大學(xué)英語語法14-賓語從句和同位語從句課件

CollegeEnglishGrammar:

GrammarandWritingByZhuXiangjunCollegeEnglishGrammar:

1Unit14Objectclauseandappositiveclauses

Grammar:

1)Objectclause2)AppositiveclausesWriting:

Correcting:

MixedConstruction

Rewriting:

VarietyinsentencelengthUnit14Objectclauseandappos21.ObjectclausesWhenanounclausefunctionsasanobject,itiscalledanobjectclause.Objectclausesusuallybeginwithsubordinatingwordslikehow,why,what,where,when,who,which,whose,whether,if,that,etc.Nocommaisneededwhentheobjectclausesareusedinthecomplexsentences.

Whywashewantedbythepolice？Danielwonderedthereason.Danielwonderedwhyhewaswantedbythepolice.Hasanydecisionbeenmade?Doyouknowthequestion?Doyouknowwhether/ifanydecisionhasbeenmade?Heishonest.Noonedoubtsit.Noonedoubtsthatheishonest.

1.Objectclauses3Nounclausesthatfunctionasobjectsofprepositionsarenamedobjectclausestoo.

Canwesucceed?Thequestiondependsonthis.Howwelldowecooperate?Whetherwecansucceeddependson

howwellwecooperate

Shewalkeduptotheplace.Istoodattheplace.Shewalkedupto

whereIstood.Nounclausesthatfunct41.Aslongasthemainclause'sverbisinneitherthepastnorthepastperfecttense,theverbofthesubordinateclausecanbeinanytensethatconveysmeaningaccurately.Bothofthemwillknowthattheyhavemadearightchoice.TheteachertellsuswhenwewillpayavisittoMr.Jackson.

2.Ifthemainverbofasentenceisinthepastorpastperfect,thenverbsinthesubordinateclausemustalsoexpressapastviewpoint.SheaskedmewhereIwasoffto.IwonderedhowhecouldmakesuchrapidprogressinhisstudyofFrench.1.Aslongasthemainclaus53.Ifthesubordinateclauseexpresseswhatiscommonlyknownasageneraltruthorfact,simplepresenttenseisusedeventhoughthemainverbofasentenceisinthepastorpastperfect:Columbussomehowknewthattheworldisround.Theteachertoldthestudentswhythecomputerisawonderfulmachine.4.Ifthereisaspecificpasttimeintheclause,pasttenseisusedeventhoughtheactionoftheobjectclauseoccursbeforetheactionofthemainclause.ShetoldherstudentsthattheEnglishChannelwasofficiallyopenedonMarch7,1994.NooneknowshowtheHousesofParliamentwasburneddownin1834.3.Ifthesubordinateclaus6IneverydayEnglish,especiallyspokenEnglish,thewordthatisusuallyomitted.But,thesubordinatingwordthatcannotbeomittedinthefollowingcases:1)whentherearetwoormoreobjectclause;Hesaidthathecouldn’ttellyourightawayandthatyouwouldn’tunderstand.2)whenthereisaparenthesisbetweenthepredicateverbofthemainclauseandtheobjectclause;JustthenInoticed,forthefirsttime,

thatourmasterwaswearinghisfinegreencoatandhisblacksilkcap.IneverydayEnglish,e73)whenthat-clauseisdirectobjectofdoubleobjects;

Imustnevertellanyone

thatIcouldnotseethecloth.

4)whenthereisalogicobject“it”beforetherealobject.

Wethink

itimportantthatweapplythetheoryintopractice.

Inaddition,whetherandifcanreplaceeachotherinobjectclauses,butifcannotbeusedwhenitgoesafteraprepositionorwhenitgotogetherwiththephrase“ornot”

Hewantstolearnaboutwhetherthemeetinghasbeencancelled.Pleaseletusknowwhetheryoufindthetermsacceptableornot.3)whenthat-clauseisdirect82.AppositiveclausesDifferentfromtheappositives,theappositiveclausesarenotseparatedbyacomma.Theyarefamiliarwiththeopinion.Theopinionisthis.Allmatterconsistsofatoms.Theyarefamiliarwiththeopinion

thatallmatterconsistsofatoms.Noonecansettlethequestion.Thequestionisthis.Shouldthenewrulebeadopted?Noonecansettlethequestion

whetherthenewruleshouldbeadopted.2.Appositiveclauses9

Appositiveclausesareusuallyplacedimmediatelyafterthewordstheymodify.But,ifthemainclauseisshort,theappositiveclauseofthesubjectcanbeplacedattheendofthesentenceaswell.

