美國文學(xué)復(fù)習(xí)總結(jié)

美國文學(xué)史復(fù)習(xí)1（colonialism)第一部分

殖民主義時(shí)期的文學(xué)一、時(shí)期綜述1、清教徒采用的文學(xué)體裁：a、narratives日記b、journals游記2、清教徒在美國的寫作內(nèi)容：1）theirvoyagetothenewland2)Adaptingthemselvestounfamiliarclimatesandcrops3)AboutdealingwithIndians4)Guidetothenewland,endlessbounty,invitationtoboldspirit3、清教徒的思想：1）puritanwanttomakeuppuretheirreligiousbeliefsandpractices凈化信仰和行為方式2)Wish

torestoresimplicitytochurchandtheauthorityoftheBibletothetheology.重建教堂，提供簡單服務(wù)，建立神圣地位3）lookuponthemselvesaschosenpeople,anditfollowlogicallythatanyonewhochallengedtheirwayoflifeisopposingGod'swillandisnottobeaccepted.認(rèn)為自己是上帝選民，對他們的生活有異議就是反對上帝4）puritanoppositiontopleasureandtheartssometimeshasbeenexaggerated.反對對快樂和藝術(shù)的追求到了十分荒唐的地步5）religiousteachingtendedtoemphasizetheimageofawrathfulGod.強(qiáng)調(diào)上帝嚴(yán)厲的一面，忽視上帝仁慈的一面。4、典型的清教徒：JohnCotton&RogerWilliam他們的不同：JohnCottonwasmuchmoreconcernedwithauthoritythanwithdemocracy;WilliambeginsthehistoryofreligioustolerationinAmerica.5、William的宗教觀點(diǎn)：Tolerationdidnotstemfromalackofreligiousconvictions.Instead,itsprangfromtheideathatsimplytobevirtuousinconductanddevoutinbeliefdidnotgiveanyonetherighttoforcebeliefonothers.HealsofeltthatnopoliticalorderorchurchsystemcouldidentifyitselfdirectlywithGod.行為上的德，信仰上的誠，并沒有給任何人強(qiáng)迫別人該如何行事的權(quán)利。沒有任何政治秩序和教會(huì)體制能夠直接體現(xiàn)神本身的意旨。6、英國最早移民到美國的詩人：AnneBradstreet7、在殖民時(shí)期最好的清教徒詩人：thebestofPuritanpoetsisEdwardTayor.美國文學(xué)史復(fù)習(xí)2（reasoning

and

revolution)(2009-01-1715:54:25)一、美國的性質(zhì)：ThewarforIndependenceendedintheformationofaFederativebourgeoisdemocraticrepublic-theUnitedStatesofAmerica.聯(lián)邦的資產(chǎn)階級(jí)民主共和國--美利堅(jiān)合眾國。二、代表作家：1、BenjaminFranklin本杰明·富蘭克林

1706-17901）"PoorRichard'sAlmanac"窮人查理德的年鑒annualcollectionofproverbs流行諺語集Itsoonbecamethemostpopularbookofitskind,largelybecauseofFranklin'sshrewdhumor,andfirstspreadhisreputation2)FoundedtheJunto,aclubforinformaldiscussionofscientific,economicandpoliticalideas.建立了一個(gè)秘密俱樂部，討論的主題是政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)和科學(xué)等時(shí)事方面的問題3）establishedAmerica'sfirstcirculatinglibrary,foundedthecollege--UniversityofPennsylvania.建立了美國第一個(gè)可租借的圖書館，還創(chuàng)辦了一所大學(xué)——就是現(xiàn)在的賓夕法尼亞大學(xué)。4）firstappliedtheterms"positive"and"negative"toelectricalcharges.5)AsarepresentativeoftheColonies,hetriedinvaintocounseltheBritishtowardpoliciesthatwouldletAmericagrowandflourishinassociationwithEngland.HeconductedthedifficultynegotiationswithFrancethatbroughtfinancialandmilitarysupportforAmericainthewar.作為殖民地的代表，他不斷建議英國改變政策，使美國可以和英國一起發(fā)展、繁榮。他說服法國支持美國的獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭。6）Asanauthorhehadpowerofexpression,simplicity,asubtlehumor,sarcastic.作為作家具有非凡的才能，表達(dá)簡潔明了，幽默，諷刺天才、7）TheWaytoWealth致富之道

TheAutobiography自傳18世紀(jì)美國唯一流傳至今的自傳BenjaminFranklin本杰明·富蘭克林1706-1790殖民地時(shí)期作家。獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭前惟一的杰出的美國作家inthecolonialperiod,theonlygoodAmericanauthorbeforetheRevolutionaryWar.出生于波士頓Boston,曾創(chuàng)辦《半島公報(bào)》。1732-1758出版《窮人理查德的年鑒》“PoorRichard’sAlmanac”annualcollectionofproverbs流行諺語集1.協(xié)助杰弗遜起草“獨(dú)立宣言”aidedJeffersoninwriting“TheDeclarationofIndependence”.同法國談判獲得援助，后作為議會(huì)代表起草美國憲法Constitution.2.其還是美國第一位主要作家thefirstmajorwriter非凡表達(dá)能力，簡潔明了，有點(diǎn)幽默，還是一位諷刺天才asanauthorhehadpowerofexpression,simplicity,asubtlehumor.Hewasalsosarcastic辛辣的.3.他最好作品收錄在《自傳》“Autobiography”。編輯了美國第一份殖民地雜志“GeneralMagazine”PhilipFreneau菲利浦·弗瑞諾（1752-1832）革命戰(zhàn)爭后期最杰出作家perhapsthemostoutstandingwriterofthePost-Revolutionaryperiod既是一位詩人也是政治方面的新聞?dòng)浾遜oubleroleaspoetandpoliticaljournalist.作品形式是新古典主義類，但本質(zhì)上卻屬浪漫主義類hewasneoclassicalbytrainingandtasteyetromanticinessentialspirit。一個(gè)諷刺小說家、傷感作家、一個(gè)人道主義者wasalsoatonceasatiristandasentimentalist,ahumanitarian.“美國革命詩人”（thepoetoftheRevolution）;“美國詩歌之父”（FatherofAmericanPoetry）.1770年第1部作品《想象的力量》（ThePowerofFancy）.1775年因出版有關(guān)諷刺英國人作品而被認(rèn)可asasatiristoftheBritish.1776年出版《夜屋》（TheHouseofNight）哥特式小說theGothicmood.F·L·帕蒂稱它為“在美國聽到的第一部真正浪漫主義作品，從中看到了“圣誕老人的美”“thefirstdistinctlyromanticnoteheardinAmerica”and“TheBeautiesofSantaCruz”。作品中既有對社會(huì)的抗議，又有對自然的贊美，其后期作品采用了這種風(fēng)格blendingthepraiseofnaturewithsocialprotest,inhischaracteristiclatermanner.1781寫下名詩《英國囚船》(TheBritishPrisonShip)一首抨擊色彩詩作，揭露了英國對俘虜?shù)难扰c殘忍agoodpieceofinvective,revealstherigorsandbrutalityofhiscaptivity。此后繼續(xù)對英國進(jìn)行無情抨擊、辛辣地諷刺continuingtohurlhisvitriolattheBritishinmanypoems.1786年他的早期作品被收錄在《戰(zhàn)爭后期弗瑞諾主要詩歌集》“ThePoemsofPhilipFreneauWrittenChieflyDuringtheLateWar”.1788年出板《札記》“MiscellaneousWorks”.1791年創(chuàng)辦《國家公報(bào)》對抗《聯(lián)邦公報(bào)》withJefferson’ssupport“NationalGazette”campaignedagainsttheopinionsofthe“GazetteoftheUnitedStates”editedbyJohnFenno(SupportedbyHamilton).他如今被認(rèn)為是美國政府中的一名勇敢的斗士hasonlyrecentlybeenrecognizedasacourageouschampionofAmericanpopulargovernment.作為詩人，他預(yù)示了美國文學(xué)獨(dú)立的到來asapoet,FreneauheraldedAmericanliteraryindependence他后期詩歌同早期華麗的對偶句詩歌形成鮮明對比，后期形成了自然、簡潔、言之有物的風(fēng)格incontrastwiththeornate華麗的styleofhisearlycouplets,helaterdevelopedanatural,simple,andconcretediction.PhilipFreneau菲利普·費(fèi)瑞諾

poetandpoliticaljournalist詩人和政治方面的新聞?dòng)浾?）perhapsthemostoutstandingwriterofthepost-revolutionaryperiod.2)hasbeencalledthe"FatherofAmericanPoetry"美國詩歌之父TheRisingGloryofAmerica蒸蒸日上的美洲；TheBritishPrisonShip英國囚船；TotheMemoryoftheBraveAmericans紀(jì)念美國勇士-----同類詩中最佳；TheWildHoneysuckle野生的金銀花；TheIndianBuryingGround印第安人殯葬地學(xué)習(xí)指南：1、TheologydominatedthePuritanphaseofAmericanwriting.Politicswasthenextgreatsujecttocommandtheattentionofthebestminds.2、Freneauwasneoclassicalbytrainingandtasteyeromanticinessentialspirit.PartⅢTheLiteratureofRomanticism浪漫主義文學(xué)1815-1865美國文學(xué)史復(fù)習(xí)3（Romanicism)(2009-01-1718:58:09)一、文學(xué)特征：1、Environment:1)shapedbytheirNewWorldenvironment美洲大陸新環(huán)境2）arrayofideasinheritedfromtheromantictraditonsofEurope歐洲早期浪漫主義思潮2、美國文學(xué)特點(diǎn)：pluralistic多元化

