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朱龍劉長君主編
孫雅妮謝宇副主編
趙克林主審工業(yè)和信息化“十三五”高職高專人才培養(yǎng)規(guī)劃教材
朱龍劉長君主編
孫雅妮謝宇副主編
趙克林主審工業(yè)和1教學(xué)要求:
掌握專業(yè)關(guān)鍵詞匯(keywords);能閱讀本章所列英語短文;能識(shí)別計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的各組件。教學(xué)內(nèi)容:
計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)英語;各相關(guān)硬件設(shè)備品牌、主要生產(chǎn)廠商;常用的專業(yè)術(shù)語。教學(xué)提示:
到學(xué)校機(jī)房或有關(guān)網(wǎng)絡(luò)公司參觀,感受本章內(nèi)容,以學(xué)到更多的專業(yè)知識(shí)和詞匯。Chapter
FoundationofComputerNetwork
(計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)基礎(chǔ))教學(xué)要求:Chapter
FoundationofCom2Chapter-3--Foundation-of-Computer-Network(計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)基礎(chǔ))課件33.1
NetworkConcepts(網(wǎng)絡(luò)基礎(chǔ))Networkingarosefromtheneedtosharedatainatimelyfashion.Personalcomputersarewonderfulbusinesstoolsforproducingdata,spreadsheets,graphics,andothertypesofinformation,butdonotallowyoutoquicklysharethedatayouhaveproduced.Iftheuserweretoconnecthiscomputertoothercomputers,hecouldsharedataonothercomputers,includinghigh-qualityprinters.Agroupofcomputersandotherdevicesconnectedtogetherarecalledanetwork,andthetechnicalconceptofconnectedcomputerssharingresourcesiscallednetworking.Computersthatarepartofanetworkcansharedata,messages,graphics,printers,faxmachines,modems,CD-ROMs,harddisks,andotherdatastorageequipment.Accordingtothescopethenetworkworksandthedistanceforthemutualconnectionofcomputers,ithasthreecategories:WideAreaNetwork,LocalAreaNetwork,andMetropolitanAreaNetwork.計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的建立是為了滿足人們以即時(shí)方式共享數(shù)據(jù)的需求。個(gè)人計(jì)算機(jī)在處理數(shù)據(jù)、電子表格、圖形以及其他類型的信息方面是理想的辦公設(shè)備,但卻不支持快速(用戶輸出的)數(shù)據(jù)共享。如果用戶能把他的計(jì)算機(jī)與其他計(jì)算機(jī)聯(lián)系在一起的話,他就可以共享其他計(jì)算機(jī)上的數(shù)據(jù),包括高性能的打印機(jī)。一組計(jì)算機(jī)和其他的設(shè)備連接在一起構(gòu)成的系統(tǒng)叫作網(wǎng)絡(luò),互連的計(jì)算機(jī)共享資源的技術(shù)(概念)叫作網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)。聯(lián)網(wǎng)的計(jì)算機(jī)可以共享數(shù)據(jù)、消息、圖形、打印機(jī)、傳真機(jī)、調(diào)制解調(diào)器、只讀光盤、硬盤以及其他數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)設(shè)備。按照網(wǎng)絡(luò)作用的范圍與計(jì)算機(jī)相互連接的距離分,有廣域網(wǎng)、局域網(wǎng)和城域網(wǎng)3種類型的網(wǎng)絡(luò)。3.1NetworkConcepts(網(wǎng)絡(luò)基礎(chǔ))4Keywords:networking(網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)),spreadsheet(電子表格),share(共享),network(網(wǎng)絡(luò)),message(信息),graphics(圖形),faxmachine(傳真機(jī)),modem(調(diào)制解調(diào)器),CD-ROM(只讀光盤),datastorageequipment(數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)設(shè)備),WideAreaNetwork(廣域網(wǎng)),LocalAreaNetwork(局域網(wǎng)),MetropolitanAreaNetwork(城域網(wǎng))Keywords:networking(網(wǎng)絡(luò)技5Acomputernetworkisacommunicationsystemconnectingsomecomputersthatworktogethertoexchangeandshareresources.Generallyitismadeupoftwoparts:networkoperationsystem(NOS)andhardwareornodes,referringtoanydevicesthatareconnectedtoanetwork.TakeLANforexample,thehardwaresystemincludesamicrocomputer,whichisusedasfileserverandworkstation,netinterfacecard,T-shapejuncture,BNCjoint,terminator,andcablesetc.FileServeristhesoulofawholenetwork,soitmustbethebest.AlltheinputandoutputofdataareundercontroloftheFileServeronthenetwork.AnetworkmusthaveacomputerasthenetworkFileServer,anditprovidestheworkstationitsdataontheharddisk.WorkstationactuallyisasetofPC.WhenithasbeenconnectedwithFileServerandbeenloggedon,itcanaccessdatafromtheFileServer,andoperatesontheworkstationwiththedocumentsneeded.Netcard(networkinterfacecard:NIC)istheinterfacebetweenFileServerandWorkstation.一個(gè)計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)實(shí)際上是一個(gè)通信系統(tǒng),它連接了若干一起工作并分享資源、交換信息的計(jì)算機(jī)。通常網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)由兩部分組成,即網(wǎng)絡(luò)操作系統(tǒng)和網(wǎng)絡(luò)硬件或節(jié)點(diǎn),節(jié)點(diǎn)指的是連接在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上的任何設(shè)備。