡量各行各業(yè)現(xiàn)代化水平的一個(gè)重要標(biāo)志。同時(shí)，控制理論的發(fā)展也經(jīng)歷了古典控制理論、現(xiàn)代控制理論和理論三個(gè)階段。智能控制的典型實(shí)例是模糊全自動(dòng)洗衣機(jī)等。自動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)可分為開環(huán)控制系統(tǒng)和閉環(huán)控制系統(tǒng)。一個(gè)控制系統(tǒng)包括控制器、傳感器、變送器、、輸入輸出接口?？刂破鞯妮敵鼋?jīng)過輸出接口、執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)，加到被控系統(tǒng)上；控制系統(tǒng)的被控量，經(jīng)過傳感器，變送器，通過輸入接口送到控制器。不同的控制系統(tǒng)，其傳感器、變送器、執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)是不一樣的。比如壓力控制系統(tǒng)要采用壓力傳感器。電加熱控制系統(tǒng)的傳感器是溫度傳感器。目前，PID控制及其控制器或智能PID控制器（儀表）已經(jīng)很多，產(chǎn)品已在工程實(shí)際中得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用，有各種各樣的PID控制器產(chǎn)品，各大公司均開發(fā)了具有PID參數(shù)自整定功能的智能調(diào)節(jié)器，其中PID控制器參數(shù)的自動(dòng)調(diào)整是通過智能化調(diào)整或自校正、自適應(yīng)算法來實(shí)現(xiàn)。有利用控制實(shí)現(xiàn)的壓力、溫、流量、液位控制器，能實(shí)現(xiàn)PID制功能的可編程控制器(PLC)，還有可實(shí)現(xiàn)PID控制的PC系統(tǒng)等等?？删幊炭刂?PLC)是利用其閉環(huán)控制模塊來實(shí)現(xiàn)PID制，而可編程控制器可以直接與相連，如的PLC-5。還有可以實(shí)現(xiàn)PID控功能控制器，如Rockwell的Logix產(chǎn)品列，它可直接與ControlNet相連，利用網(wǎng)絡(luò)來實(shí)現(xiàn)其遠(yuǎn)程控制功能。1開環(huán)控制系統(tǒng)開環(huán)控制系統(tǒng)是指被控對(duì)象的輸出(被制量對(duì)控制器的輸出沒有影響。在這種控制系統(tǒng)中，不依賴將被控量反送回來以形成任何閉環(huán)回路。2閉環(huán)控制系統(tǒng)閉環(huán)控制系統(tǒng)的特點(diǎn)是系統(tǒng)被控對(duì)象的輸出(被控制量)反送回來影響控制器的輸出，形成一個(gè)或多個(gè)閉環(huán)。閉環(huán)控制系統(tǒng)有正反饋和負(fù)反饋，若反饋信號(hào)與系統(tǒng)給定值信號(hào)相反，則稱為負(fù)反饋，若極性相同，則稱為正反饋，一般閉環(huán)控制系統(tǒng)均采用負(fù)反饋，又稱負(fù)反饋控制系統(tǒng)。閉環(huán)控制系統(tǒng)的例子很多。比如人就是一個(gè)具有負(fù)反饋的閉環(huán)控制系統(tǒng)，眼睛便是傳感器，充當(dāng)反饋，人體系統(tǒng)能通過不斷的修正最后作出各種正確的動(dòng)作。如果沒有眼睛，就沒有了反饋回路，也就成了一個(gè)開環(huán)控制系統(tǒng)。另例，當(dāng)一臺(tái)真正的全自動(dòng)洗衣機(jī)具有能連續(xù)檢查衣物是否洗凈，并在洗凈之后能自動(dòng)切斷電源，它就是一個(gè)閉環(huán)控制系統(tǒng)。3階躍響應(yīng)階躍響應(yīng)是指將一個(gè)階躍輸入加到系統(tǒng)上時(shí)，系統(tǒng)的輸出。穩(wěn)態(tài)誤差是指系統(tǒng)的響應(yīng)進(jìn)入穩(wěn)態(tài)后，系統(tǒng)的期望輸出與實(shí)際輸出之差?？刂葡到y(tǒng)的性能可以用穩(wěn)、準(zhǔn)、快三個(gè)字來描述。穩(wěn)是指系統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)定性，一個(gè)系統(tǒng)要能正常工作，首先必須是穩(wěn)定的，從階躍響應(yīng)上看應(yīng)該是收斂的；準(zhǔn)是指控制系統(tǒng)的準(zhǔn)確性、控制精度，通常用穩(wěn)態(tài)誤差來描述，它表示系統(tǒng)輸出穩(wěn)態(tài)值與期望值之差；快是指控制系統(tǒng)響應(yīng)的快速性，通常用上升時(shí)間來定量描述。4控制的原理和特點(diǎn)在工程實(shí)際中，應(yīng)用最為廣泛的調(diào)節(jié)器控制規(guī)律為比例、積分、微分控制，簡稱PID控制，又稱PID調(diào)節(jié)控制器問世至今已有近70歷史，它以其結(jié)構(gòu)簡單、穩(wěn)定性好、工作可靠、調(diào)整方便而成為工業(yè)控制的主要技術(shù)之一。當(dāng)被控對(duì)象的結(jié)構(gòu)和參數(shù)不能完全掌握，或得不到精確的數(shù)學(xué)模型時(shí)，控制理論的其它技術(shù)難以采用時(shí)，系統(tǒng)控制器的結(jié)構(gòu)和參數(shù)必須依靠經(jīng)驗(yàn)和現(xiàn)場調(diào)試來確定，這時(shí)應(yīng)用PID控制技術(shù)最為方便。即當(dāng)我們不完全了解一個(gè)系統(tǒng)和被控對(duì)象，或不能通過有效的測量手段來獲得系統(tǒng)參數(shù)時(shí)，最適合用PID控制技術(shù)?？刂?，實(shí)際中也有PI和PD控制PID控制器就是根據(jù)系統(tǒng)的誤差，利用比例、積分、微分計(jì)算出控制量進(jìn)