manifestationsvaried表現(xiàn)形式多樣

Individualistic個(gè)人主義

conflicting矛盾3、Romanticism的特點(diǎn)：frequentlysharedcertaingeneralcharacteristics,moralenthusiam,faithinthevalueofindividualismandintuitiveperception,andapresumptionthathenaturalworldwasasourceofcorruption.浪漫主義之間大多是相通的，都注重道德，強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)人主義價(jià)值觀和直覺感受，并且認(rèn)為自然是美的源頭，人類社會(huì)是腐敗之源。1、TheimpactofEuropeanRomanticismonAmericanRomanticism.Theyputemphasisupontheimaginativeandemotionalqualitiesofliteratureanincreasingattentiontothepsychicstatesoftheircharacters.Heroesandheroinesexhibitedextremesofsensitivityandexcitement.tendencytoexalt贊揚(yáng)theindividualandthecommonmanTheliteraryuseofthemorecolorfu1aspectsofthepastAmericanRomanticismis,inacertainway,derivative2、ThedesireforanescapefromsocietyandareturntonaturebecameapermanentconventionofAmericanliterature.逃離社會(huì)，回到自然成為了美國文學(xué)永恒的創(chuàng)作習(xí)慣。3、NationalismstimulatedagreaterliteraryinterestinAmerica’slanguage.Americancharactertypesspeakinglocaldialectsappearedinpoetryandfictionwithincreasingfrequency.受民族主義影響，作家的目光轉(zhuǎn)向了美國本土的語言，具有美國特征的本土方言開始在詩歌和小說中大量涌現(xiàn)。4、他們都注重道德，強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)人主義價(jià)值觀及直覺感覺，并且認(rèn)為自然是美的源頭，人類社會(huì)是腐敗之源moralenthusiasm,faithinthevalueofindividualismandintuitiveperception,andapresumptionthatthenaturalworldwasasourceofgoodnessandman’ssocietiesasourceofcorruption.5、美國早期的主要文學(xué)形式，說教類及宣言類作品被長篇小說、短篇故事和詩歌所取代，成這一時(shí)期文學(xué)的主要形式novels,shortstories,andpoemsreplacedsermonsandmanifestosasAmerica’sprincipalliteraryforms。6、theAmericannationalexperienceof"pioneeringintothewest"provedtobearichsourceofmaterialforAmericanwriterstodrawupon.TheycelebratedAmerica'slandscapewithitsvirginforests,meadows,groves,endlessprairies,streams,andvastoceans.Thewildernesscametofunctionalmostasadramaticcharacterthatsymbolizedmoral1aw戲劇化特色的野性諷喻了時(shí)代的道德準(zhǔn)則7、超驗(yàn)主義（1830s—theCivilWar）：既不講究邏輯，也不講究系統(tǒng)，它只強(qiáng)調(diào)超越理性的感受，超越法律和世俗束縛的個(gè)人表達(dá)，他們相信精神上的超越，相信無所不能的善的力量，強(qiáng)調(diào)善為萬物之源，萬物都是善的一部分asamoralphilosophy,transcendentalismwasneitherlogicalnorsystematized.Itexaltedfeelingoverreason,individualexpressionovertherestraintsoflawandcustom.individualisdivineand,therefore,self-re1iantTheybelievedinthetranscendenceofthe“Oversoul”,anall-pervadingpowerforgoodnessfromwhichallthingscomeandofwhichallthingsareapart.8、AmericanRomanticistsdifferedintheirunderstandingofhumannature.