以局域網(wǎng)為例,硬件系統(tǒng)包括分別用作服務(wù)器與工作站的微型計(jì)算機(jī)、網(wǎng)卡、T形接頭、BNC接頭、終端電阻以及電纜線等。服務(wù)器(fileserver)是整個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的靈魂,所以它必須是最好的。網(wǎng)絡(luò)上所有數(shù)據(jù)的進(jìn)出都須通過服務(wù)器來控制。一個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)必須有一臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)來做網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)器,由它將硬盤上的數(shù)據(jù)提供給工作站使用。工作站(workstation)實(shí)際上就是一臺(tái)PC,當(dāng)它與服務(wù)器連接并登錄后,就可以訪問服務(wù)器上的數(shù)據(jù),在得到所需文件后就可以在工作站上運(yùn)行。網(wǎng)卡(networkinterfacecard:NIC)是服務(wù)器與工作站之間的接口。Acomputernetworkisacommun6Keywords:resource(資源),networkoperatingsystem(網(wǎng)絡(luò)操作系統(tǒng)),node(節(jié)點(diǎn)),workstation(工作站),T-shapejuncture(T形頭),BNCjoint(BNC接頭),terminator(終結(jié)器),cable(電纜),fileserver(文件服務(wù)器),logon(登錄),networkinterfacecard(網(wǎng)卡),interface(界面,接口)Keywords:resource(資源),n73.2ArchitectureofComputerNetworks(計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu))Theconfiguration,orthephysicallayout,oftheequipmentinacommunicationnetworkiscalledtopology.Devicesconnectedtoanetwork,suchasterminals,printers,orothercomputers,arereferredtoasnodes.ThefourconfigurationsorNetworkarestar,bus,ring,andtree.StarNetworkAstarnetworkcontainsacentralunit,anumberofpersonalcomputers,terminalsorperipheraldevices.Allofthemarelinkedtothecentraluniteitherbypoint-to-pointormultidropcablelines.Thiscentralunitmaybeahostcomputerorafileserver.Allcommunicationsinthenetworkarecontrolledthroughthiscentralunitbypolling.Thatis,beforeoneuserwantstosendmessages,heorshemustbepolledoraskedifthereisanymessagetobesent.Oneparticularadvantageofstarnetworkisthatitprovidesatime-sharingsystem.Thisallowsseveraluserstoshareresourcesonacentralcomputersimultaneously.拓?fù)?,指通信網(wǎng)中設(shè)備的配置或物理布局。節(jié)點(diǎn),指連接在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上的設(shè)備,如終端、打印機(jī)或其他計(jì)算機(jī)。通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)的設(shè)備配置稱為拓?fù)洌饕?種配置方式:星形、總線形、環(huán)形和樹形。星形網(wǎng)絡(luò)星形網(wǎng)絡(luò)由一臺(tái)中央處理器、多臺(tái)個(gè)人計(jì)算機(jī)、終端或外圍設(shè)備構(gòu)成。所有這些設(shè)備都可以通過兩點(diǎn)連接或多點(diǎn)連接的方式和中央處理器連接,形成星形結(jié)構(gòu)。這臺(tái)中央處理器可以是一臺(tái)主機(jī)或是文件服務(wù)器。所有的網(wǎng)絡(luò)通信都必須通過訪問這臺(tái)處理器來進(jìn)行控制。也就是說,用戶在傳送信息之前將被詢問是否有信息要傳送。星形網(wǎng)絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu)的一個(gè)顯著優(yōu)點(diǎn)是它提供分時(shí)服務(wù),這使多個(gè)用戶可以同時(shí)分享中央計(jì)算機(jī)上的資源。3.2ArchitectureofComputer8Keywords:equipment(設(shè)備),topology(拓?fù)洌?,terminal(終端),starnetwork(星形網(wǎng)絡(luò)),peripheraldevice(外圍設(shè)備),hostcomputer(主機(jī)),sendmessage(傳送消息),time-sharingsystem(分時(shí)系統(tǒng))StarNetworkKeywords:equipment(設(shè)備),t9BusNetworkInbusnetwork,eachdeviceinthenetworkhandlesitsowncommunicationscontrol.Thereisnohostcomputer.Allthedevicesareconnectedtoandshareasinglecable.Allcommunicationtravelalongthiscommonconnectioncablearecalledbus.Astheinformationpassesalongthebus,it’sexaminedbyeachdevicetoseeiftheinformationisintendedforit.Whenonlyafewmicrocomputersaretobelinkedtogether,busnetworkismorepreferable.Thisconfigurationiscommoninsystemsforelectronicmailorforsharingdatastoredondifferentmicrocomputers.Thebusnetworkisasefficientasthestarnetworkforsharingresources,becauseitisnotdirectlylinkedtotheresource.Inbusnetwork,anydevicescanbeattachedordetachedfromthenetworkatanypointwithoutdisturbingthenetwork.Inaddition,ifonecomputerfails,itdoesn’taffecttheentirenetwork.總線網(wǎng)絡(luò)在總線網(wǎng)絡(luò)中,每一個(gè)設(shè)備處理自己的通信管理,并沒有主機(jī)。所有的設(shè)備都由一根電纜線連接。所有的通信傳輸都沿著這根共同連接著的稱為總線的電纜進(jìn)行。當(dāng)信息沿總線傳送時(shí),每個(gè)設(shè)備對它進(jìn)行檢查,看這條信息是否是對該設(shè)備的。當(dāng)想要連接少數(shù)幾臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)時(shí),總線網(wǎng)絡(luò)更加適合。這種配置的電子郵件或不同計(jì)算機(jī)上的數(shù)據(jù)共享系統(tǒng)是相同的。由于總線網(wǎng)絡(luò)并非直接和資源連接,因此在資源共享上和星形結(jié)構(gòu)一樣有效。總線網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的設(shè)備可以連接到網(wǎng)絡(luò)的任何一點(diǎn),或從網(wǎng)絡(luò)上任何一點(diǎn)取下,而不影響其他部分。