Maybetheenemyhadfledthecity.Thethoughtcametohim.

Thethoughtcametohimthatmaybetheenemyhadfledthecity.Napoleonhimselfwascomingtoinspectthem.Thewordcameseveralyearslater.Severalyearslater，thewordcamethatNapoleonhimselfwascomingtoinspectthem.Appositiveclausesareus10Ingrammar,thesubordinatingwordsthatintroduceappositiveclausesplaynoroleintheclauseswhereastherelativepronounsthatintroduceadjectiveclausesplayrolesintheclauses.

TheywereallshockedatthenewsthatGermanyhaddeclaredwaronRussia.

(anappositiveclause,thatplaysnoroleintheclause)Theywereallshockedatthenewsthatwasannouncedontheradio.(anadjectiveclause,thatplaystheroleofsubjectoftheclause)Ingrammar,thesubordina11Combinethesentencesineachsetintoasingleclearsentencecontainingatleastoneobjectclauseorappositiveclause.

1.Howsoonaretheycoming?

Ihavenoidea.Ihavenoideahowsoontheyarecoming.

2.Ourteamhadwon.

Weheardthenews.Weheardthenewsthatourteamhadwon.

3.YoucancrossCanadainlessthanfivedays

Theideaisjustwrong.TheideathatyoucancrossCanadainlessthanfivedaysisjustwrong.

Combinethesentencesineach12Oneoftheboxeswasextremelyheavy.

Noonecouldaccountforthefact.Noonecouldaccountforthefactthatoneoftheboxeswasextremelyheavy.5.Expertsconfirmedthis.

Apumaiscornered.

Itwillattackahumanbeing.Expertsconfirmedthatapumawillnotattackahumanbeingunlessitiscornered.6.Thewalletmusthavebeenfoundbyoneofthevillagers.

Samwassureofthat.

Itwasnoreturnedtohim.Samwassurethatthewalletmusthavebeenfoundbyoneofthevillagers,butitwasnoreturnedtohim.7.Irangthebell.

Iwasnotsurprisedtoseethis.

Mr.Smithwasstillasfatasever.IrangthebellandwasnotsurprisedtoseethatMr.Smithwasstillasfatasever.Oneoftheboxeswasextremely13MixedConstruction

Sometimeswestarttosaysomethinginoneway,butinthemiddleofourstatement,wemakeachangetosayitinanotherway.Asentencethatstartswithonegrammaticalformandendswithanotheriscalledamixedconstruction.Theimproperlymixedformsresultinconfusion.

Someofthestudentsweretrappedinacavehavealreadybeenbroughtout.Someofthestudents(whowere)trappedinacavehavealreadybeenbroughtout.Therearesomanypeoplehaven’thousesaftertheearthquake.Therearesomanypeoplewhohaven’thousesaftertheearthquake.Therearesomanypeoplewithouthousesaftertheearthquake.Somanypeoplehaven’thousesaftertheearthquake.MixedConstructionSometim14

Particularattentionshouldbepaidtothefollowingmixedconstructions.1.Imperativesentence+is+thebestway….

Don’tinterferewitheachotheristhebestwaytokeepfriends.

Nottointerferewitheachotheristhebestwaytokeepfriends.Keepsilentisthebestpolicywhenyouarenotclearaboutthesituation.

Tokeepsilentisthebestpolicywhenyouarenotclearaboutthesituation.

Tocorrecttheproblem,youcanturntheimperativesentenceintoaninfinitivephrase.Particularattentions152.There+be+needed/demanded+noun…

Evenamongtheclosestfriends,thereisalsoneededprivacy.Evenamongtheclosestfriends,privacyisalsoneeded.Therearedemandedlargefeestocompletetheresearchwork.

Largefeesaredemandedtocompletetheresearchwork.

Youcancorrecttheproblembydeletingthe“there”andplacingthenounbeforetheverb“be”asasubject.2.There+be+needed/demande163.Thereason+is+because…

TheonlyreasonwhyIamleavingthepresentpositionisbecauseIwantachancetobettermyself.TheonlyreasonwhyIamleavingthepresentpositionisthatIwantachancetobettermyself.Anotherprimaryreasonisbecausethereseemtobetoomanyprivatecarsandnotenoughpublicbuses.Anotherprimaryreasonisthatthereseemtobetoomanyprivatecarsandnotenoughpublicbuses.

