自考英語二重點(diǎn)講解復(fù)習(xí)資料匯總

自考英語二復(fù)習(xí)資料第一章重點(diǎn)單詞擴(kuò)充講解:1.organizational:a組織上的由此我們可以聯(lián)想到:organize:v組織;organization:n組織;organizer:n組織者請(qǐng)看下列習(xí)題,選擇該組詞里恰當(dāng)?shù)脑~填空:1.Lastweek,ourschool________aspringouting.2.Thetaskcallsforthehighest_________skill.3.ChinahasjoinedWorldTrade__________.4.Heisthe__________ofthespeechcontest.Answers:organized,organizational,Organization,organizer2.objective:n目標(biāo);a客觀的,反義詞subjective:主觀的3.predict:v預(yù)言、預(yù)示;由此我們可以聯(lián)想到:prediction:n預(yù)言;predictable:a可預(yù)測(cè)的;predictor:n預(yù)言家4.simplify:v簡(jiǎn)化由此我們可以聯(lián)想到:simple:a簡(jiǎn)單的;simply:ad簡(jiǎn)單地,僅僅地;simplification:n簡(jiǎn)化;simplified:a被簡(jiǎn)化的。Exercisesfortheabovewords:1.Themachineis_____inoperationbutcomplexinstructure.2.Shakespeare’sRomeoandJulietintheoriginalisbeyondourcapacitywhile____editionisquiteeasy.3.Thereisnopointinarguingaboutit,becauseitis_______aquestionofprocedure.4.The______ofworkingprocessfreedtheworkersfroheavylabor.Answers:simple;simplified;simply;simplification5.tendency:n趨勢(shì)、傾向;tend:v傾向于…,tendtodosthe.g.oldpeoplehavethetendencyofgettingfatter.Oroldpeopletendtogetfatter.6.managerial:a經(jīng)理的、經(jīng)營上的;由此我們可以聯(lián)想到:manage:v管理、經(jīng)營;management:n;manager:n經(jīng)營者,管理者;manageable:a可管理的、可經(jīng)營的。7.argue:v爭(zhēng)辯、爭(zhēng)論,常用固定搭配:arguwithsbabout/oversth由于某事而同某人爭(zhēng)論;arguesbintodoingsth說服某人做某事;arguesboutofdoingsth說服某人不要做某事。e.g.1>.Theyoungcouplealwaysarguewitheachotherovertheirchild’seducation.2>.Iarguedhimoutofgoingonsuchadangerousjourney.8.define:v給…下定義;definition:n定義9.profitability:n賺錢,獲利由此我們可以聯(lián)想到:profit:n利潤;profitable:a有利可圖的,有好處的;profitless:a沒有利潤的。1.Hehasmadea_____fromrunningasmallrestaurant.2.Thedealwas______toallofus.3.Theyvalued_______differently,whichledtodisagreementastothecorrectnessofdecision.Answer:profit,profitable;profitability.10.correctness:n正確性;字根:correct:a正確的;v糾正,correction:n糾正;incorrect:a不正確的。11.unintended:a非計(jì)劃中的,由此我們可以聯(lián)想到:intend:v打算,計(jì)劃;intention:n;intended:a計(jì)劃中的課文難句講解、分析1.Adecisionisachoicemadefromamongalternativecoursesofactionthatareavailable.(p1譯:決策就是從幾種可以選擇的做法中作出選擇。分析:該句是主系表結(jié)構(gòu)。madefromamongalternativecoursesofactionthatareavailable是過去分詞短語做定語修飾achoice;其中thatareavailable是定語從句修飾coursesofaction.像這樣一環(huán)修飾一環(huán)的句子結(jié)構(gòu)在英文中很普遍,因此為了看懂句子大家必須學(xué)會(huì)分析。這是整個(gè)英語學(xué)習(xí)過程中很重要的能力!2.Thereasonformakingadecisionisthataproblemexists,goalsorobjectivesarewrong,orsomethingisstandinginthewayofaccomplishingthem.(p1譯:做出決策的原因是因?yàn)榇嬖趩栴},目標(biāo)或目的有錯(cuò)誤,或者有某種東西防礙著它們的實(shí)現(xiàn)。分析:該句又是主系表結(jié)構(gòu)。That引導(dǎo)三個(gè)并列的表語從句,①aproblemexists,②goalsorobjectivesarewrong;③somethingisstandinginthewayofaccomplishingthem。短語:makeadecision:做出決策;standintheway:阻擋、防礙3.Oftenmanagersmustmakeabestguessatwhatthefuturewillbeandtrytoleaveaslittleaspossibletochance,butsinceuncertaintyisalwaysthere,riskaccompaniesdecisions.(p2譯:通常管理者必須對(duì)未來的情況做出最佳預(yù)測(cè),從而使偶然性盡可能少地發(fā)生,但因?yàn)椴淮_定性總是存在,所以決策常伴隨著風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。分析:前半句是主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)。whatthefuturewillbe是at的賓語;aslittleaspossible做leave的賓語;since引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句,相當(dāng)于because.4.Ifthereisnochoice,thereisnodecisiontobemade.(p3譯:如果沒有選擇,就不會(huì)有決策。分析:這是一句很簡(jiǎn)單的條件狀語從句,但它有一個(gè)很重要的考點(diǎn):tobemade。這是動(dòng)詞不定式做定語修飾decision,有將來意味。比如:Thelastquestiontobediscussedtodayishowtodividetheworkamongourselves.5.Formanagers,everydecisionhasconstraintsbasedonpolicies,procedures,laws,precedents,andthelike.