而且,一臺(tái)機(jī)器出故障,并不影響整個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)。BusNetwork總線網(wǎng)絡(luò)10 Keywords:busnetwork(總線網(wǎng)絡(luò)),bus(總線),electronicmail(電子郵件)BusNetwork Keywords:busnetwork(總線網(wǎng)絡(luò)),11RingNetworkandTreeNetworkAringnetworkdoesn’tuseacentralhostcomputer.Eachdeviceisconnectedtotwootherdevices,formingaring.Messagesarepassedaroundtheringuntiltheyreachthedestination.環(huán)形網(wǎng)絡(luò)和樹形網(wǎng)絡(luò)環(huán)形網(wǎng)絡(luò)也沒有主機(jī),每個(gè)機(jī)器都和其他兩臺(tái)機(jī)器互相連接,形成一個(gè)環(huán)形。信息沿著環(huán)形線傳送直到到達(dá)目的地。Atreenetworkconsistsofseveralcomputerslinkedtoacentralhostcomputer,justlikeastarnetwork.However,thesecomputersarealsohosttoothersmallercomputers.Itallowsvariouscomputerstosharedatabase,processingpower,anddifferentoutputdevices.如同星形網(wǎng)絡(luò)一樣,樹形網(wǎng)絡(luò)由若干計(jì)算機(jī)連接到一臺(tái)中央計(jì)算機(jī)上。然而,這些計(jì)算機(jī)同時(shí)又成為其他更小計(jì)算機(jī)的主機(jī)。樹形網(wǎng)絡(luò)允許各種計(jì)算機(jī)分享數(shù)據(jù)庫、字處理程序和其他不同的輸出設(shè)備。RingNetworkandTreeNetwork環(huán)12 Keywords:ringnetwork(環(huán)形網(wǎng)絡(luò)),treenetwork(樹形網(wǎng)絡(luò)),database(數(shù)據(jù)庫)RingNetwork Keywords:ringnetwork(環(huán)形網(wǎng)絡(luò))13TreeNetworkTreeNetwork143.3LAN(局域網(wǎng))Anetworkisanycollectionofindependentcomputersthatcommunicatewithoneanotheroverasharednetworkmedium.LANsarenetworksusuallyconfinedtoageographicarea,suchasasinglebuildingoracollegecampus.LANscanbesmall,linkingasfewasthreecomputers,butoftenlinkhundredsofcomputersusedbythousandsofpeople.ThedevelopmentofstandardnetworkingprotocolsandmediahasresultedinworldwideproliferationofLANsthroughoutbusinessandeducationalorganizations.LANispossibleforhardwareresourcesharingandinformationresourcesharingonLANs.Atthesametime,eachLANcandirectlylinktoWANs,thusgainsrichinformation.網(wǎng)絡(luò)就是連接在一起的獨(dú)立計(jì)算機(jī),相互之間通過一個(gè)共享網(wǎng)絡(luò)媒介進(jìn)行通信的。局域網(wǎng)通常是指某一地域范圍內(nèi)的一個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò),如一幢建筑物內(nèi)或一個(gè)大學(xué)校園內(nèi)。局域網(wǎng)可以很小,可以少到只連接3臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī),但通常會(huì)連接幾百臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī),供幾千人使用。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)協(xié)議和網(wǎng)絡(luò)媒介的發(fā)展使得局域網(wǎng)在全世界快速發(fā)展,它遍及商業(yè)領(lǐng)域和各教育機(jī)構(gòu)。局域網(wǎng)可以實(shí)現(xiàn)硬件資源共享和信息資源共享。此外,局域網(wǎng)還能直接連接到廣域網(wǎng)上,從而獲得上面的豐富信息。3.3LAN(局域網(wǎng))Anetworkisany15Chapter-3--Foundation-of-Computer-Network(計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)基礎(chǔ))課件16Keywords:communicate(通信),networkmedium(網(wǎng)絡(luò)媒介),networkprotocol(網(wǎng)絡(luò)協(xié)議),hardwareresource(硬件資源),informationresource(信息資源)Keywords:communicate(通信17WhatIsWirelessComputerNetworking?Wirelessnetworksutilizeradiowavesand/ormicrowavestomaintaincommunicationchannelsbetweencomputers.Wirelessnetworkingisamoremodernalternativetowirednetworkingthatreliesoncopperand/orfiberopticcablingbetweennetworkdevices.什么是無線計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)?無線網(wǎng)絡(luò)利用無線電波和(或)微波保持計(jì)算機(jī)之間的通信通道。無線網(wǎng)絡(luò)比依賴于銅線和(或)光纜來連接網(wǎng)絡(luò)設(shè)備的有線網(wǎng)絡(luò)更現(xiàn)代些。Awirelessnetworkoffersadvantagesanddisadvantagescomparedtoawirednetwork.Advantagesofwirelessincludemobilityandeliminationofunsightlycables.Disadvantagesofwirelessincludethepotentialforradiointerferenceduetoweather,otherwirelessdevices,orobstructionslikewalls.Wirelessisrapidlygaininginpopularityforbothhomeandbusinessnetworking.Wirelesstechnologycontinuestoimprove,andthecostofwirelessproductscontinuestodecrease.Popularwirelesslocalareanetworking(WLAN)productsconformtothe802.11“Wi-Fi”standards.Thegearapersonneedstobuildwirelessnetworksincludesnetworkadapters(NICs),accesspoints(APs),androuters.無線網(wǎng)絡(luò)與有線網(wǎng)絡(luò)相比既有優(yōu)點(diǎn)也有缺點(diǎn)。其優(yōu)點(diǎn)是移動(dòng)性強(qiáng),并且除去了難看的電纜線。