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口譯成功與否在很大程度上取決于譯員在口譯表達前對感知的信息進行記錄的能力。記錄分為“腦記”和“筆記”兩種。
人腦的記憶由短時記憶和長時記憶兩部分組成。顧名思義,短時記憶是一種操作性的暫時記憶,長時記憶屬于一種儲存性的永久記憶。影響一個人短時記憶的因素很多,其中最主要的因素是記憶內(nèi)容的意義性。即便是當(dāng)感知的信息有意義時,人的短時記憶只可容納由二十多個單詞組成的句子,或者一組十位數(shù)的數(shù)字。因此,對于口譯工作者來說,完全依賴人腦的記憶能力是危險的,記筆記便顯得十分重要。
口譯成功與否在很大程度上取決于譯員在口譯表達前對感知的信息進一、做口譯筆記時的注意事項
1.口譯筆記應(yīng)記要點,切忌求記“全”??谧g筆記是記憶的延伸或補充,不應(yīng)也不必取代記憶。口譯筆記的主要內(nèi)容是概念、命題、名稱、數(shù)字、組織機構(gòu)和邏輯關(guān)系(如大小、先后、正反、上下、升降、因果關(guān)系等),筆記單位以表達意群的詞語和符號為主。
2.口譯筆記求快求精,但不可潦草。
3.口譯筆記可使用來源語,也可使用目標(biāo)語,也可以雙語兼用。只要有利于口譯的準(zhǔn)確性和流利性,不必拘泥于某種文字或符號。例如,“聯(lián)合國大會”可筆錄為“UN”或“聯(lián)大”。
4.口譯筆記使用大量常見略語,例如:cf(compare),Co(company),eg(forexample),etc(andsoon),esp(especially),ie(thatis),max(maximum),min(minimum),ref(reference),std(standard),usu(usually),等。一、做口譯筆記時的注意事項二、常用速記符號
速記是一項特殊的技巧,速記語言是由一套完整的符號組成的體系。在口譯實踐中逐步掌握一些簡單的速記符號是有益的
二、常用速記符號
速記是一項特殊的技巧,速記語筆記符號state,kingdom,country,nation,national,federalcity,metropolis,cosmopolis,metropolitan,urban,municipalvillage,farm,outskirt,countryside,suburban,ruralareas右上角:人右下角:地方、地名、機構(gòu)一.圖形符號筆記符號state,kingdom,country,ncitizen,urbanresidents/inhabitantsfamer,peasant,rancher,agriculturist領(lǐng)導(dǎo),監(jiān)督;頂點,頂級,最lead,supervise,head,peak,top,supreme,utmost,maximum,climaxuniversal,worldwide,international,transnational,global,transcontinental,allovertheworld,acrossboundariescitizen,urbanresidents/inh多國,其他國家othercountries國民經(jīng)濟nationaleconomydomestic,native,internal,interior,athomeforeign,overseas,abroad,alien,exotic,outofthecountry,beyondseas,intheforeignlandinandoutofthecountry,athomeandabroad多國,其他國家othercountries國民經(jīng)濟進口import出口export進出口import&export飛行員pilot飛機場airport中國人Chinesepeople進口import出口export進出口impor經(jīng)濟實體economicentity金融機構(gòu)financialinstitutionboss,leader,chairman,ruler,chief,manager,president,majesty,governor,director,supervisor,monitor國家領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人,政府首腦stateleader廣場square,plaze經(jīng)濟實體economicentity金融機構(gòu)fin宏觀調(diào)控,macro-control首都capitalcity重要
important,significant,key,critical,crucial,essential,vital,eventful,principal,core,ofgreatimportance/significance/consequence宏觀調(diào)控,macro-control首都capital3.主要main,chief,primary,major,dominant,overwhelming
4.精彩
wonderful,terrific,splendid,fantastic,marvelous2.杰出great,well-known,outstanding,remarkable,excellent,perfect,brilliant,distinguished,notable,eminent,promising,prominent,prestigious,glorious,noteworthy,3.主要4.精彩2.杰出5.強調(diào)emphasize,focus,underline,underscorestress,highlight,spotlight,accentuatefocuson,layemphasis/stressonattachimportanceto,payattentiontothemostimportant5.強調(diào)themostimportant特點,特色,特征mark,feature,character,symbol,sign,characteristic,specialitypeculiarity,attribute2.代表represent,symbolize,typify,standfor,onbehalfof特點,特色,特征2.代表整體,全部,總共whole,all,total,entire,complete,overallgeneral,universal,integral,gross,intact,onthewhole,allinall2.團結(jié),統(tǒng)一,團聚united,unification,gather,gettogether所有國家所有人,人民群眾整體,全部,總共2.團結(jié),統(tǒng)一,團聚所有國家所有人,人民群主權(quán)和領(lǐng)土完整sovereigntyandterritorialintegrity⊙會議meeting,forum,session,seminar,conference,symposium,committee,association,parliament,council峰會summit(meeting)主權(quán)和領(lǐng)土完整⊙會議峰會∞