(p3譯:對(duì)于管理者而言,每次決策都受到政策、程序、法律以及慣例等因素制約。分析:這句話的考點(diǎn)是basedonpolicies,procedures,laws,precedents,andthelike。同樣是過去分詞短語做定語修飾constraints。其中詞組:base…on以…為基礎(chǔ)。如:ThefilmisbasedonsshortstorybyJackLondon.6.Butthetendencytosimplifyblindsthemtootheralternatives.(p4譯:但是這種簡(jiǎn)化的傾向使得他們看不到其他可供選擇的方法。分析:該句主語thetendencytosimplify,謂語blinds;them是賓語。tosimplify是定語,修飾thetendency;tootheralternatives是賓補(bǔ)。其中短語:blindsbtosth:使…看不見…;weshouldn’tletourprejudicesblindustothefacts.7.Becauseindividuals(andorganizationsfrequentlyhavedifferentideasabouthowtoattainthegoals,thebestchoicemaydependonwhomakesthedecision.(p6line4--6譯:因?yàn)閭€(gè)人(和組織關(guān)于如何達(dá)到目的常有不同的觀點(diǎn),哪種是最優(yōu)的選擇可能要看是誰做出決策。分析:這是一個(gè)由because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句。其中howtoattainthegoals做介詞about的賓語,whomakesthedecision做介詞on的賓語。8.Someoftheseobjectivesaremoreimportantthanothers,buttheorderanddegreeofimportanceoftenvaryfrompersontopersonandfromdepartmenttodepartment.(p7line2--4譯:其中有一些目標(biāo)比其它的更重要,但其順序和重要程度因人和不同的部門而異。分析:請(qǐng)注意比較級(jí)moreimportantthan,詞組:varyfrompersontoperson譯成中文:因人而異,可以推出:因季節(jié)而異varyfromseasontoseason….9.Whenpresentedwithacommoncase,salesmanagerstendtoseesalesproblems,productionmanagersseeproductionproblems,andsoon.(p7line5--7譯:當(dāng)面對(duì)同一件日常事情時(shí),銷售經(jīng)理傾向于看銷售問題,而生產(chǎn)經(jīng)理則會(huì)看生產(chǎn)相關(guān)的問題,等等。分析:前半部分為?？純?nèi)容,它是when+過去分詞短語,構(gòu)成時(shí)間狀語部分。其中詞組:bepresentedwith=befacedwith當(dāng)面對(duì)…Whenfacedwithdifficulties,weshouldbebrave..10.Peopleoftenassumethatadecisionisanisolatedphenomenon.(p9譯:人們經(jīng)常假設(shè)一項(xiàng)決策是孤立的現(xiàn)象。分析:句子結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單:主謂賓(從句。其中assume:=imagine;isolated:adj孤立的。phenomenon:n現(xiàn)象;復(fù)數(shù)變化較特殊:phenomena自考英語二復(fù)習(xí)資料第二章重點(diǎn)單詞、詞組詳講1.interview:n/v采訪、面試;interviewer:n采訪者;interviewee:n被采訪者e.g.1>.Who'sthemostfamouspersonyou'veeverinterviewedonTV?2>.InaTVinterviewlastnight,shedeniedshehadanyintentionofresigning.2.criticism:n批評(píng),評(píng)論;criticize:v批評(píng);critical:a批評(píng)的、挑剔的、關(guān)鍵的;critic:n評(píng)論家,請(qǐng)?zhí)钐羁础?>Heisaliterary______.2>Weareata_______timeinourhistory.3>Hecan'ttake________.4>Theboywas______byhisfatherforbeinglateforschool.Answers:critic,critical,criticism,criticized3.indifference:n冷漠、漠不關(guān)心;indifferent:a冷漠的,反義詞:enthusiastic:熱情的cf:different:a不同的,名詞:difference;反義詞:same.4.inefficiency:n無效,由此聯(lián)想得到:efficient:a高效率的;efficiency:ninefficient:a低效率的5.conservative:a保守的、保存的;conserve:v保存;conservation:n6.applytosbforsth:向某人申請(qǐng)某物e.g.Thestudentappliedtotheembassyforavisa.7.takethetroubletodosth:不辭勞苦、費(fèi)力地做某事e.g.IfyoutookthetroubletolistentowhatIwassaying,you'dknowwhatIwastalkingabout.8.putoneselfinsomebody'splace:設(shè)身處地…Ifyouputyourselfinyourmother'splace,youwillunderstandwhysheissoworriedaboutyou.9.inhand:手頭上有,進(jìn)行中I'vegotenoughmoneyinhandtobuyanewcar.10.turndown:調(diào)小,降低,拒絕TurndowntheTV,forthebabyissleeping.Heturneddownthejobbecausethepayisn'tgoodenough.課文難句分析1.Thekeywordsherearepreparationandconfidence,whichwillcarryyoufar.(p2譯:這里的關(guān)鍵詞是準(zhǔn)備和自信,它們將使你前程遠(yuǎn)大。分析:whichwillcarryyoufar非限定性定語從句,修飾preparationandconfidence。另外請(qǐng)注意:key關(guān)鍵的;preparation是prepare的名詞;confidence:n信心。Confident:a有信心的;self-confidence:自信心。2.Findoutallyoucanaboutthejobyouareapplyingforandtheoriginationyouhopetoworkfor.(p4譯:了解你所申請(qǐng)的工作和你希望為之工作的組織。分析:youareapplyingfor定語,修飾thejob;youhopetoworkfor定語修飾theorigination。