其缺點(diǎn)是環(huán)境帶來的潛在的無線電干擾,如有天氣原因,或其他無線上網(wǎng)設(shè)備或障礙物(如墻)的阻擋都可能帶來干擾。無線網(wǎng)絡(luò)在家庭網(wǎng)絡(luò)和商業(yè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)兩方面迅速流行起來。無線技術(shù)還在繼續(xù)提高和完善,而無線產(chǎn)品的價(jià)格卻在不斷降低。一般的無線局域網(wǎng)(WLAN)產(chǎn)品都遵循802.11“Wi-Fi”標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。一個(gè)人要建立無線網(wǎng)絡(luò)必須有網(wǎng)絡(luò)適配器(NICs),訪問端口和訪問通道。WhatIsWirelessComputerNetw18Keywords:wirelesscomputernetworking(無線計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)),radiowave(無線電波),microwave(微波),communicationchannel(通信通道),wirednetworking(有線網(wǎng)絡(luò)),networkdevice(網(wǎng)絡(luò)設(shè)備),wirelessdevice(無線設(shè)備),wirelessproduct(無線產(chǎn)品),wirelesslocalareanetworking(WLAN,無線局域網(wǎng))Keywords:wirelesscompu19
無線網(wǎng)關(guān)鍵字802.11x:定義了無線局域網(wǎng)技術(shù)的一系列標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。此標(biāo)準(zhǔn)由電氣電子工程協(xié)會(huì)(IEEE)制定,它包括802.11a、802.11b、802.11g和新興802.11n。802.11ac標(biāo)準(zhǔn)在本文發(fā)布時(shí)仍在開發(fā)中。Wi-Fi:代表“無線保真”,指802.11標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的IEEE802.11b子集。Wi-Fi支持高達(dá)11Mbit/s的數(shù)據(jù)傳輸率,是迄今為止最常用的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。WLAN:無線局域網(wǎng)的縮寫,指采用802.11無線技術(shù)進(jìn)行互連的一組計(jì)算機(jī)和相關(guān)設(shè)備。也稱為LAWN。無線網(wǎng)關(guān)鍵字20WAN:廣域網(wǎng),指覆蓋主要城市中心或整個(gè)國家的網(wǎng)絡(luò),如GPRS、CDMA和GSM等。無線熱點(diǎn):通過無線接入點(diǎn)為移動(dòng)用戶提供連網(wǎng)或互聯(lián)網(wǎng)服務(wù)的區(qū)域。公共熱點(diǎn)建立在圖書館、機(jī)場、酒店甚至咖啡廳和餐館中。藍(lán)牙:一種低成本、低功率無線“線纜替代”技術(shù),使電話、筆記本電腦、PDA和外設(shè)等設(shè)備能夠通過短程(10米)無線信號(hào)進(jìn)行互連。WAN:廣域網(wǎng),指覆蓋主要城市中心或整個(gè)國家的網(wǎng)絡(luò),如GPR21Chapter-3--Foundation-of-Computer-Network(計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)基礎(chǔ))課件223.4WAN(廣域網(wǎng))Asthegeographicalscopeofthenetworkgrowsbyconnectingusersindifferentcitiesordifferentstates,theLANgrowsintoawideareanetwork(WAN).WAN(wideareanetwork)isalsocalledRCN(remotecomputernetwork).Itseffectivescopecanreachfromtensofkilometerstotenthousandsofkilometers.Awideareanetworkusestelephonelines,microwaves,satellites,oracombinationofcommuni-
cationchannels.Thenetworkbetweennationsbelongstowideareanetwork.AtpresentthebiggestwideareanetworkintheworldisInternetandithascoveredmorethan220nations.Itislikeagianthighwaythatconnectsyoutomillionsofotherpeopleandorganizationslocatedthroughouttheworld.TheInternetisahugecomputernetworkavailabletonearlyeveryonewithamicrocomputerandameanstoconnecttoit.TheWeb,alsoknownastheWorldWideWeborWWW,isanInternetservicethatprovidesamultimediainterfacetonumerousresourcesavailableontheInternet.隨著各個(gè)城市、各個(gè)國家的用戶被連接在一起,網(wǎng)絡(luò)的地理覆蓋范圍不斷擴(kuò)展,局域網(wǎng)(LAN)已經(jīng)發(fā)展成了廣域網(wǎng)(WAN)。廣域網(wǎng)也稱遠(yuǎn)程網(wǎng)RCN(remotecomputernetwork),其作用范圍可以達(dá)幾十公里到幾萬公里。廣域網(wǎng)使用電話線、微波、衛(wèi)星或這些通信信道的組合來傳送信息。國家與國家之間的網(wǎng)絡(luò)就屬于廣域網(wǎng)。目前世界上最大的廣域網(wǎng)就是互聯(lián)網(wǎng),其范圍已經(jīng)覆蓋了全球220多個(gè)國家。它像一條高速公路一樣將你與遍布全世界的多達(dá)幾百萬的人和機(jī)構(gòu)連接起來。互聯(lián)網(wǎng)是一個(gè)巨大的計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò),它適合幾乎每一個(gè)有計(jì)算機(jī)和上網(wǎng)條件的人去使用它。環(huán)球網(wǎng),也就是眾所周知的萬維網(wǎng),是互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的一項(xiàng)服務(wù),它為互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上大量的可用資源提供一個(gè)多媒體的界面。3.4WAN(廣域網(wǎng))Asthegeographic23Keywords:RCN(remotecomputernetwork,遠(yuǎn)程網(wǎng)),telephoneline(電話線),communicationchannel(通信信道),Internet(互聯(lián)網(wǎng)),Web(環(huán)球網(wǎng)),WorldWideWeb(萬維網(wǎng)),Internetservice(互聯(lián)網(wǎng)服務(wù))Keywords:RCN(remotecomp24InternetTheInternetisasystemoflinkednetworksthatareworldwideinscopeandfacilitatedatacommunicationservicessuchasremotelogin,filetransfer,electronicmail,theWorldWideWeb,andnewsgroups.Withthemeteoricriseindemandforconnectivity,theInternethasbecomeacommunicationhighwayformillionsofusers.TheInternetwasinitiallyrestrictedtomilitaryandacademicinstitutions,butnowitisafull-fledgedconduitforanyandallformsofinformationandcommerce.Internetwebsitesnowprovidespersonal,educational,political,andeconomicresourcestoeverycorneroftheplanet.