Thoughcommoninspeech,the"reasonisbecause"isbothungrammaticalandredundant.Themixedconstructionlikethisiseasytocorrect.Leavetheword“because”outandreplaceitwiththeword“that”.3.Thereason+is+because…17Correctthefollowingmixedconstruction.Don’tstayuptoolateisagoodlivinghabit.Themomentyouleavethisroomwillgetabigsurprise.Itissaidthatifanyonetouchesthetreewillhavebadluck.Thereasonforhissuccessisbecausehealwaysworkssohard.Thereisneededthatkindofcapacitytocopewiththeproblem.Thoughshehesitatedforamomentatthedoorandfinallywentin.Maybedon’trespecttofriendsdoesn’tmattertoomuch.Awomanwasinjeansstoodatthewindowofanexpensiveshop.Iftwomenwhoseinterestsarethesame,theycanmakegoodfriends.Inordertokeepcloserelationshipbetweenfriendsistopayrespecttoeachother.Correctthefollowingmixedco18Keys:1.Don’tstayup→Nottostayup2....,youwillgetabigsurprise.3.heorshewillhavebadluck4.because→that5.Thatkindofcapacityisneededtocopewiththeproblem.6.andfinallywentin→,shefinallywentin7.Maybedon’trespect→Maybenottorespect8.Awomanwasinjeans9.Iftwomenwhoseinterestsarethesame→Iftheinterestsoftwomenarethesame10.istopay→,peopleshouldpayKeys:19Assignment：Theexerciseinthissectionistocreateeffectivepassagesbycombiningtheshortsentenceswhichyouthinkisrelatedintolonger,

morecomplexones.Iftherearesomemistakes,correctthem.Passage1(AdaptedfromLesson10,NewConceptEnglishIIIbyL.G.Alexander)

Titanicwasagreatship.OnApril10th,1912,itsailedforNewYorkfromSouthampton.1,316passengersand891crewwereontheship.Ithad46,000ton.Evenbymodernstandard,itwasahugeone.Peoplehadbuiltmanyships.Titanicwasthelargestshipatthattime.Theythoughtitunsinkable.Shehadsixteenwatertightcompartments.Twoofthesewerefilledwithwater.Itcouldstillfloat.Peoplewillalwaysremembertheterriblesinkingofthegreatship.Itsankonitsfirstvoyage.Lifelostheavily.Assignment：Theexerciseinthi20

Itsetout.Ontheforthday,theTitanicwassailingacrosstheicywatersoftheNorthAtlantic.Alookoutsuddenlydiscoveredagreaticeberg.Hegaveanalarmimmediately.Theshipturnedsharply.Ithopedtoavoidcollidingwiththeicebergfacetoface.Itturnedintime.Itnarrowlymissedthegreatwallofice.Thewallwasmorethan100feetabovethesea.Suddenly,peopleheardatremblingsoundfrombelow.Thesoundwasslight.Thecaptainwentdowntoseetheproblem.Thenoisewasverylittle.Noonethoughttheshiphadbeendestroyed.Onthebottomoftheship,thecaptainwashorrifiedtoseethis.TheTitanicwassinkingfast.Fiveofitssixteenwatertightcompartmentshadalreadybeenfilledwithwater.Hegaveanorder.Theywantedtogiveuptheship.Manypeoplejumpedintothewater.Thewaterwasicy.Notenoughlifeboatsforallpassengers.1,500peopledied.Itsetout.Onthe21CollegeEnglishGrammar:

GrammarandWritingByZhuXiangjunCollegeEnglishGrammar:

22Unit14Objectclauseandappositiveclauses

Grammar:

1)Objectclause2)AppositiveclausesWriting:

Correcting:

MixedConstruction

Rewriting:

VarietyinsentencelengthUnit14Objectclauseandappos231.ObjectclausesWhenanounclausefunctionsasanobject,itiscalledanobjectclause.Objectclausesusuallybeginwithsubordinatingwordslikehow,why,what,where,when,who,which,whose,whether,if,that,etc.Nocommaisneededwhentheobjectclausesareusedinthecomplexsentences.

Whywashewantedbythepolice？Danielwonderedthereason.Danielwonderedwhyhewaswantedbythepolice.Hasanydecisionbeenmade?Doyouknowthequestion?Doyouknowwhether/ifanydecisionhasbeenmade?Heishonest.Noonedoubtsit.Noonedoubtsthatheishonest.