詞組:applytosbforsth向某人申請(qǐng)什么。3.Itshowsanunattractiveindifferencetoyouremployerandtoyourjob.(p6譯:它表明你對(duì)雇主和你的工作的態(tài)度冷漠,不感興趣。分析:it主語;shows謂語;anunattractiveindifference賓語;toyouremployerandtoyourjob間接賓語。Showsthtosb=showsbsth.另外,請(qǐng)注意:indifference:冷漠,漠視。4.Hewantssomebodywhoishard-workingwithapleasantpersonalityandarealinterestinthejob.(p7分析:whoishard-workingwithapleasantpersonalityandarealinterestinthejob全部都是定語,修飾somebody。注意介詞with表示帶有。。;haveinterestinsth對(duì)…有興趣。5.Anythingthatyoufindoutabouttheprospectiveemployercanbeusedtoyouradvantageduringtheinterviewtoshowthatyouhavebotheredtomastersomefactsaboutthepeoplewhoyouhopetoworkfor.(p8譯:你找到的任何有關(guān)未來雇主的信息在面試中都能為你所用,以表示你費(fèi)了心思去掌握一些關(guān)于你希望為其工作的人的事實(shí)。分析:從這個(gè)句子的長(zhǎng)度大家也能看出這是一個(gè)復(fù)雜句。主體結(jié)構(gòu)為:anythingcanbeusedtoyouradvantage.thatyoufindoutabouttheprospectiveemployer是定語從句;duringtheinterview狀語;toshowthatyouhavebotheredtomastersomefactsaboutthepeoplewhoyouhopetoworkfor是目的狀語;whoyouhopetoworkfor是另外一個(gè)定語從句修飾thepeople.詞組:toyouradvantage:對(duì)你有利;workforsb為某人工作。6.Donotbeafraidtoaskforclarificationofsomethingthathasbeensaidduringtheinterviewifyouwanttobesurewhatwasimplied,butdobepolite.(p10譯:面試中如果你想確切地知道某些話的含義,不要害怕請(qǐng)對(duì)方解釋清楚,但一定要有禮貌。分析:基本句型:notbeafraidtodosth;不要害怕去做某事;askforclarification要求澄清;thathasbeensaidduringtheinterview定語,修飾something;whatwasimplied賓語;dobepolite:其中do為了強(qiáng)調(diào),如:dobecareful!Idoloveyou!Hedoeslietous!7.Havetheletterinvitingyouforaninterviewreadytoshowincasethereisanydifficultyincommunication.(p16譯:拿著邀請(qǐng)你面試的通知書,以防萬一交談出現(xiàn)困難時(shí)顯示。分析:這是一個(gè)祈使句。Have動(dòng)詞,拿著;theletter賓語;invitingyouforaninterview現(xiàn)在分詞做定語;readytoshow狀語;incasethereisanydifficultyincommunication條件狀語從句;詞組:thereissomedifficultyinsth/doingsth在…方面有困難。如:WehavesomedifficultyspeakingEnglishfluently.8.Thereislittlelikelihoodthatapaneloffivewantstogothroughtheprocessofallshakinghandswithyouinturn.(p20譯:由五個(gè)人構(gòu)成的專門小組幾乎不可能輪流與你握手。分析:這句話的重點(diǎn)在于thatapaneloffiveantstogothroughtheprocessofallshakinghandswithyouinturn是一個(gè)同位語從句,是對(duì)littlelikelihood的解釋。其中:likelihood:n可能性,相當(dāng)于possibility;gothrough經(jīng)歷;inturn:輪流。9.Wouldyoumindrephrasingthequestion,please?(p23譯:您介意換個(gè)說法來問這個(gè)問題嗎?分析:考點(diǎn)minddoingsth.如:WouldyoumindturningdowntheTV?語法:介紹as的相關(guān)用法as是一個(gè)乍一看簡(jiǎn)單,但實(shí)際在英語中用法很復(fù)雜的小詞。從詞類上講,可以用作介詞、副詞、連詞以及關(guān)系代詞;從語法功能角度來看,可以構(gòu)成介詞賓語,引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句,時(shí)間狀語從句,方式狀語從句,讓步狀語從句,比較狀語從句和定語從句。此外as還出現(xiàn)在很多固定搭配中,如:asif,asthough,aslongas,asto,asfor,soasto,etc.請(qǐng)看下列例句,并請(qǐng)分析出as的具體用法。1.IworkasanEnglishteacherinamiddleschool.2.Runasfastasyoucan.3.Youngasheis,heknowsmorethanI.4.JustasIwasleaving,thetelephonerang.5.PleasedoasIhavetoldyou.6.AsIamtheoldestchildinmyfamily,Imusttakecareoftheotherchildren.7.Suchpeopleasyouhavedescribedarerarenow|自考英語二復(fù)習(xí)資料第三章1.astronomer:n天文學(xué)家;astronomy:n天文學(xué)2.explode:v爆炸,由此聯(lián)想:explosive:a爆炸性的/n炸藥;explosion:n爆炸1.Whenthebomb______,manypeoplewereseriouslywounded.2.Theunexpected________frightenedthelittlegirl.3.Itmightbepossibletoconvert_____energyintoheat.Answers:exploded,explosion,explosive3.density:n密度;聯(lián)想產(chǎn)生:dense:a密度大的,反義詞:sparse;densely:ad高密度地;densely-populated人口稠密的;sparsely-populated人口稀疏的1.The____fogkeptthetravelersfromfindingthecorrectdirection.2.Thebusinessareaofthecityis_____populated.3.Thisliquidhasamuchgreater____thanwater.Answers:dense,densely,density4.shrink:v收縮、退縮、縮水1.Asaresultofcarelesswashing,thejackethasshrunktoachild'ssize.2.Thegirlshrinksatthesightofblood.5.measurement:n衡量、測(cè)量;由此聯(lián)想:measure:n措施/v衡量、測(cè)量;measurable:a可衡量的,可測(cè)量的1.Wemusttake_____toprotectourenvironment.2.Wehavecomewithin______distanceofsuccess.3.Clocksgiveusa______oftime.4.Theretherainfallis______notininchesbutinfeet.Answers:measures,measurable,measurement,measured6.implication:n含義、暗示;imply:v暗示7.basis:n基礎(chǔ)、根據(jù),由此可以聯(lián)想得到:base:n底部;v以…為底,為根據(jù);basic:a基礎(chǔ)的,根本的;basically:ad根本上來說,1.IfyouwanttoimproveyourEnglish,youmusthaveasolid______.2.Thefurnitureofoutdormisreally_____:twobeds,twochairsandtables.3.Thechargesarefalsefortheyarenot______onprovenfacts.4.Sincenobetterplancanbeworkedout,wehavetoadoptthe____workableone.Answers:basis,basic,based,basically8.observatory:n天文臺(tái);由此可以聯(lián)想得到:observe:v觀察;observation:n觀察;observer:n觀察家9.convincing:a有說服力的,使人信服的;convince:v使人信服;convinced:a感到有說服力的,常見搭配:convincesbofsth;convincesbthat1.Hegaveusaconvincingspeech.2.Heconvincedmefhissincerity.10.operate:v運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)、操作、動(dòng)手術(shù);operation:n手術(shù),操作;operator:操作者11.researchinto對(duì)…進(jìn)行研究SheisresearchingintopossiblecuresforAIDS.12.swallowup:吞沒、耗盡Manysmallbusinesseshavebeenswallowedupbylargecompanies.13.applytosb/sth:適用于某人/某事,請(qǐng)對(duì)比:applytosbforsth向某人申請(qǐng)某事;applyAtoB將A應(yīng)用于B1.Youshouldapplywhatyouhavelearnedtoyourwork.2.Iappliedtohimforanewjob.3.Thestudymethoddoesn'tapplytoeveryoneAnalyzetheimportantsentencesamongthetext1.Well,it'sdifficulttoanswerthisquestion,sincethetermswewouldnormallyusetodescribeascientificphenomenonareinadequatehere.(p1譯:哦,這個(gè)問題很難回答,因?yàn)槲覀兺ǔＳ脕砻枋鲆环N科學(xué)現(xiàn)象的現(xiàn)有術(shù)語在這里不夠用。句子分析:it是形式主語,toanswerthisquestion是句子主語;since引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句,wewouldnormallyusetodescribeascientificphenomenon是定語從句,修飾terms;inadequate:不充分的,不合格的。2.Astronomersandscientiststhinkthatablackholeisaregionofspacenotathingintowhichmatterhasfallenandfromwhichnothingcanescape---notevenlight.(p1譯:天文學(xué)家和科學(xué)家認(rèn)為黑洞是一個(gè)空間區(qū)域,而不是一個(gè)物體,物質(zhì)會(huì)掉進(jìn)黑洞而沒有物體可以從中逃脫出來,即使是光也不行。句子分析:intowhich和fromwhich引導(dǎo)兩個(gè)定語從句,介詞:into和fall搭配;from和escape搭配。這種介詞+which的定語從句的形式請(qǐng)多注意。3.Thetheoryisthatsomestarsexplodewhentheirdensityincreasestoaparticularpoint.(p2譯:(關(guān)于黑洞形成的理論就是一些星球的密度增長(zhǎng)到某個(gè)特定的點(diǎn)就會(huì)爆炸。句子分析:這是一個(gè)主系表結(jié)構(gòu)句。that用來引導(dǎo)表語從句,不可省略。其中又包含一個(gè)when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句。toaparticularpoint是達(dá)到某一個(gè)特定的點(diǎn)的含義。4.Butifthestarisverylarge(muchbiggerthanoursunthisprocessofshrinkingmaybesointensethatablackholeresults.(p2譯:但如果星球很大(比我們的太陽還要大得多,其收縮過程可能很劇烈,以致于產(chǎn)生了黑洞。句子分析:這是一個(gè)if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句,so…that表示如此…以致,是結(jié)果狀語從句。如:I'msotiredthatIcanevensleeponmywayhome.5.Imaginetheearthreducedtothesizeofamarble,butstillhavingthesamemassandastrongergravitationalpull,andyouhavesomeideaoftheforceofablackhole.(p2譯:假想一下地球收縮到彈球兒那么大,但仍具有同樣的質(zhì)量和更強(qiáng)的吸引力,你就會(huì)對(duì)黑洞的力量又某種概念。句子分析:該句的主要結(jié)構(gòu)為imagine….andyou……事實(shí)上相當(dāng)于ifyouimagine…,youwillhavesomeidea…..這種句子結(jié)構(gòu)在歷年的考試中曾出現(xiàn)過。請(qǐng)記住:祈使句+and+陳述句=if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句。如:Hurryupandyoucancatchthelasttrain!另外,該句還有兩個(gè)定語成分reducedtothesizeofamarble和havingthesamemassandastrongergravitationalpull用來修飾theearth.前者為過去分詞,而后者為現(xiàn)在分詞。詞組:havesomeideaofsth對(duì)…有所了解6.Itisonlyrecentlythatastronomershavebegunspecificresearchintoblackholes.