互聯(lián)網(wǎng)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)是一個(gè)全球網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng),它有許多方便的數(shù)據(jù)通信服務(wù),如遠(yuǎn)程登錄、文件傳輸、電子郵件、萬維網(wǎng)和新聞組等。隨著聯(lián)網(wǎng)需求的迅速上升,互聯(lián)網(wǎng)已成為幾百萬用戶間的信息通信高速公路?;ヂ?lián)網(wǎng)最初僅限于軍事部門和學(xué)術(shù)機(jī)構(gòu)使用,而現(xiàn)在它已經(jīng)是一個(gè)完全成熟的通信通道以及信息和商業(yè)的窗口?,F(xiàn)在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)各網(wǎng)絡(luò)站點(diǎn)向全球每一個(gè)角落提供個(gè)人、教育、政治和經(jīng)濟(jì)等資源。Internet互聯(lián)網(wǎng)25 Keywords:remotelogin(遠(yuǎn)程登錄),filetransfer(文件傳輸),newsgroups(新聞組),website(網(wǎng)絡(luò)站點(diǎn))國內(nèi)主干網(wǎng)絡(luò)分布圖 Keywords:remotelogin(遠(yuǎn)程登錄)26
中國的計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)主要有六大互聯(lián)網(wǎng)絡(luò):中國科學(xué)技術(shù)網(wǎng)(CSTNet)、郵電部中國公用計(jì)算機(jī)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)(ChinaNet)、中國教育和科研計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)(CERNet)、中國金橋信息網(wǎng)(ChinaGBN)、中國聯(lián)通工聯(lián)網(wǎng)(UNINET)和中國網(wǎng)通(CNCNET),并實(shí)現(xiàn)了網(wǎng)絡(luò)間的互聯(lián)互通。中國互聯(lián)網(wǎng)就是以這六大互聯(lián)網(wǎng)為依托而產(chǎn)生和發(fā)展起來的。中國的計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)主要有六大互聯(lián)網(wǎng)絡(luò):中國科學(xué)技術(shù)網(wǎng)273.5HardwareConceptsofComputerNetwork(計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)硬件設(shè)備基礎(chǔ))3.5.1NetworkInterfaceCard(網(wǎng)卡)Anetworkinterfacecard(NIC)isacomputercircuitboardorcardthatisinstalledinacomputersothatitcanbeconnectedtoanetwork.Personalcomputersandworkstationsonalocalareanetwork(LAN)typicallycontainanetworkinterfacecardspecificallydesignedfortheLANtransmissiontechnology,suchasEthernetorTokenRing.Networkinterfacecardsprovideadedicated,full-timeconnectiontoanetwork.MosthomeandportablecomputersareconnectedtotheInternetthroughas-neededdial-upconnection.ThemodemprovidestheconnectioninterfacetotheInternetserviceprovider.網(wǎng)卡是安裝在計(jì)算機(jī)內(nèi)的一塊電路板(或插卡),計(jì)算機(jī)通過它連接到網(wǎng)絡(luò)上。在局域網(wǎng)中的個(gè)人計(jì)算機(jī)和工作站中都會(huì)有一塊專為局域網(wǎng)傳輸技術(shù)而設(shè)計(jì)的網(wǎng)卡,如以太網(wǎng)或令牌環(huán)網(wǎng)。網(wǎng)卡專用于全時(shí)連接網(wǎng)絡(luò)。絕大多數(shù)家用電腦和手提電腦通過撥號(hào)連接上網(wǎng)。調(diào)制解調(diào)器為互聯(lián)網(wǎng)服務(wù)提供商提供了一個(gè)連接接口。3.5HardwareConceptsofComp28Keywords:NIC(網(wǎng)卡),transmissiontechnology(傳輸技術(shù)),Ethernet(以太網(wǎng)),TokenRing(令牌環(huán)網(wǎng)),portablecomputer(手提電腦),dial-upconnection(撥號(hào)連接),Internetserviceprovider(互聯(lián)網(wǎng)服務(wù)提供商)Keywords:NIC(網(wǎng)卡),transmi29
常見的網(wǎng)卡(NIC)品牌有:Intel、Winyao(萬耀)、TP-LINK(普聯(lián))、D-Link(友訊)、LR-LINK(聯(lián)瑞)、Tenda(騰達(dá))、DIEWU(蝶舞)、GRT(光潤通)、B-LINK(必聯(lián))、Unicaca(眾力)等。
常見的網(wǎng)卡(NIC)品牌有:Intel、Winyao303.5.2Modem(調(diào)制解調(diào)器)Modemisshortfor“modulator-demodulator”.Amodemisadeviceorprogramthatenablesacomputertotransmitdataover,forexample,telephoneorcablelines.Computerinformationisstoreddigitally,whereasinformationtransmittedovertelephonelinesistransmittedintheformofanalogwaves.Amodemconvertsbetweenthesetwoforms.Fortunately,thereisonestandardinterfaceforconnectingexternalmodemstocomputerscalledRS-232.Consequently,anyexternalmodemcanbeattachedtoanycomputerthathasanRS-232port,whichalmostallpersonalcomputershave.Therearealsomodemsthatcomeasanexpansionboardthatyoucaninsertintoavacantexpansionslot.Thesearesometimescalledonboardorinternalmodems.調(diào)制解調(diào)器(Modem)是“調(diào)制—解調(diào)(modulator,demodulator)”的縮寫。調(diào)制解調(diào)器是一個(gè)幫助計(jì)算機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)換(比如電話線、電纜線)數(shù)據(jù)的設(shè)備或程序。計(jì)算機(jī)中的信息是以數(shù)字方式存儲(chǔ)的,而在電話線中傳輸?shù)膮s是模擬信號(hào)。調(diào)制解調(diào)器就將這兩種信號(hào)互相轉(zhuǎn)換。幸好,外置調(diào)制解調(diào)器都有一個(gè)叫作RS-232的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)接口與計(jì)算機(jī)相聯(lián),因此,任何一個(gè)外置調(diào)制解調(diào)器都能連接到任何一臺(tái)有RS-232端口的計(jì)算機(jī)上,而幾乎所有的個(gè)人計(jì)算機(jī)都有這種端口。