1.Objectclauses24Nounclausesthatfunctionasobjectsofprepositionsarenamedobjectclausestoo.

Canwesucceed?Thequestiondependsonthis.Howwelldowecooperate?Whetherwecansucceeddependson

howwellwecooperate

Shewalkeduptotheplace.Istoodattheplace.Shewalkedupto

whereIstood.Nounclausesthatfunct251.Aslongasthemainclause'sverbisinneitherthepastnorthepastperfecttense,theverbofthesubordinateclausecanbeinanytensethatconveysmeaningaccurately.Bothofthemwillknowthattheyhavemadearightchoice.TheteachertellsuswhenwewillpayavisittoMr.Jackson.

2.Ifthemainverbofasentenceisinthepastorpastperfect,thenverbsinthesubordinateclausemustalsoexpressapastviewpoint.SheaskedmewhereIwasoffto.IwonderedhowhecouldmakesuchrapidprogressinhisstudyofFrench.1.Aslongasthemainclaus263.Ifthesubordinateclauseexpresseswhatiscommonlyknownasageneraltruthorfact,simplepresenttenseisusedeventhoughthemainverbofasentenceisinthepastorpastperfect:Columbussomehowknewthattheworldisround.Theteachertoldthestudentswhythecomputerisawonderfulmachine.4.Ifthereisaspecificpasttimeintheclause,pasttenseisusedeventhoughtheactionoftheobjectclauseoccursbeforetheactionofthemainclause.ShetoldherstudentsthattheEnglishChannelwasofficiallyopenedonMarch7,1994.NooneknowshowtheHousesofParliamentwasburneddownin1834.3.Ifthesubordinateclaus27IneverydayEnglish,especiallyspokenEnglish,thewordthatisusuallyomitted.But,thesubordinatingwordthatcannotbeomittedinthefollowingcases:1)whentherearetwoormoreobjectclause;Hesaidthathecouldn’ttellyourightawayandthatyouwouldn’tunderstand.2)whenthereisaparenthesisbetweenthepredicateverbofthemainclauseandtheobjectclause;JustthenInoticed,forthefirsttime,

thatourmasterwaswearinghisfinegreencoatandhisblacksilkcap.IneverydayEnglish,e283)whenthat-clauseisdirectobjectofdoubleobjects;

Imustnevertellanyone

thatIcouldnotseethecloth.

4)whenthereisalogicobject“it”beforetherealobject.

Wethink

itimportantthatweapplythetheoryintopractice.

Inaddition,whetherandifcanreplaceeachotherinobjectclauses,butifcannotbeusedwhenitgoesafteraprepositionorwhenitgotogetherwiththephrase“ornot”

Hewantstolearnaboutwhetherthemeetinghasbeencancelled.Pleaseletusknowwhetheryoufindthetermsacceptableornot.3)whenthat-clauseisdirect292.AppositiveclausesDifferentfromtheappositives,theappositiveclausesarenotseparatedbyacomma.Theyarefamiliarwiththeopinion.Theopinionisthis.Allmatterconsistsofatoms.Theyarefamiliarwiththeopinion

thatallmatterconsistsofatoms.Noonecansettlethequestion.Thequestionisthis.Shouldthenewrulebeadopted?Noonecansettlethequestion

whetherthenewruleshouldbeadopted.2.Appositiveclauses30

Appositiveclausesareusuallyplacedimmediatelyafterthewordstheymodify.But,ifthemainclauseisshort,theappositiveclauseofthesubjectcanbeplacedattheendofthesentenceaswell.

Maybetheenemyhadfledthecity.Thethoughtcametohim.

Thethoughtcametohimthatmaybetheenemyhadfledthecity.Napoleonhimselfwascomingtoinspectthem.Thewordcameseveralyearslater.Severalyearslater，thewordcamethatNapoleonhimselfwascomingtoinspectthem.Appositiveclausesareus31Ingrammar,thesubordinatingwordsthatintroduceappositiveclausesplaynoroleintheclauseswhereastherelativepronounsthatintroduceadjectiveclausesplayrolesintheclauses.

TheywereallshockedatthenewsthatGermanyhaddeclaredwaronRussia.