(p3line13--14譯:只是近來科學(xué)家才開始對(duì)黑洞進(jìn)行具體的研究。句子分析:本句的核心結(jié)構(gòu)為itis…that的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型,強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間狀語onlyrecently。詞組:researchintosth對(duì)…進(jìn)行研究。7.Themostconvincingevidenceofblackholescomesfromresearchintobinarystarsystems.(p4譯:有關(guān)黑洞最有說服力的證據(jù)來自對(duì)雙星體系的研究。句子分析:該句主語evidence,謂語comesfrom;賓語researchintobinarystarsystems。Themostconvincing是定語,修飾evidence.其中請(qǐng)注意convincing:令人信服的,通常修飾物的形容詞多以-ing結(jié)尾;而修飾人的多以-ed結(jié)尾。如:Ifeelexcitedafterhearingthesurprisingnews.8.Matterfromtheonewhichwecanseeisbeingpulledtowardsthecompanionstar.(p4譯:我們所看到的星球的物質(zhì)正在被吸引到伴星去。句子分析:主語matter;謂語isbeingpulled,這是一個(gè)進(jìn)行被動(dòng)語態(tài);towardsthecompanionstar介詞賓語;fromtheonewhichwecansee定語。9.Ontheotherhand,scientistshavesuggestedthatveryadvancedtechnologycouldonedaymakeuseoftheenergyofblackholesformankind.(p5line4--6譯:另一方面,科學(xué)家也提出有一天高科技會(huì)利用黑洞的力量為人類服務(wù)。句子分析:請(qǐng)注意在本句中suggest不是建議的含義,是指出、指明的意思。advanced高級(jí)的、先進(jìn)的;makeuseofsth利用…,該詞組可以拓展成:makegooduseof好好加以利用;makefulluseof充分加以利用。10.Theyshowusaworldwhichoperatesinatotallydifferentwayfromourownandtheyquestionourmostbasicexperienceofapaceandtime.(p5譯:他們展示給我們一個(gè)不同于我們自己的世界運(yùn)行方式的世界,并對(duì)我們最基本的時(shí)空經(jīng)驗(yàn)提出了質(zhì)疑。句子分析:這個(gè)句子復(fù)雜在于:從which引導(dǎo)的很長(zhǎng)的定語從句,特別注意;operate:v操作;inaway以某種方式;bedifferentfrom同…不同;question:v質(zhì)疑,詢問。自考英語二復(fù)習(xí)資料第四章Learnnewwordsandphrases1.resolve:v旋轉(zhuǎn),常見搭配關(guān)系為:resolvearoundsb/sth圍繞…轉(zhuǎn)。Shespendsallofhertimeresolvingaroundherfamily.Theearthresolvesaroundthesun.2.solar:a太陽的,日光的solarenergy太陽能;solarsystem太陽系;solarmonth陽歷月3.concerned:a有關(guān)的、擔(dān)心的Herjobissomethingconcernedwithcomputer.Heisconcernedabouttheresultoftheexam.4.colored:a有色的,對(duì)比;colorful:a豐富多彩的Ilikeorange-coloredcoat.Everybodylikescolorfullife.5.religion:n宗教,religious:a虔誠的;請(qǐng)對(duì)比:region:n地區(qū);regional:a地區(qū)的6.circumstance:n情況、境遇;Undernocircumstancescanwewastetime.7.agreatmany=anumberof=many很多,修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞。而agreatdealof+u.nAgreatmanystudentsareabsenttoday.Ihavewastedagreatdealoftime.8.aboveall:首先、首要Afterthewar,helongedabovealltoseehiswifeandfamily.9.asarule:通常、一般而言Asarule,Ionlywatchsportsnews.Analyzetheimportantsentencesamongthetext:1.Firstofall,letusconsidertheearthasaplanetrevolvingaroundthesun.(p1譯:首先,讓我們把地球看作是圍繞太陽運(yùn)行的一顆行星。句子分析:firstofall首先,詞組:considersthassth把…當(dāng)作…,與之類似的詞組還有:lookupsthassth;reviewsthassth;treatsthassth…;revolvingaroundthesun是現(xiàn)在分詞短語作定語修飾aplanet。2.Thesenineplanets,togetherwiththesun,makeupwhatiscalledoursolarsystem.(p1譯:這九大行星和太陽一起構(gòu)成我們所說的太陽系。句子分析:該句主語為:Thesenineplanets;謂語是makeup;whatiscalledoursolarsystem是賓語;togetherwiththesun是狀語,而并非句子主語。關(guān)于該語法內(nèi)容請(qǐng)見本講后面的grammar---主謂一致。3.Howthiswonderfulsystemstartedandwhatkeptitworkingwithsuchwonderfulaccuracyislargelyamystery……(p1譯:這個(gè)奇妙的星系是怎樣起源的?什么使它保持極其精確的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn),很大程度上現(xiàn)在還是一個(gè)謎。句子分析:這也是一個(gè)主語很復(fù)雜的句子:Howthiswonderfulsystemstartedandwhatkeptitworkingwithsuchwonderfulaccuracy是主語,它是一個(gè)主語從句。關(guān)于該語法內(nèi)容請(qǐng)見本講后面的grammar---主謂一致。4.Thetotalwaterareaisaboutthreetimesaslargeasthelandarea.(p4譯:水域的總面積大約是陸地面積的三倍大。句子分析:該句的核心句型是A+be+倍數(shù)+as+adj+as+B.e.g.TheAtlanticOceanisonlyhalfasbigasthePacificOcean.5.Thesecurrentsareimportantbecausetheyaffectedtheclimateofthelandareasclosetowheretheyflowandalsobecausetheycarrylargequantitiesofmicroscopeanimalandvegetablelifewhichformsalargepartofthefoodforfishes.