關(guān)聯(lián)linkto,connectwith,relateto,associatewith2.替代replace,displace,supplant,substituteinsteadof,taketheplaceof交流,交換exchange,interact,communicate2.關(guān)系interaction,relation,relationshippartnership∞關(guān)聯(lián)2.替代交流,交換2.關(guān)系雙邊關(guān)系,bilateralrelationship多邊關(guān)系,multilateralrelationship舉杯,協(xié)議toast,agreement,treaty,contractConvention,revolution雙邊協(xié)議,bilateralagreement多邊協(xié)議,multilateralagreement雙邊關(guān)系,bilateralrelationship多邊關(guān)⊕發(fā)展,develop,development發(fā)達的,developed發(fā)展中的,developing開始begin,start,initiate,open,originate,launch,pioneercommence,inaugurate⊕發(fā)展,develop,development發(fā)達的,de2.形成,產(chǎn)生,出現(xiàn)establish,found,create,appear,emerge,occur,comeout,breakout,comeintobeing/existence3.醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生RedCross,hospital,medicalcaremedicalinstitution2.形成,產(chǎn)生,出現(xiàn)3.醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生禁止,結(jié)束end,conclude,complete,cease,stop,close,terminate,expire,halt,over,pause,turnoff,switchoff,breakupmakeanendof,bringtoanend,bringtoaconclusion道路,方法method,way,road,means,measureapproach,manner,access,route,coursemode,bymeansof,bywayof禁止,結(jié)束道路,方法歪曲twist,distortionoffact2.困難,挫折difficulty,hardship,trouble,painful,tough,frustration,setback遠
faraway近
near,close歪曲2.困難,挫折遠faraway近near,臺階,進步stepbystep,progress,advancemakeprogress過去,歷史inthepast,history昨天yesterday上個月lastmonth去年lastyear臺階,進步過去,歷史昨天yesterday上個月l前所未有的,unprecedented很久以前,longbefore未來,將要,inthefuture改變,變化
change,transform前所未有的,unprecedented很久以前,longb果實,成果fruit,result,accomplishmentachievement(使)消失,廢除delete,exclude,dismiss,erasedisappear,vanish,extinct,removeabolish,getridof,wipeout2.
破壞,推翻,剝奪destroy,ruin,collapse,overthrowdemolish,
deprive,
果實,成果(使)消失,廢除2.破壞,推翻,剝奪4.倒閉,下崗bankrupt,
layoff,resign,retire5.死亡,已故的kill,murder,die,passaway,thelate6.解決,達到,實現(xiàn)overcome,settle,solve,address,realize,achieve,accomplish,fulfill3.拋棄abandon,desert,discard4.倒閉,下崗5.死亡,已故的6.解決,達到,實現(xiàn)3二.人體行為符號smile,happy,glad,pleased,excitedinagoodmoodunhappy,sad,unsatisfied,angry,inabadmoodQ1.說tell,state,announce,express,claim,address,declare,argue,vow,explain,Introduce,report2.評論comment,remark,evaluateappraise,review二.人體行為符號smile,happy,glad,開羅宣言,CairoManifesto贊揚speakhighlyof,praise批評criticize眾說紛紜,若干說法variousopinions開羅宣言,CairoManifesto贊揚speak改革開放reformandopeningup愛,關(guān)心love,concern,careabout嚇唬,威脅scare,threaten1.聽,listento2.開放,beopento改革開放愛,關(guān)心嚇唬,威脅1.聽,listento:看observe,view,glance,stare,noticeglimpse,scan,skim,witness,gaze2.想think,consider,regard,conceiveponder,suppose,imagine,meditatespeculate,contemplate3.揭示,顯示show,suggest,indicate,reveal,discover,reflect:看2.想3.揭示,顯示←1.來come2.收到receive3.需要,缺少need,require,want,beshortof,4.邀請,應(yīng)邀invite,oninvitation愿意接受acceptwithpleasure1.賣sell2.獲利makeaprofit←1.來come愿意接受acceptwithp去,到go
引起,導(dǎo)致resultin,leadto1.買buy2.投資invest↑增加;上升;完善;繁榮increase,heighten,enhance,grow,lift