也有的調(diào)制解調(diào)器以擴(kuò)展板的形式插入空的擴(kuò)展槽當(dāng)中。有時(shí)它們被稱為內(nèi)置調(diào)制解調(diào)器。3.5.2Modem(調(diào)制解調(diào)器)Modemissh31Keywords:modulator-demodulator(調(diào)制解調(diào)器),digitally(數(shù)字地),standardinterface(標(biāo)準(zhǔn)接口),externalmodem(外置調(diào)制解調(diào)器),expansionboard(擴(kuò)展板),expansionslot(擴(kuò)展槽),internalmodem(內(nèi)置調(diào)制解調(diào)器)Keywords:modulator-demod32ModemModem333.5.3Hubs(集線器)Ahubisacommonconnectionpointfordevicesinanetwork,whichiscommonlyusedtoconnectsegmentsofaLAN.Ahubcontainsmultipleports.Whenapacketarrivesatoneport,itiscopiedtotheotherportssothatallsegmentsoftheLANcanseeallpackets.Apassivehubservessimplyasaconduitforthedata,enablingittogofromonedevice(orsegment)toanother.So-calledintelligenthubsincludeadditionalfeaturesthatallowanadministratortomonitorthetrafficpassingthroughthehubandtoconfigureeachportinthehub.Intelligenthubsarealsocalledmanageablehubs.Athirdtypeofhub,calledaswitchinghub,actuallyreadsthedestinationaddressofeachpacketandthenforwardsthepackettothecorrectport.集線器是網(wǎng)絡(luò)設(shè)備的一個(gè)普通連接點(diǎn),它通常用于連接局域網(wǎng)中的各網(wǎng)段。一個(gè)集線器有若干個(gè)端口。當(dāng)一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)包到達(dá)一個(gè)端口時(shí),它將被復(fù)制到其他端口,因此局域網(wǎng)中所有網(wǎng)段都能看到所有的數(shù)據(jù)包。一個(gè)被動(dòng)集線器僅僅是一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)通道,它使數(shù)據(jù)從一個(gè)設(shè)備(或網(wǎng)段)傳輸?shù)搅硪粋€(gè)上面。所謂的智能集線器,還包括其他的特征,即允許管理員監(jiān)控通過集線器的流量和配置集線器的每個(gè)端口。智能集線器也被稱為可控集線器。第三種集線器被稱為交換集線器,事實(shí)上是先讀取每個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)包中的目的地址,然后將數(shù)據(jù)包傳送到正確的端口。3.5.3Hubs(集線器)Ahubisacom34 Keywords:hub(集線器),connectionpoint(連接點(diǎn)),segmentofaLAN(局域網(wǎng)段),packet(信息包,數(shù)據(jù)包),port(端口),passivehub(被動(dòng)集線器),intelligenthub(智能集線器),traffic(通信量,流量),configure(配置),manageablehub(可控集線器),switchinghub(交換集線器),destinationaddress(目的地址) Keywords:hub(集線器),connectio35
常見的集線器(HUB)品牌:高檔HUB主要由美國品牌占領(lǐng),如3COM、INTEL、BAY等;我國的D-LINK和ACCTON占有中低端HUB的主要份額;其他的有TP-LINK/普聯(lián)集線器(HUB)、優(yōu)越者集線器(HUB)、水星集線器(HUB)、阿爾法集線器(HUB)、SSK/飚王集線器(HUB)、ECOM集線器(HUB)、HP/惠普集線器(HUB)、LANVOLAN集線器(HUB)、TCL集線器(HUB)、TENDA/騰達(dá)集線器(HUB)、UGR/聯(lián)合金彩虹集線器(HUB)、WG集線器(HUB)、XINGNET集線器(HUB)、頂聯(lián)網(wǎng)絡(luò)集線器(HUB)、頂星集線器(HUB)、捷訊數(shù)碼集線器(HUB)、奇勝集線器(HUB)、全碼集線器(HUB)、神州數(shù)碼集線器(HUB)等。 常見的集線器(HUB)品牌:高檔HUB主要由美國品牌占領(lǐng),36HubHub373.5.4NetworkMedium(網(wǎng)絡(luò)介質(zhì))Twisted-paircable,atypeofcablethatconsistsoftwoindependentlyinsulatedwirestwistedaroundoneanother.Theuseoftwowirestwistedtogetherhelpstoreducecrosstalkandelectromagneticinduction.Whiletwisted-paircableisusedbyoldertelephonenetworksandistheleastexpensivetypeoflocal-areanetwork(LAN)cable.Mostnetworkscontainsometwisted-paircablingatsomepointalongthenetwork.OthertypesofcablesusedforLANsincludecoaxialcablesandfiberopticcables.雙絞線,一種由兩根獨(dú)立的絕緣金屬絲相互纏繞在一起構(gòu)成的電纜。兩根金屬絲相互纏繞在一起是為了降低相互間的信號(hào)串?dāng)_和電磁感應(yīng)。雖然雙絞線常用于老的電話網(wǎng)和費(fèi)用低廉的局域網(wǎng)中,但在絕大多數(shù)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)分支上也用到了雙絞線。局域網(wǎng)中用到的其他類型的電纜還有同軸電纜和光纜。Coaxialcable,ahigh-frequencytransmissioncable,replacesthemultiplewiresoftelephonelineswithasinglesolid-coppercore.Intermsofnumberoftelephoneconnections,acoaxialcablehasover80timesthetransmissioncapacityoftwistedpair.Coaxialcableisusedtodelivertelevisionsignalsaswellastoconnectcomputersinanetwork.同軸電纜,一種高頻傳輸電纜,用一根單一的銅芯取代了多金屬絲的電話線。如果在相同的電話線路中,同軸電纜的傳輸速度是雙絞線的80倍。同軸電纜也常被用于傳送電視信號(hào),以及在網(wǎng)絡(luò)中連接計(jì)算機(jī)。