(p5譯:這些海洋之所以重要是因?yàn)樗麄冇绊懼鹘?jīng)區(qū)域的附近陸地的氣候,也是因?yàn)樗鼈償y帶大量的微生物,植物,而這些構(gòu)成魚類食品的一大部分。句子分析:這是一個(gè)由because引導(dǎo)的主從復(fù)合句,其中closetowheretheyflow是定語,修飾thelandareas;詞組:largequantitiesof+c.n/u.n;whichformsalargepartofthefoodforfishes是定語從句修飾animalandvegetablelife。其中l(wèi)ife是指生命,不可數(shù)名詞。6.Thecircumstancesunderwhichdifferentpeoplelivemakeadifferencebetweenthewayinwhichtheyliveandthewayinwhichwelive,anditoughttobeourbusinesstotrytounderstandthosedifferentcircumstancessothatwecanbetterunderstandpeopleofotherlands.(p8譯:不同民族的生活環(huán)境造就了他們和我們極為不同的生活方式,我們應(yīng)該做的是去了解他們不同的生活環(huán)境以便可以更好理解其他地區(qū)的人們。句子分析:該句中的underwhich和inwhich又是介詞+which的定語從句用法,修飾Thecircumstances和theway;sothat引導(dǎo)的時(shí)目的狀語從句。其中:makeadiference;使…不同,產(chǎn)生差異;business是指責(zé)任;7.Aboveall,weshouldavoiddecidingwhatwethinkaboutpeopledifferentfromourselveswithoutfirsthavinglearnedagreatdealaboutthemandthekindoflivestheyhavetolive.譯:其中很重要的實(shí)在沒有對(duì)于與我們不同的人們和他們必須過的那種生活有大量的了解之前,我們應(yīng)該避免對(duì)他們有先入為主的看法。句子分析:Aboveall是狀語,意思是最重要的,首先;we主語;shouldavoid謂語;decidingwhatwethinkaboutpeopledifferentfromourselves賓語;withoutfirst…狀語。differentfromourselves是定語,修飾people;havinglearned動(dòng)名詞的完成時(shí)態(tài),表示這個(gè)動(dòng)作早于deciding發(fā)生。重要詞組:aboveall;avoiddoing;agreatdeal8.Itistruetosaythatthemorewelearnaboutotherpeople,thebetterweunderstandtheirideasandasarule,thebetterwelikethosepeoplethemselves.譯:確實(shí)我們了解其他人越多,我們就越能理解他們的觀點(diǎn),通常我們就更喜歡那些人。句子分析:該句的主要結(jié)構(gòu)為:themore…themore…thebetter意思:越…就越…;如:Thelongeryoukeepthiswine,thebetterittastes.ThebusierIam,thehappierIam.Grammar主謂一致主謂一致是指句中的主語和謂語在人稱和數(shù)上須保持一致。我們一般遵從三個(gè)原則:1、語法一致的原則:是指主語為單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),其謂語動(dòng)詞要與其相呼應(yīng)。2、意義一致的原則:指謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于主語所表達(dá)的概念,而不取決于表面的語法標(biāo)志,主要表現(xiàn)為某些集體名詞后可跟動(dòng)詞單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)。如果這些集體名詞指整體概念時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù);指具體成員時(shí)用復(fù)數(shù)。3、就近原則:是指謂語動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)取決于離它最近的詞語,而無須考慮其他的詞。主謂一致的熱點(diǎn)1.由manya或morethan+單數(shù)名詞作主語時(shí),其謂語用單數(shù)形式。ManyaforeignerhasbeentotheGreatWall.Morethanonestudenthasvisitedtheexhibition.2.“……的幾分之幾”和“……的百分之幾”作主語時(shí),其謂語用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)取決于of后的名詞。Three-fourthsofthesurfaceoftheearthissea.40percentofthestudentsinourclassaregirls.3.“anumberof+名詞復(fù)數(shù)”作主語,謂語用復(fù)數(shù);“thenumberof+名詞復(fù)數(shù)”作主語,謂語用單數(shù)。Anumberofpupilslikereadingpicture-books.Thenumberofthestudentsinourclassis55.4.并列主語如果指的是同一人、同一物或同一概念,謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù),這時(shí)and后面的名詞前沒有冠詞。ThesecretaryofthePartybranchanddirectorofthatfactoryoftenworkswiththeworkers.5.成對(duì)的名詞,如breadandbutter涂黃油的面包,sodaandwater汽水,coffeeandmilk加牛奶的咖啡,aimandend目的,saltandwater鹽開水等,雖然有and連接,但仍表單一概念,作主語時(shí),謂語用單數(shù)。Aknifeandforkisonthetable.6.由and連接的并列單數(shù)主語的前面分別有each,every或no修飾時(shí),其謂語用單數(shù)形式。Nostudentandnoteacherisinvitedtotheparty.Inourcountryeveryboyandeverygirlhasrighttoreceiveeducation.7.主語是單數(shù),其后跟有togetherwith,alongwith(與……一道,aswellas(和;也,nolessthan(和……一樣,ratherthan(而不,以及with,not,like,but,except,besides,including等引起的短語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式。HeaswellashissisterisaLeaguemember.8.在定語從句中主語是關(guān)系代詞who,that,which,謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與先行詞的數(shù)一致。