soar,rise,raise,elevate,ascendflourish,advance,update,improveprosperity,boost,giveboostto,goup去,到go1.買buy↑增加;上升;完善;繁榮↓減少,降低,貶值decrease,decline,reduce,descenddiminish,fall,drop,sink,lowerrelieve,weaken,lessen,deterioratedevalue,degrade,depreciate,discountgodown,falloff1.很,非常deeply,very,quite,awfully2.深遠的profound,far-reaching↓減少,降低,貶值1.很,非常deeply,very推動,促進,有助于promote,strengthen,encouragestimulate,facilitate,reinforcestrive,push,urge,stir,forceaccelerate,drive,prompt,propelgiveimpetusto,carryforward阻礙,推遲obstacle,postpone,delay,restrainwithdraw,discourage,curb,hamperhinder,barrier,bar,encumber,putoffstandinone’sway,holdback,drawback推動,促進,有助于阻礙,推遲↗沖突,矛盾,分歧,爭議conflict,contradictiondifference,dispute越來越increasing,growing,moreandmore越來越大biggerandbigger越來越多moreandmore↗沖突,矛盾,分歧,爭議越來越越來越大bigger壓力,影響pressure,burden,load,stress,impact,influence,effect,affectexertinfluenceon,haveeffecton迄今為止sofar,uptonow,tillnow壓力,影響迄今為止…四.標(biāo)點符號多numerous,countless,enormousabundant,various,mass,uncountableinnumerable,considerable,substantialaseriesof2.持續(xù),繼續(xù),一直last,continue,remain,maintainpersist,still,continuouseverlasting,eternal,permanent,constant,frequent,always,endless,allalong,keepon,goon…四.標(biāo)點符號多numerous,countless3.信息點的弱化4.信息的省略andsoon在某種程度上tosomedegree不那么重要notsoimportant3.信息點的弱化4.信息的省略在某種程度上不那么重要﹗1.危險,警告,當(dāng)心dangerous,hazardous,jeopardywarning,alarming,alertindanger,watchout2.加強語氣:務(wù)必,一定,當(dāng)然sure,certainly,ofcourse老實說,說實在的
tobefrank,totellyouthetruth﹗1.危險,警告,當(dāng)心2.加強語氣:務(wù)必,一定,當(dāng)然老實﹖﹪問題,疑問question,problem,perplexity,issue,puzzle,mystery,ask,inquiry,queryinterrogate,confused,bewildered2.所有疑問句以“?”開頭來記錄百分比,percent﹖﹪問題,疑問2.所有疑問句以“?”開頭來記錄百分比,pe“”??
引用(理論,名言等)鄧小平理論Dengxiaopingtheories《紅樓夢》
ADreaminRedMansionsTheStroyoftheStone書“”??引用(理論,名言等)鄧小平理論《紅樓夢》書﹙﹚由…組成,包括,容納contain,comprise,cover,includeenclose,involve,embrace,bemadeupof,consistof〔〕用于記錄狀語﹙﹚由…組成,包括,容納〔〕用于記錄狀語∵∴五.數(shù)學(xué)符號因為,由于,幸虧because,dueto,thanksto所以,因此,結(jié)果是so,therefore,thatiswhy…consequently∵∴五.數(shù)學(xué)符號因為,由于,幸虧所以,因此,結(jié)果是﹢和,另外,多plus,and,add,morethan,besides,moreover,inaddition另外五十a(chǎn)notherfifty五十多morethanfifty更少fewer﹢和,另外,多另外五十a(chǎn)notherfifty五十多÷-=
減去,負增長
minus除了except相同,一致thesameas公平fair,equal,justice比作compare…to…符合beconsistentwithbeinagreementwithcomplywith÷-=減去,負增長除了except相同,一致the≠≈不贊同,不平等,有差距,不符合disagree,unfair,difference,disparity不符合事實notcomplywiththefact大約,大概about,almost,nearly等于說,也就是說thatistosay,inotherwords≠≈不贊同,不平等,有差距,不符合不符合事實大約,大概等于說<>1.大于,超過surpass,exceed,morethansuperiorto2.供過于求supplyexceedsdemand過熱overheated少于,低于lessthan,inferiorto2.供不應(yīng)求demandexceedssupply<>1.大于,超過2.供過于求supplyexce∑總和sum∈×屬于belongto錯的,不好的,負面的wrong,mistake,fault,bad,negativenotorious2.否決veto∑總和sum∈×屬于belongto錯的,不好的,√