TothetranscendentalistssuchasEmersonandThoreau,manisdivineinnatureandthereforeforeverperfectible;buttoHawthorneandMelville,everybodyispotentiallyasinner,andgreatmoralcourageisthereforeindispensab1efortheimprovementofhumannature,asisshowninHawthorne'sTheScarletLetter.二、代表作家：1、WashingtonIrving華盛頓.歐文thefirstgreatbelletrist第一個(gè)純文學(xué)作家，劃線部分為三個(gè)主要contribution①thefirstgreatprosestylistofAmericanromanticism.美國第一位浪漫主義散文文體作家②“SketchBook”《見聞札記》,thefirstmodernshortstoriesandthefirstgreatAmericanjuvenileliterature.現(xiàn)代文學(xué)史上第一部短篇小說和美國第一部偉大的青少年文學(xué)讀物。③IrvingrestoredthewaningGothicromanceswhichPoesooninfusedwithpsychologicalsubtleties.重振了沒落的哥特式浪漫主義小說，隨后坡在此基礎(chǔ)上，把心理學(xué)的一些知識(shí)融入了這種體裁。④“LegendsoftheConquestofSpain”《西班牙征服記》

AHistoryofNewYork

紐約的歷史-----美國人寫的第一部詼諧文學(xué)杰作；TheSketchBook見聞札記TheLegendofSleepyHollow睡谷的傳說-----使之成為美國第一個(gè)獲得國際聲譽(yù)的作家；BracebridgeHall布雷斯布里奇田莊；TalksofTravellers旅客談；TheAlhambra阿爾罕伯拉1.1819-1820他第一部《見聞札記》是現(xiàn)代文學(xué)史上的第一部短篇小說，也是美國第一部偉大的青少年文學(xué)讀物，他把歷史與傳說當(dāng)作娛樂形式來寫，把大眾化的散文引入美國his“SketchBook”appearedthefirstmodernshortstoriesandthefirstgreatAmericanjuvenileliteraturetowritegoodhistoryandbiographyasliteraryentertainment.HeintroducedthefamiliaressaytoAmerica他的短篇小說極大地激發(fā)了世界各國人們進(jìn)一步了解美國人民生活的興趣hisbest-knownstoriesawakenedaninterestinthelifeofAmericanregions.2.1809年以迪德里奇·尼克博克的名字出版《紐約外史》，輕松歡快的滑稽戲形式講出了早期荷蘭殖民者在美洲殖民時(shí)的真實(shí)歷史成為了幽默作品中的經(jīng)典“AHistoryofNewYork”byDiedrichKnickerbockerarollickingburlesqueofacurrentserioushistoryoftheearlyDutchsettlers,hasbecomeaclassicofhumor.．教材作品：RipVanWinkleIrvingneverforgetstoassociateacertainplacewiththeinwardmovementofapersonandtochargehissentenceswithemotionsoastocreateatrueandvividcharacter.Heisworththehonorofbeing"theAmericanGoldsmith"forhisliterarycraftsmanship1.Irving'sgreatindebtednesstoEuropeanliterature

MostofIrving'ssubjectmatterareborrowedheavilyfromEuropeansources,whicharechieflyGermanic.Irving'srelationshipwiththeOldWorldintermsofhisliteraryimaginationcanhardlybeignoredconsideringhissuccessbothabroadandathome.

AHistoryofNewYorkisapatchworkofreferences,echoes,andburlesques.HeparodiesorimitatesHomer,Cervantes,Fielding,Swiftandmanyotherfavoritesofhis.HewasalsoabsorbedinGermanLiteratureandgotideasfromGermanlegendsfortwoofhisfamousstories"RipVanWinkle"and"TheLegendofSleepyHollow."TheAlhambraisusuallyregardedasIrving's"SpanishSketchBook"simplybecauseithasastrongflavorofSpanishculture.Mostofthethirty-threeessaysinTheSketchBookwerewritteninEngland,filledwithEnglishscenesandquotationsfromEnglishauthorsandfaithfultoBritishorthography.WashingtonIrvingbroughttothenewnationwhatitspeop1edesiredmostinamanof1etterstherespectoftheOldWorld.