I,whoamyourteacher,willteachyoueverythingIknow.9.主語是一些只有復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞,如clothes,trousers,glasses,compasses,scissors,shoes,socks,gloves等時(shí),謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。但這類表示成雙的東西的名詞前有apairof修飾時(shí),謂語用單數(shù)。Mytrousersarebeingwashednow.Thereisapairofshoesinthebox.10.表示度量、價(jià)格、時(shí)間的復(fù)數(shù)名詞詞組作主語時(shí)一般被看作一個(gè)整體,謂語用單數(shù)形式。Tendollarsisnotenough.Threemonthshaspassedsinceheleft.11.主語是以-ics結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名詞以及news,works(工廠等都屬形式復(fù)數(shù),而意義單數(shù)的名詞,其謂語用單數(shù)形式。另外means一詞單復(fù)數(shù)同形應(yīng)視具體情況而定。Mathematicsseemstobedifficulttolearn.Anewmeansofteachingisbeingusedinthatschool.12.主語是用作書名、劇名、報(bào)紙名、國名等的復(fù)數(shù)名詞,謂語一般用單數(shù)形式。TheUnitedStatesisadevelopedcountry.13.主語是family,team,group,crowd,class,committee等集合名詞時(shí),如果作為一個(gè)整體看待,謂語用單數(shù)形式,如指的是全體人員時(shí),謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。Hisfamilyareallmusiclovers.14.“oneof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+定語從句”之前有theonly,thevery,the等限定詞和修飾語時(shí),定語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。Sheistheonlyoneofthesewomenwhoplaystheviolin.15.主語是疑問代詞who,what,which,不定代詞all,more,most,any,none等以及名詞half,part,therest等既可表示復(fù)數(shù)意義又可表示單數(shù)意義,其謂語視情況而定。HalfofthevisitorsarefromEurope.Halfofthefruitisbad.16.主語是表示數(shù)量的“oneandahalf+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”,其謂語用單數(shù)形式。主語是“oneortwo+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”,其謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式。Oneandahalfbananasisleftonthetable.ThereareoneortwothingsI‘dliketoknowabout.17.the+形容詞或分詞作主語時(shí),如指一類人。其謂語用復(fù)數(shù),如指抽象概念,其謂語用單數(shù)。如:Thericharenotalwayshappy.Thenewissuretoreplacetheold.18.由notonly…butalso,neither…nor,either…or,not…but以及or連接的并列主語,謂語動(dòng)詞要與最靠近它的主語在數(shù)上保持一致。Notonlyyourfather'sfriendsbutalsoyourfatherlikessmoking.19.在倒裝句中以及在Therebe…結(jié)構(gòu)中,如主語是并列的,謂語動(dòng)詞往往和其后面的第一個(gè)主語取得數(shù)上的一致。Whereisyourmotherandyoungersister?Thereisapen,twopencilsandfivebooksonthedesk.20.動(dòng)名詞或動(dòng)詞不定式作主語,其謂語用單數(shù)形式。Whenandwheretobuildthenewfactoryisnotdecidedyet自考英語二復(fù)習(xí)資料第五章Learnnewwordsandphrases1.weaken:v削弱、減弱,字根:weak:a虛弱的構(gòu)詞形式:adj/n+en或en+adj/n=vShorten,enlarge,enable,enrich,loosen,tightenetc.2.nationwide:a全國范圍的,通過該詞我們可以得到:worldwide:全世界范圍的,regionwide,etc.3.legal:a合法的,反義詞:illegal,不合法的;legalize:v使…合法化。TheNetherlandsbecamethefirstcountrytolegalizeeuthanasia.4.ensure:v確保、擔(dān)保,常見用法如下:1.Thepolicecanensurethewitnessfromdanger.2.Wecanensurethattheworkwillbedoneintherightway.5.oppose:v反對(duì)、對(duì)抗;名詞:opposition,形容詞:opposed1.Whathesaidwastotallyopposedtothefacts.2.Manypeopleopposebuildinganewhighwaybecauseofthegreatcost.6.tradition:n傳統(tǒng),由此可以聯(lián)想到:traditional:a;traditionally:ad;反義詞為:modern1._____Chinesemedicineisbelievedtobeeffectiveformanydiseases.2.It'simportanttokeepupthefine____ofplainlivingandhardwork.3.Christmasis____aholidayforafamilytogettogether.Answers:Traditional,tradition,traditionally7.consideration:n考慮、體諒、照顧,由此可以聯(lián)想到:Consider:v考慮;considerate:a體諒的,beconsiderateof;considerable:a相當(dāng)多的。