不稱霸notseekhegemony對的,好的,積極的correct,good,positive,affirmative2.支持,善于,有利于support,begoodat,intheinterestof3.認可,批準(zhǔn)endorse,ratify,confirm,approve√不稱霸notseekhegemony對的,好的文中立六.中文文化,文學(xué),文明culture,literature,civilization中國People’sRepublicofChina立場,position(一)中文字文中立六.中文文化,文學(xué),文明中國立場,position(力兒大力量,能力,權(quán)力power,strength,force,ability,capability兒童,childrenbig,huge,great,vast,gianttremendous,immense,spacious,extensive,massive,capacious市市場,market力兒大力量,能力,權(quán)力兒童,childrenbig,(二)偏旁部首學(xué)習(xí)study,learn家family,home快,迅速soon,rapid,swift,speedyquick,prompt(二)偏旁部首學(xué)習(xí)study,learn家fami組織organize,structure,tissue建設(shè)build,construct措施measure飯,食物meal,ricefood餐館,飯店restaurant組織organize,structure,tissu疾病illness,disease,ailment,sick病人patient軍事,軍隊military,army,troop管理management,administration健康health疾病illness,disease,ailment,fu(三)拼音字母感謝thank,appreciate稱霸,霸權(quán)主義hegemony,seekhegemony貢獻contribution腐敗corruptionfu(三)拼音字母感謝thank,appreciat﹟七.諧音僅僅just,merely,only,nothingmorethannotonly環(huán)境environment,surroundings,settingcircumstance,condition,background﹟七.諧音僅僅notonly環(huán)境八化學(xué)符號Fe鐵ferrum,iron鐵路railway八化學(xué)符號Fe鐵ferrum,iron鐵路rai九生物♀
♂
女性woman,female男性man,male九生物♀♂女性woman,female男性m十地圖標(biāo)識學(xué)校教育十地圖標(biāo)識學(xué)校教育十一英文(一)英文字母bcd但是but,however,nevertheless相信believe,trust世紀(jì)century日子,今天day,today十一英文(一)英文字母bcd但是but,howevefgh經(jīng)濟economy金融finance政府government1.希望hope2.小時,hourefgh經(jīng)濟economy金融finance政府ImM我I,me1.月month2.分鐘minute管理managementn多many,much,multi-ImM我I,me1.月month2.分鐘p1.政治,政黨,政權(quán),政策politics,party,power,policy2.部門department,section,ministry外交部theMinistryofForeignAffairs生產(chǎn),產(chǎn)品produce,manufacture,productp1.政治,政黨,政權(quán),政策2.部門departmerR改革reform1.權(quán)利right2.公路road高速公路expresswayrR改革reform1.權(quán)利right高速公路s1.科學(xué)science2.社會society3.自從since社會主義socialism從那以后fromthenons1.科學(xué)science2.社會society3tR&D時間,倍time想,認為think技術(shù)technology科技scienceandtechnology高科技high-tech研發(fā)researchanddevelopmenttR&D時間,倍time技術(shù)technology科技uvwy你you勝利,成功win,success,victory,triumph我們we年yearuvwy你you勝利,成功我們we年year(二)英文小寫縮略alco雖然,盡管,即使although,though,despiteindespiteof,evenif,eventhough商業(yè)business,commerce公司company,corporation,firm(二)英文小寫縮略alco雖然,盡管,即使商業(yè)busicom
社團community財政fiscal教育education例如forexample,forinstancecom社團community財政fiscal教育insinfoinfra保險insurance信息information,message基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施infrastructure邀請invitationinsinfoinfra保險insurance信息inu核的nuclear消息news貿(mào)易trade旅游travel,tour,journey稅taxnu核的nuclear消息news貿(mào)易tradegymgraddocdemo利用use,utilize,makeuseof體育館gymnasium畢業(yè)生graduates醫(yī)生,博士doctor演示demonstrategymgraddocdemo利用use,utilizeen經(jīng)驗,經(jīng)歷experience效率effective,efficiency盡快assoonasimpossible請please能源energyen經(jīng)驗,經(jīng)歷experience效率effecti(三)英文大寫縮略CPCSOEPC中國共產(chǎn)黨CommunistPartyofChina國有企業(yè)state-ownedenterprise1.個人電腦personalcomputer2.記者招待會pressconference(三)英文大寫縮略CPCSOEPC中國共產(chǎn)黨國有企業(yè)1.DPRKROK亞太地區(qū)Asia-Pacificregion朝鮮DemocraticPeople’sRepublicofKorea韓國RepublicofKoreaDPRKROK亞太地區(qū)Asia-PacificregiLRJCJVHR勞動力資源laborresources聯(lián)合公報JointCommunique合資企業(yè)JointVenture人權(quán)humanright人力資源humanresourcesLRJCJVHR勞動力資源laborresourcesPESMESEZOK批準(zhǔn),認可ratify,authorize計劃經(jīng)濟PlannedEconomy社會主義市場經(jīng)濟SocialistMarketEconomy經(jīng)濟特區(qū)SpecialEconomicZonePESMESEZOK批準(zhǔn),認可ratify,autho組織縮略&國家地區(qū)縮略UN聯(lián)合國UnitedNationsUNESCOGATT聯(lián)合國教科文組織UnitedNationsEconomic,Scientific,andCulturalOrganization關