(anappositiveclause,thatplaysnoroleintheclause)Theywereallshockedatthenewsthatwasannouncedontheradio.(anadjectiveclause,thatplaystheroleofsubjectoftheclause)Ingrammar,thesubordina32Combinethesentencesineachsetintoasingleclearsentencecontainingatleastoneobjectclauseorappositiveclause.

1.Howsoonaretheycoming?

Ihavenoidea.Ihavenoideahowsoontheyarecoming.

2.Ourteamhadwon.

Weheardthenews.Weheardthenewsthatourteamhadwon.

3.YoucancrossCanadainlessthanfivedays

Theideaisjustwrong.TheideathatyoucancrossCanadainlessthanfivedaysisjustwrong.

Combinethesentencesineach33Oneoftheboxeswasextremelyheavy.

Noonecouldaccountforthefact.Noonecouldaccountforthefactthatoneoftheboxeswasextremelyheavy.5.Expertsconfirmedthis.

Apumaiscornered.

Itwillattackahumanbeing.Expertsconfirmedthatapumawillnotattackahumanbeingunlessitiscornered.6.Thewalletmusthavebeenfoundbyoneofthevillagers.

Samwassureofthat.

Itwasnoreturnedtohim.Samwassurethatthewalletmusthavebeenfoundbyoneofthevillagers,butitwasnoreturnedtohim.7.Irangthebell.

Iwasnotsurprisedtoseethis.

Mr.Smithwasstillasfatasever.IrangthebellandwasnotsurprisedtoseethatMr.Smithwasstillasfatasever.Oneoftheboxeswasextremely34MixedConstruction

Sometimeswestarttosaysomethinginoneway,butinthemiddleofourstatement,wemakeachangetosayitinanotherway.Asentencethatstartswithonegrammaticalformandendswithanotheriscalledamixedconstruction.Theimproperlymixedformsresultinconfusion.

Someofthestudentsweretrappedinacavehavealreadybeenbroughtout.Someofthestudents(whowere)trappedinacavehavealreadybeenbroughtout.Therearesomanypeoplehaven’thousesaftertheearthquake.Therearesomanypeoplewhohaven’thousesaftertheearthquake.Therearesomanypeoplewithouthousesaftertheearthquake.Somanypeoplehaven’thousesaftertheearthquake.MixedConstructionSometim35

Particularattentionshouldbepaidtothefollowingmixedconstructions.1.Imperativesentence+is+thebestway….

Don’tinterferewitheachotheristhebestwaytokeepfriends.

Nottointerferewitheachotheristhebestwaytokeepfriends.Keepsilentisthebestpolicywhenyouarenotclearaboutthesituation.

Tokeepsilentisthebestpolicywhenyouarenotclearaboutthesituation.

Tocorrecttheproblem,youcanturntheimperativesentenceintoaninfinitivephrase.Particularattentions362.There+be+needed/demanded+noun…

Evenamongtheclosestfriends,thereisalsoneededprivacy.Evenamongtheclosestfriends,privacyisalsoneeded.Therearedemandedlargefeestocompletetheresearchwork.

Largefeesaredemandedtocompletetheresearchwork.

Youcancorrecttheproblembydeletingthe“there”andplacingthenounbeforetheverb“be”asasubject.2.There+be+needed/demande373.Thereason+is+because…

TheonlyreasonwhyIamleavingthepresentpositionisbecauseIwantachancetobettermyself.TheonlyreasonwhyIamleavingthepresentpositionisthatIwantachancetobettermyself.Anotherprimaryreasonisbecausethereseemtobetoomanyprivatecarsandnotenoughpublicbuses.Anotherprimaryreasonisthatthereseemtobetoomanyprivatecarsandnotenoughpublicbuses.

Thoughcommoninspeech,the"reasonisbecause"isbothungrammaticalandredundant.Themixedconstructionlikethisiseasytocorrect.Leavetheword“because”outandreplaceitwiththeword“that”.3.Thereason+is+because…38Correctthefollowingmixedconstruction.Don’tstayuptoolateisagoodlivinghabit.Themomentyouleavethisroomwillgetabigsurprise.Itissaidthatifanyonetouchesthetreewillhavebadluck.Thereasonforhissuccessisbecausehealwaysworkssohard.Thereisneededthatkindofcapacitytocopewiththeproblem.Thoughshehesitatedforamomentatthedoorandfinallywentin.Maybedon’trespecttofriendsdoesn’tmattertoomuch.Awomanwasinjeansstoodatthewindowofanexpensiveshop.Iftwomenwhoseinterestsarethesame,theyc