請(qǐng)練習(xí)一下:1.Losing30poundschangedherappearance_____.2.Itisvery____ofyoutosendmeabirthdaycard.3.Thematterisreceivingtheserious____ofthemanager.4.Heleftbehindhima____amountofdebt.Answers:considerably,considerate,consideration,considerable8.disabled:a殘疾的,傷殘的,由此可以聯(lián)想到:able:a有能力的;beabletodosth;unable:a沒有能力的;enable:v使人能夠enablesbtodosth;ability:n能力;disable:v使人殘疾1.Aslongastheyarephysically____,theytendtoliveontheirown.2.The_____tobeclearlyheardisextremelyimportantforanyspeaker.3.I'dliketogotothecinema,butI'm_____to.4.Educationshould____everystudenttodevelopmorally,intellectuallyandphysically.5.Acaraccident____himfromplayingfootball.6.Specialcareshouldbegiventothe______.Answers:able,ability,unable,enable,disabled(v,disabled(hibition:n禁止、禁令,prohibit:vprohibitsbfromdoingsth;10.sensitive:a敏感的,besensitivetosb/sth;同根詞:sensible:a明智的,besensibleofsth1.Iamsensitivetoyourcriticism.2.It'ssensibleofyoutomakesuchadecision.Analyzetheimportantsentencesamongthetext1.Affectedwithaseriousdisease,VanWendelwasnolongerabletospeakclearlyandheknewtherewasnohopeofrecoveryandthathisconditionwasrapidlydeteriorating.(p2譯:因患有嚴(yán)重的疾病,VanWendel再也不能清楚地講話了,他知道他已經(jīng)沒有康復(fù)的可能,其病情正在迅速惡化。句子分析:Affectedwithaseriousdisease是過去分詞短語做原因狀語,可以改寫成原因狀語從句:becausehewasaffectedwithaseriousdisease,….另外,therewasnohopeofrecovery和thathisconditionwasrapidlydeteriorating都是動(dòng)詞knew的賓語。詞組:beaffectedwithsth患有…疾病。如:Allthecowsinthefarmareaffectedwithmad-cowdisease.hopeofrecovery:康復(fù)的希望。2.VanWendel'slastthreemonthsoflifebeforebeinggivenafinal,lethalinjectionbyhisdoctorwerefilmedandshowedonTVlastyearintheNetherlands.(p3譯:VanWendel在他的醫(yī)生給她進(jìn)行最后結(jié)束生命的那一陣之前的后三個(gè)月的生活被拍成了電影并于去年在荷蘭的電視上首次播映。句子分析:該句的主語較長(zhǎng),were之前均是。其中,核心名詞VanWendel'slastthreemonthsoflife,后面的beforebeinggivenafinal,lethalinjectionbyhisdoctor是動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)做定語。film這里當(dāng)動(dòng)詞用,拍電影。3.Theprogrammehassincebeenboughtby20countriesandeachtimeitisshown,itstartsanationwidedebateonthesubject.(p3譯:這個(gè)節(jié)目此后被二十個(gè)國家所購買。每次放映,都引起一場(chǎng)關(guān)于這個(gè)主題的全國性的大討論。句子分析:這是一個(gè)?？季渥??？键c(diǎn)一:since:adv從那以后;考點(diǎn)二:eachtime是名詞作時(shí)間狀語,前面不用介詞;考點(diǎn)三:debateonsth關(guān)于…的討論。4.However,doctorswhocarryouteuthanasiaunderstrictguidelinesintroducedbytheDutchParliamenttwoyearsagoareusuallynotprosecuted.(p4譯:然而,在荷蘭議會(huì)兩年前提出的議案的指導(dǎo)原則下執(zhí)行安樂死的醫(yī)生,通常是不會(huì)被起訴的。句子分析:該句核心內(nèi)容有三點(diǎn):carryout…實(shí)施,執(zhí)行;under…guidelines在…原則下,under是按照,根據(jù)的意思;introducedbytheDutchParliamenttwoyearsago是過去分詞短語做定語,修飾guidelines。5.Shoulddoctorsbeallowedtotakethelivesofothers?(p5譯:醫(yī)生應(yīng)該被允許去結(jié)束他人的性命嗎?句子分析:該句中主要核心內(nèi)容是:情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+動(dòng)詞過去分詞。如:Inhotdays,flowersmustbewateredeveryday.6.CicelySaunders,PresidentoftheNationalHospiceCouncilandafoundermemberofthehospicemovement,arguesthateuthanasiadoesn'ttakeintoaccountthattherearewaysofcaringforthedying.(p8譯:C.S是國家收容所委員會(huì)的主席和收容運(yùn)動(dòng)的發(fā)起人,認(rèn)為安樂死并沒有考慮到照顧臨終病人有多種方式。句子分析:主語CicelySaunders,PresidentoftheNationalHospiceCouncilandafoundermemberofthehospicemovement是主語的同位語,謂語后面是一個(gè)賓語從句,而其中又包括一個(gè)小的賓語從句。重要詞組:takesthintoaccount=takesthintoconsideration將…考慮在內(nèi)。如:whenjudginghisperformance,don'ttakehisageintoaccount.另一個(gè)詞組:carefor關(guān)心某人。7.It'sveryeasyinsocietynowfortheelderly,thedisabledandthedependenttofeelthattheyareburdens,andthereforethattheyoughttooptout.(p8譯:這很容易使老人們,殘疾人和依靠別人生存的人感覺到他們是負(fù)擔(dān),因此應(yīng)該選擇離開人世。句子分析:該句it是形式主語,真正的主語是動(dòng)詞不定式,tofeelthattheyareburdens,andthereforethattheyoughttooptout。另外還請(qǐng)注意:theelderly,thedisabledandthedependent是屬于:the+adj所構(gòu)成的固定表達(dá)方式,相當(dāng)于elderlypeople,disabledpeopleanddependentpeoole,是復(fù)數(shù)概念,因此若作主語句子的謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:Inourcountry,the