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定GeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade組織縮略&國家地區(qū)縮略UN聯(lián)合國UnitedNatioAPECOPECEUWTO世界貿(mào)易組織WorldTradeOrganization亞太經(jīng)合組織theAsia-PacificEconomicCooperation石油輸出國家組織OrganizationofPetroleumExportingCountries歐盟EuropeanUnionAPECOPECEUWTO世界貿(mào)易組織亞太經(jīng)合組織石油輸出國IMFAmUSUK國際貨幣基金組織InternationalMonetaryFund美國America,theUnitedStates英國theUnitedKingdomIMFAmUSUK國際貨幣基金組織美國America,HKTWKr朝鮮,韓國Korea香港Hongkong臺灣Taiwan日本JapanHKTWKr朝鮮,韓國Korea香港HongkongBJSHSZCS北京Beijing上海Shanghai深圳Shenzhen長沙ChangshaBJSHSZCS北京Beijing上海Shangha(四)單詞spynew(四)單詞spynew(五)音標(biāo)1.行動act,action,activity2.計劃,方案,項目program,project(五)音標(biāo)1.行動act,action,activ十二貨幣符號$¥£1.美元dollars2.錢money1.人民幣RMB2.利益interest,profit英鎊pound十二貨幣符號$¥£1.美元dollars2.錢十三其它符號-這,現(xiàn)在,現(xiàn)行,當(dāng)前this,now,here,existing,moderncurrent,nowadays,contemporaryatpresent2.基礎(chǔ)basis,basic,foundation,fundamental3.穩(wěn)定stability十三其它符號-這,現(xiàn)在,現(xiàn)行,當(dāng)前2.基礎(chǔ)3.穩(wěn)定現(xiàn)行政策本屆政府和平與穩(wěn)定現(xiàn)行政策本屆政府和平與穩(wěn)定≡保障,堅持,維護ensure,guarantee,safeguardinsiston,maintenance千thousand一千onethousand≡保障,堅持,維護千thousand一千onet十四關(guān)聯(lián)詞/路標(biāo)詞雖然…但是…因為…所以…不是…而是…不但…而且…十四關(guān)聯(lián)詞/路標(biāo)詞雖然…但是…因為…所以…不是…而是…不但ifI/bI/hI/tI/expI/est如果if,providedthat我相信Ibelieve我希望Ihope我認為Ithink我期待Iexpect我估計IestimateifI/bI/hI/tI/expI/est如果if,p口譯成功與否在很大程度上取決于譯員在口譯表達前對感知的信息進行記錄的能力。記錄分為“腦記”和“筆記”兩種。
人腦的記憶由短時記憶和長時記憶兩部分組成。顧名思義,短時記憶是一種操作性的暫時記憶,長時記憶屬于一種儲存性的永久記憶。影響一個人短時記憶的因素很多,其中最主要的因素是記憶內(nèi)容的意義性。即便是當(dāng)感知的信息有意義時,人的短時記憶只可容納由二十多個單詞組成的句子,或者一組十位數(shù)的數(shù)字。因此,對于口譯工作者來說,完全依賴人腦的記憶能力是危險的,記筆記便顯得十分重要。
口譯成功與否在很大程度上取決于譯員在口譯表達前對感知的信息進一、做口譯筆記時的注意事項
1.口譯筆記應(yīng)記要點,切忌求記“全”。口譯筆記是記憶的延伸或補充,不應(yīng)也不必取代記憶??谧g筆記的主要內(nèi)容是概念、命題、名稱、數(shù)字、組織機構(gòu)和邏輯關(guān)系(如大小、先后、正反、上下、升降、因果關(guān)系等),筆記單位以表達意群的詞語和符號為主。
2.口譯筆記求快求精,但不可潦草。
3.口譯筆記可使用來源語,也可使用目標(biāo)語,也可以雙語兼用。只要有利于口譯的準(zhǔn)確性和流利性,不必拘泥于某種文字或符號。例如,“聯(lián)合國大會”可筆錄為“UN”或“聯(lián)大”。
4.口譯筆記使用大量常見略語,例如:cf(compare),Co(company),eg(forexample),etc(andsoon),esp(especially),ie(thatis),max(maximum),min(minimum),ref(reference),std(standard),usu(usually),等。一、做口譯筆記時的注意事項二、常用速記符號
速記是一項特殊的技巧,速記語言是由一套完整的符號組成的體系。在口譯實踐中逐步掌握一些簡單的速記符號是有益的
二、常用速記符號
速記是一項特殊的技巧,速記語筆記符號state,kingdom,country,nation,national,federalcity,metropolis,cosmopolis,metropolitan,urban,municipalvillage,farm,outskirt,countryside,suburban,ruralareas右上角:人右下角:地方、地名、機構(gòu)一.圖形符號筆記符號state,kingdom,country,ncitizen,urbanresidents/inhabitantsfamer,peasant,rancher,agriculturist領(lǐng)導(dǎo),監(jiān)督;頂點,頂級,最lead,supervise,head,peak,top,supreme,utmost,maximum,climaxuniversal,worldwide,international,transnational,global,transcontinental,allovertheworld,acrossboundariescitizen,urbanresidents/inh多國,其他國家othercountries國民經(jīng)濟nationaleconomydomestic,native,internal,interior,athomeforeign,overseas,abroad,alien,exotic,outofthecountry,beyondseas,intheforeignlandinandoutofthecountry,athomeandabroad多國,其他國家othercountries國民經(jīng)濟進口import出口export進出口import&export飛行員pilot飛機場airport中國人Chinesepeople進口import出口export進出口impor經(jīng)濟實體economicentity金融機構(gòu)financialinstitutionboss,leader,chairman,ruler,chief,manager,president,majesty,governor,director,supervisor,monitor國家領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人,政府首腦stateleader廣場square,plaze經(jīng)濟實體economicentity金融機構(gòu)fin宏觀調(diào)控,macro-control首都capitalcity重要