3.5.4NetworkMedium(網(wǎng)絡(luò)介質(zhì))Twi38 Keywords:twisted-paircable(雙絞線),crosstalk(串音干擾,交調(diào)失真),electromagneticinduction(電磁感應(yīng)),telephonenetworks(電話網(wǎng)),coaxialcable(同軸電纜),fiberopticcable(光纜),transmissioncapacity(傳輸量) Keywords:twisted-paircable39Fiber-opticcabletransmitsdataaspulsesoflightthroughtinytubesofglass.Intermsofnumberoftelephoneconnections,fiber-opticcablehasover26000timesthetransmissioncapacityoftwistedpair.However,itissignificantlysmaller.Indeed,afiber-optictubecanbehalfthediameterofahumanhair.Althoughlimitedinthedistancetheycancarryinformation,fiber-opticcablehaveseveraladvantages.Suchcablesareimmunetoelectronicinterference,whichmakesthemmoresecure.Theyarealsolighterandlessexpensivethancoaxialcableandaremorereliableattransmittingdata.Theytransmitinformationusingbeamsoflightatlightspeedsinsteadofpulsesofelectricity,makingthemfarfasterthancoppercable.Fiber-opticcableisrapidlyreplacingtwistedpairtelephonelines.光纜通過玻璃纖維以光波的形式傳送數(shù)據(jù)。如果在相同的電話線路中,光纜的傳輸速度是雙絞線的26000倍。然而,它卻又是那么的細(xì)小,事實(shí)上,一根光纖的粗細(xì)只有人的頭發(fā)直徑的一半。盡管它們傳輸信息的距離是有限的,但是光纜仍有幾大優(yōu)點(diǎn)。比如,光纜不受電子干擾,這使得它更安全。它們也比同軸電纜更輕便、更便宜,而且傳輸數(shù)據(jù)的可靠性更高。它們用光波取代了電脈沖來傳輸信息,這使得它們傳輸?shù)乃俣缺韧S電纜快得多。在電話線路中,光纜迅速地取代了雙絞線。Fiber-opticcabletransmitsda40Keywords:pulseoflight(光脈沖),fiber-optictube(光纖),electronicinterference(電子干擾),secure(安全),beamoflight(光波),pulseofelectricity(電脈沖)Keywords:pulseoflight41Twisted-pairCableCoaxialCableFiber-opticCableTwisted-pairCableCoaxialCabl423.6NetworkTestTools(網(wǎng)絡(luò)測試命令)Problemshappen!Evenwhenthenetworkismonitored,theequipmentisreliable,andtheusersarecareful,thingsmaygowrong.Thetestofagoodnetworkadministratoristheabilitytoanalyze,troubleshoot,andcorrectproblemsunderpressureofanetworkfailurethatcausescompanydowntime.Besidestheprocessesthataredescribedbysomeveterans,therearesoftwaretoolsthatareavailableforyoutousetosolvenetworkconnectivityproblems.ThesetoolscanhelpinLANtroubleshooting,butareespeciallyhelpfulinaWANtroubleshootingsituation.ThesecommandsincludethePing,Tracert,Telnet,Netstat,ARP,andIPconfig,whicharerunincommand-linemode.問題來了!就算我們監(jiān)視著整個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò),設(shè)備可靠,并且用戶很小心,計(jì)算機(jī)也可能會(huì)發(fā)生故障。迫于網(wǎng)絡(luò)故障導(dǎo)致的公司停工的壓力,一個(gè)優(yōu)秀的網(wǎng)絡(luò)管理員應(yīng)具備分析、檢測和解決網(wǎng)絡(luò)故障的能力。除了某些經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的老手所描述的處理步驟外,還可借助有效的軟件工具來解決網(wǎng)絡(luò)連接問題。這些工具可用于局域網(wǎng)故障檢測,但在廣域網(wǎng)中更加有用。它們包括Ping、Tracert、Telnet、Netstat、Arp和IPconfig,都運(yùn)行在命令行模式下。3.6NetworkTestTools(網(wǎng)絡(luò)測試命433.6.1Ping命令Whilethereareseveralusefulprogramsforanalyzingconnectivity,unquestionablyPingisthemostcommonlyusedone.ThePingprogramsendsanInternetControlMessageProtocol(ICMPistheInternetprotocolthatreportserrorsandprovidesinformationrelevanttoIPpacketaddressing)echorequestpackettothedestinationhost.Whentheechorequestpacketisreceived,theremotehostimmediatelyreturnsanechoreplypackettothesendingdevice.TheformatofthePingcommandis:在幾個(gè)檢測網(wǎng)絡(luò)流通性的有用程序中,毫無疑問Ping命令是最常用的。Ping命令向目的主機(jī)發(fā)送互聯(lián)網(wǎng)控制消息協(xié)議(ICMP用來報(bào)告IP數(shù)據(jù)包尋址的錯(cuò)誤和相關(guān)信息)的echo數(shù)據(jù)包。當(dāng)echo包被目的端接收時(shí),該主機(jī)立刻向源端回傳應(yīng)答數(shù)據(jù)包。Ping的格式如下:3.6.1Ping命令Whilethereares44Ping[-t][-a][-ncount][-llength][-f][-ittl][-rcount]destination-tPingthespecifiedhostuntilstopped.Toseestatisticsandcontinue—typeCtrl+Break;Tostop—typeCtrl+C(Ping指定的主機(jī)直到停止操作。看統(tǒng)計(jì)信息并繼續(xù)執(zhí)行該命令——按下Ctrl+Break,停止則按下Ctrl+C)-aResolvehostnameandpingaddress(主機(jī)名解析為IP地址,并且Ping該地址)-nnumberofechorequeststosend(發(fā)送count指明的echo數(shù)據(jù)包個(gè)數(shù))-llength—sendspecifiedsizeechopackets[定義echo數(shù)據(jù)包的大?。╞yte為單位)]-fDONOTFRAGMENTcommandsenttogateways(在數(shù)據(jù)包中發(fā)送“禁止分段”標(biāo)志,將其送至網(wǎng)關(guān))-ittlsetstheTTLfield[指定TTL值在對方系統(tǒng)停留的時(shí)間(1~255)]-rcountrecordstherouteoftheoutgoingandreturningpackets(在“記錄路由”字段中記錄傳出和返回?cái)?shù)據(jù)包的路由)destinationSpecifytheremotehosttoping,bydomainnameorbyIPaddress