important,significant,key,critical,crucial,essential,vital,eventful,principal,core,ofgreatimportance/significance/consequence宏觀調(diào)控,macro-control首都capital3.主要main,chief,primary,major,dominant,overwhelming
4.精彩
wonderful,terrific,splendid,fantastic,marvelous2.杰出great,well-known,outstanding,remarkable,excellent,perfect,brilliant,distinguished,notable,eminent,promising,prominent,prestigious,glorious,noteworthy,3.主要4.精彩2.杰出5.強調(diào)emphasize,focus,underline,underscorestress,highlight,spotlight,accentuatefocuson,layemphasis/stressonattachimportanceto,payattentiontothemostimportant5.強調(diào)themostimportant特點,特色,特征mark,feature,character,symbol,sign,characteristic,specialitypeculiarity,attribute2.代表represent,symbolize,typify,standfor,onbehalfof特點,特色,特征2.代表整體,全部,總共whole,all,total,entire,complete,overallgeneral,universal,integral,gross,intact,onthewhole,allinall2.團結(jié),統(tǒng)一,團聚united,unification,gather,gettogether所有國家所有人,人民群眾整體,全部,總共2.團結(jié),統(tǒng)一,團聚所有國家所有人,人民群主權(quán)和領(lǐng)土完整sovereigntyandterritorialintegrity⊙會議meeting,forum,session,seminar,conference,symposium,committee,association,parliament,council峰會summit(meeting)主權(quán)和領(lǐng)土完整⊙會議峰會∞
關(guān)聯(lián)linkto,connectwith,relateto,associatewith2.替代replace,displace,supplant,substituteinsteadof,taketheplaceof交流,交換exchange,interact,communicate2.關(guān)系interaction,relation,relationshippartnership∞關(guān)聯(lián)2.替代交流,交換2.關(guān)系雙邊關(guān)系,bilateralrelationship多邊關(guān)系,multilateralrelationship舉杯,協(xié)議toast,agreement,treaty,contractConvention,revolution雙邊協(xié)議,bilateralagreement多邊協(xié)議,multilateralagreement雙邊關(guān)系,bilateralrelationship多邊關(guān)⊕發(fā)展,develop,development發(fā)達的,developed發(fā)展中的,developing開始begin,start,initiate,open,originate,launch,pioneercommence,inaugurate⊕發(fā)展,develop,development發(fā)達的,de2.形成,產(chǎn)生,出現(xiàn)establish,found,create,appear,emerge,occur,comeout,breakout,comeintobeing/existence3.醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生RedCross,hospital,medicalcaremedicalinstitution2.形成,產(chǎn)生,出現(xiàn)3.醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生禁止,結(jié)束end,conclude,complete,cease,stop,close,terminate,expire,halt,over,pause,turnoff,switchoff,breakupmakeanendof,bringtoanend,bringtoaconclusion道路,方法method,way,road,means,measureapproach,manner,access,route,coursemode,bymeansof,bywayof禁止,結(jié)束道路,方法歪曲twist,distortionoffact2.困難,挫折difficulty,hardship,trouble,painful,tough,frustration,setback遠
faraway近
near,close歪曲2.困難,挫折遠faraway近near,臺階,進步stepbystep,progress,advancemakeprogress過去,歷史inthepast,history昨天yesterday上個月lastmonth去年lastyear臺階,進步過去,歷史昨天yesterday上個月l前所未有的,unprecedented很久以前,longbefore未來,將要,inthefuture改變,變化
change,transform前所未有的,unprecedented很久以前,longb果實,成果fruit,result,accomplishmentachievement(使)消失,廢除delete,exclude,dismiss,erasedisappear,vanish,extinct,removeabolish,getridof,wipeout2.
破壞,推翻,剝奪destroy,ruin,collapse,overthrowdemolish,
deprive,
果實,成果(使)消失,廢除2.破壞,推翻,剝奪4.倒閉,下崗bankrupt,
layoff,resign,retire5.死亡,已故的kill,murder,die,passaway,thelate6.解決,達到,實現(xiàn)overcome,settle,solve,address,realize,achieve,accomplish,fulfill3.拋棄abandon,desert,discard4.倒閉,下崗5.死亡,已故的6.解決,達到,實現(xiàn)3二.人體行為符號smile,happy,glad,pleased,excitedinagoodmoodunhappy,sad,unsatisfied,angry,inabadmoodQ1.說tell,state,announce,express,claim,address,declare,argue,vow,explain,Introduce,report2.評論comment,remark,evaluateappraise,review二.人體行為符號smile,happy,glad,開羅宣言,CairoManifesto贊揚speakhighlyof,praise批評criticize眾說紛紜,若干說法variousopinions開羅宣言,CairoManifesto贊揚speak改革開放reformandopeningup愛,關(guān)心love,concern,careabout嚇唬,威脅scare,threaten1.聽,listento2.開放,beopento改革開放愛,關(guān)心嚇唬,威脅1.聽,listento:看observe,view,glance,stare,noticeglimpse,scan,skim,witness,gaze2.想think,consider,regard,conceiveponder,suppose,imagine,meditatespeculate,contemplate3.揭示,顯示show,suggest,indicate,reveal,discover,reflect:看2.想3.揭示,顯示←1.來come2.收到receive3.需要,缺少need,require,want,beshortof,4.邀請,應(yīng)邀invite,oninvitation愿意接受acceptwithpleasure1.賣sell2.獲利makeaprofit←1.來come愿意接受acceptwithp去,到go
引起,導(dǎo)致resultin,leadto1.買buy2.投資invest↑增加;上升;完善;繁榮increase,heighten,enhance,grow,lift
soar,rise,raise,elevate,ascendflourish,advance,update,improveprosperity,boost,giveboostto,goup去,到go1.買buy↑增加;上升;完善;繁榮↓減少,降低,貶值decrease,decline,reduce,descenddiminish,fall,drop,sink,lowerrelieve,weaken,lessen,deterioratedevalue,degrade,depreciate,discountgodown,falloff1.很,非常deeply,very,quite,awfully2.深遠的profound,far-reaching↓減少,降低,貶值1.很,非常deeply,very推動,促進,有助于promote,strengthen,encouragestimulate,facilitate,reinforcestrive,push,urge,stir,forceaccelerate,drive,prompt,propelgiveimpetusto,carryforward阻礙,推遲obstacle,postpone,delay,restrainwithdraw,discourage,curb,hamperhinder,barrier,bar,encumber,putoffstandinone’sway,holdback,drawback推動,促進,有助于阻礙,推遲↗沖突,矛盾,分歧,爭議conflict,contradictiondifference,dispute越來越increasing,growing,moreandmore越來越大biggerandbigger越來越多moreandmore↗沖突,矛盾,分歧,爭議越來越越來越大bigger壓力,影響pressure,burden,load,stress,impact,influence,effect,affectexertinfluenceon,haveeffecton迄今為止sofar,uptonow,tillnow壓力,影響迄今為止…四.標(biāo)點符號多numerous,countless,enormousabundant,various,mass,uncountableinnumerable,considerable,substantialaseriesof2.持續(xù),繼續(xù),一直last,continue,remain,maintainpersist,still,continuouseverlasting,eternal,permanent,constant,frequent,always,endless,allalong,keepon,goon…四.標(biāo)點符號多numerous,countless3.信息點的弱化4.信息的省略andsoon在某種程度上tosomedegree不那么重要notsoimportant3.信息點的弱化4.信息的省略在某種程度上不那么重要﹗1.危險,警告,當(dāng)心dangerous,hazardous,jeopardywarning,alarming,alertindanger,watchout2.加強語氣:務(wù)必,一定,當(dāng)然sure,certainly,ofcourse老實說,說實在的
tobefrank,totellyouthetruth﹗1.危險,警告,當(dāng)心2.加強語氣:務(wù)必,一定,當(dāng)然老實﹖﹪問題,疑問question,problem,perplexity,issue,puzzle,mystery,ask,inquiry,queryinterrogate,confused,bewildered2.所有疑問句以“?”開頭來記錄百分比,percent﹖﹪問題,疑問2.所有疑問句以“?”開頭來記錄百分比,pe“”??