(指定所要Ping的遠(yuǎn)端主機(jī),它可以是域名也可以是IP地址)Ping[-t][-a][-ncount][-l45Intheexamplesbelow(Experiment1and2),anECHO_REPLYwasreceived.下面這個(gè)實(shí)例中(實(shí)驗(yàn)1和實(shí)驗(yàn)2),收到了echo應(yīng)答包。Intheexamplesbelow(Experim46Chapter-3--Foundation-of-Computer-Network(計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)基礎(chǔ))課件47UserscanalsoPingthelocalhost,thiswillallowyoutoseeifthecomputerisabletosendinformationoutandreceivetheinformationback(Experiment3).Makesurethatthisdoesnotsendinformationoveranetworkbutmayallowyoutoseeifthecardisbeingseen.MaybeyouwouldliketoPing,theloopbackaddressforthecomputer.ThePingissuccessful,sothateliminatesapossibleproblembetweenthecomputer,driverconfiguration,andtheNICcard.IfthePingoperationisnotabletocomplete,thisshouldrelaybackanunsuccessfulmessagewhichcouldbeanindicationofcableissues,networkcardissues,hubissue,etc.用戶也可Ping本地主機(jī),這樣你就可以知道計(jì)算機(jī)是否能發(fā)送和接收信息,如實(shí)驗(yàn)3所示。注意該操作并非通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)發(fā)送信息而是使你能得知網(wǎng)卡是否完好。也許你會(huì)Ping,這是計(jì)算機(jī)的回環(huán)地址(網(wǎng)卡地址)。Ping操作成功,排除了可能存在于計(jì)算機(jī)、驅(qū)動(dòng)程序設(shè)置和網(wǎng)卡的問題。如果Ping操作未能完成,將有一條失敗信息傳回來,表明可能是電纜問題、網(wǎng)卡問題或集線器問題等。UserscanalsoPingthelocal48Chapter-3--Foundation-of-Computer-Network(計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)基礎(chǔ))課件493.6.2IPCONFIG命令I(lǐng)fyouarelookingforbasicinformationquickly,Microsoftprovidesoneoftwoprogramsforthispurpose,dependingonwhichversionofWindowsyouuse.TheutilityWinipcfgisincludedwithWindows95/98.Acommand-lineprogram,IPconfig,isincludedwithWindowsNTandWindows2000andinMicrosoft’sTCP/IPstackforWindowsforWorkgroups.Bothprogramsprovidethesameinformation.TheseWindowsutilitiesdisplayIP-addressinginformationforthelocalnetworkadapter(s)oraspecifiedNIC.Commandformat:微軟提供了兩個(gè)程序,以便快速查找網(wǎng)絡(luò)配置基本信息,這兩個(gè)程序用哪一個(gè)取決于用戶使用的Windows版本。Winipcfg是在Windows95/98下使用的;IPconfig是一個(gè)命令行程序,包含在WindowsNT、Windows2000和微軟的Windows工作組的TCP/IP堆棧里,它們都有相同的功能。這些Windows實(shí)用程序顯示了本地網(wǎng)絡(luò)適配器或?qū)S镁W(wǎng)卡上的IP尋址信息。命令格式:3.6.2IPCONFIG命令I(lǐng)fyouarelo50IPconfig[-all|-renew[adapter]|-release[adapter]]-allallinformationaboutadapter(s)
(網(wǎng)絡(luò)適配器的所有信息)-renewrenewDHCPleaseinformationforalllocaladaptersifnoneisnamed(若所有本地網(wǎng)絡(luò)適配器都未命名則更新DHCP配置參數(shù))-releasereleaseDHCPleaseinformationdisablingTCP/IPonthisadapter(禁用本地系統(tǒng)上的TCP/IP并發(fā)布當(dāng)前的DHCP配置參數(shù))IPconfig[-all|-renew[adapt51ThefollowingisanexampleoftheoutputyoushouldexpecttoseewhenrunningIPconfig(Experiment4).FormoredetailsyoucanexecuteIPconfig-all.下面是一個(gè)輸入Ipconfig命令后所能看到的結(jié)果的實(shí)例,如實(shí)驗(yàn)4所示。執(zhí)行Ipconfig-all可以得到更多的具體信息。Thefollowingisanexampleof52Chapter-3--Foundation-of-Computer-Network(計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)基礎(chǔ))課件53Thesearethetoolsthatwillallowanetworkadministratororordinaryuserstoremotelymonitorandcontrolthenetwork.Astheoldsayinggoeseverythinghastwosides,youmustutilizethemonthelegalityways,notthehacker’sguiltyway!以上這些都是為網(wǎng)絡(luò)管理員或普通用戶提供的對網(wǎng)絡(luò)的遠(yuǎn)程監(jiān)視和控制工具。正如古諺所說,“事事皆兩面”,你必須把這些工具用于合法途徑,而非計(jì)算機(jī)黑客的罪惡行徑!Thesearethetoolsthatwill54Keywords:Ping(發(fā)送echo測試包命令),Ipconfig(IP地址配置命令),Time-To-Live(TTL)(生存時(shí)間)
Keywords:Ping(發(fā)送echo測試包553.7SituationDialogue(情景對話)WonderfulNetworkYaoyaoandYangyangaregoodfriends.Oneday,whenYangyangcomestoYaoyao’shome,sheisquitesurprisedatherchattingoncomputer.Yangyang:AreyouchattingonQQ?Yaoyao:yeah,I’mgoingtoinstallaweb-cam,thenIcanchatonvideo.Yangyang:Thenetissonice!We’vejustboughtacomputer,buthowcanIloginInternet?Yaoyao:DoyouhaveNICandModem?Yangyang:Yes,Ihave.Yaoyao:ThenyoucaninstalltheNICanddriversprogram,andapplyforanISPaccount.Yangyang:Sowecanchatonvideo?Yaoyao:Yes,wecanalsosendE-mailsandcardstoeachotherconveniently.YouonlyneedtospendafewminutesonorotherwebsitestoapplyforanE-mailadress.Yangyang:HowcanIapply?Yaoyao:It’squiteeasy.Youmayenteracertainweb-site(suchas)andfillintherelatedinformationaccordingtotheinstruction.神奇的網(wǎng)絡(luò)世界姚姚和洋洋是好朋友。一天,洋洋到姚姚家玩,洋洋看見姚姚正用計(jì)算機(jī)聊天,洋洋覺得十分驚奇。洋洋:你在用QQ聊天嗎?姚姚:是呀。我準(zhǔn)備再安裝一個(gè)攝
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