引用(理論,名言等)鄧小平理論Dengxiaopingtheories《紅樓夢》
ADreaminRedMansionsTheStroyoftheStone書“”??引用(理論,名言等)鄧小平理論《紅樓夢》書﹙﹚由…組成,包括,容納contain,comprise,cover,includeenclose,involve,embrace,bemadeupof,consistof〔〕用于記錄狀語﹙﹚由…組成,包括,容納〔〕用于記錄狀語∵∴五.數(shù)學(xué)符號因為,由于,幸虧because,dueto,thanksto所以,因此,結(jié)果是so,therefore,thatiswhy…consequently∵∴五.數(shù)學(xué)符號因為,由于,幸虧所以,因此,結(jié)果是﹢和,另外,多plus,and,add,morethan,besides,moreover,inaddition另外五十a(chǎn)notherfifty五十多morethanfifty更少fewer﹢和,另外,多另外五十a(chǎn)notherfifty五十多÷-=
減去,負增長
minus除了except相同,一致thesameas公平fair,equal,justice比作compare…to…符合beconsistentwithbeinagreementwithcomplywith÷-=減去,負增長除了except相同,一致the≠≈不贊同,不平等,有差距,不符合disagree,unfair,difference,disparity不符合事實notcomplywiththefact大約,大概about,almost,nearly等于說,也就是說thatistosay,inotherwords≠≈不贊同,不平等,有差距,不符合不符合事實大約,大概等于說<>1.大于,超過surpass,exceed,morethansuperiorto2.供過于求supplyexceedsdemand過熱overheated少于,低于lessthan,inferiorto2.供不應(yīng)求demandexceedssupply<>1.大于,超過2.供過于求supplyexce∑總和sum∈×屬于belongto錯的,不好的,負面的wrong,mistake,fault,bad,negativenotorious2.否決veto∑總和sum∈×屬于belongto錯的,不好的,√
不稱霸notseekhegemony對的,好的,積極的correct,good,positive,affirmative2.支持,善于,有利于support,begoodat,intheinterestof3.認可,批準(zhǔn)endorse,ratify,confirm,approve√不稱霸notseekhegemony對的,好的文中立六.中文文化,文學(xué),文明culture,literature,civilization中國People’sRepublicofChina立場,position(一)中文字文中立六.中文文化,文學(xué),文明中國立場,position(力兒大力量,能力,權(quán)力power,strength,force,ability,capability兒童,childrenbig,huge,great,vast,gianttremendous,immense,spacious,extensive,massive,capacious市市場,market力兒大力量,能力,權(quán)力兒童,childrenbig,(二)偏旁部首學(xué)習(xí)study,learn家family,home快,迅速soon,rapid,swift,speedyquick,prompt(二)偏旁部首學(xué)習(xí)study,learn家fami組織organize,structure,tissue建設(shè)build,construct措施measure飯,食物meal,ricefood餐館,飯店restaurant組織organize,structure,tissu疾病illness,disease,ailment,sick病人patient軍事,軍隊military,army,troop管理management,administration健康health疾病illness,disease,ailment,fu(三)拼音字母感謝thank,appreciate稱霸,霸權(quán)主義hegemony,seekhegemony貢獻contribution腐敗corruptionfu(三)拼音字母感謝thank,appreciat﹟七.諧音僅僅just,merely,only,nothingmorethannotonly環(huán)境environment,surroundings,settingcircumstance,condition,background﹟七.諧音僅僅notonly環(huán)境八化學(xué)符號Fe鐵ferrum,iron鐵路railway八化學(xué)符號Fe鐵ferrum,iron鐵路rai九生物♀
♂
女性woman,female男性man,male九生物♀♂女性woman,female男性m十地圖標(biāo)識學(xué)校教育十地圖標(biāo)識學(xué)校教育十一英文(一)英文字母bcd但是but,however,nevertheless相信believe,trust世紀(jì)century日子,今天day,today十一英文(一)英文字母bcd但是but,howevefgh經(jīng)濟economy金融finance政府government1.希望hope2.小時,hourefgh經(jīng)濟economy金融fina
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