2.Irving'suniquecontributiontoAmericanliterature

Irving'scontributiontoAmericanliteratureisuniqueinmorethanoneway.HewasthefirstAmericanwriterofimaginativeliteraturetogaininternationalfame.AlthoughgreatlyinfluencedbyEuropeanliterature,IrvinggavehisworksdistinctiveAmericanflavor."RipVanWinkle"or"TheLegendofSleepyHol1ow",howeverexoticthesestoriesare,areamongthetreasuresoftheAmericanlanguageandculture.ThesetwostorieseasilytriggeroffAmericanimaginationwiththeirfocusonAmericansubjects,Americanlandscape,and,inIrving'scase,thelegendsoftheHudsonRiverregionofthefreshyoung1and.ItisnotthesketchesabouttheOldWorldbutthetalesaboutAmericathatmadeWashingtonIrvingahouseholdwordandhisfameenduring.HewasfatherofAmericanshortstories.AndlaterinthehandsofHawthorneandMelvilletheshortstoryattainedadegreeofperfection.3、writingalwaysforpleasure,andtoproducepleasureWeseldomlearnamora1lessonbecausehewantsusamusedandrelaxed4、Wegetastrongsenseimpressionaswereadhimalong,sincethelanguageheusedbestrevealswhataRomanticwritercandowithwords.Wehearratherthanread,forthereismusicalityinalmosteverylineofhisprose.5、TheGothicelementsandthesupernaturalatmospherearemanipulatedinsuchawaythatwecouldbecomesoengagedandinvolvedinwhatishappeninginaseeminglyexotic異國的place.2.WilliamCullenBryant威廉·卡倫·布萊恩特1794-18781817年偉大史詩《死之思考》（希臘語），人們一致認(rèn)為這是當(dāng)時(shí)美國最杰出的一篇詩作thestatelypoemcalled”Thanatopsis”(Greek,meaning“viewofdeath”)introducedthebestpoettoappearinAmericanuptothattime.《致水鳥》是其巔峰之作，“用美國英語寫作的最完美的短詩”，“ToaWaterfowl”isperhapsthepeakofhiswork,“Mostperfectbriefpoeminthelanguage”.后期，他用無韻詩的形式翻譯了《伊利亞特》和《奧德賽》hismostimportantlaterworksarehistranslationsofthe“Iliad”andthe“Odyssey”intoEnglishblankverse.當(dāng)歐文用自己的作品預(yù)示美國散文時(shí)代的到來時(shí)，布萊恩特向歐洲讀者證實(shí)了美國的詩歌也達(dá)到了相當(dāng)高的水平，他是第一個(gè)獲得美國主要詩人稱號(hào)的作家AsIrvinghadshownthatAmericanprosehadcomeofage,soBryantdemonstratedtoEuropeanreadersthatAmericanpoetrywasreadytodemandseriousattention.HewasthefirstAmericantogainthestatureofamajorpoet.AmericanLiteratureofPost-RomanticismTranscendentalism超驗(yàn)主義1）asamoralphilosophy,transcendentalismwasneitherlogicalnorsystematized.Itexaltedfeelingoverreason,individualexpressionovertherestraintsoflawandcustom.不講邏輯，不講系統(tǒng)，只強(qiáng)調(diào)超越理性的感受，超越法律和世俗束縛的個(gè)人表達(dá)。2)theyspokeforculturalrejuvenationandagainstthematerialismofAmericansociety.呼吁文化復(fù)興，反對美國社會(huì)的拜金主義。3）theybelieveinthetranscendenceof"oversoul",anall-pervadingpowerforgoodnessfromwhichallthingscomeandofwhichallthingsareapart.相信精神上的超越，相信無所不能的善的力量，強(qiáng)調(diào)善為萬物之源。4）itcouldexerciseahealthyandrestorativeinfluenceonthehumanmind.“Gobacktonature,sinkyourselfbackintoitsinfluenceandyou’llbecomespirituallywholeagain.”Thenaturalimplicationofallthiswas,ofcourse,thatthingsinnaturetendedtobecomesymbolic,andthephysicalworldwasasymbolofthespiritual.ThisinturnaddedtothetraditionofliterarysymbolisminAmericanliterature.5）代表人物：Emerson愛默生，believedthatmanwasapartofabsolutegood。人性本善Thoreau梭羅，behelddivinityinthe“unspottedinnocence”ofnature.自然才是神圣的“潔白無瑕”5、Literaryforms文學(xué)形式：Novels,shortstories,andpoemsreplacedsermonsandmanifestosasAmerica’sprincipalliteraryforms.長篇小說、短篇故事和詩歌取代說教類及宣言類作品成為美國主要的文學(xué)形式。6、Imaginativeliterature想象類文學(xué)7、thewildernesscametofunctionalmostasadramaticcharacterthatillustratedmorallaw.戲劇化特色的野性諷喻了時(shí)代的道德準(zhǔn)則。8、ThedesireforanescapefromsocietyandareturntonaturebecameapermanentconventionofAmericanliterature.逃離社會(huì)，回到自然成為了美國文學(xué)永恒的創(chuàng)作習(xí)慣。9、NationalismstimulatedagreaterliteraryinterestinAmerica’slanguage.In1828NoahWebsterpublished“AnAmericanDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage”.Americancharactertypesspeakinglocaldialectsappearedinpoetryandfictionwithincreasingfrequency.受民族主義影響，作家的目光轉(zhuǎn)向了美國本土的語言，具有美國特征的本土方言開始在詩歌和小說中大量涌現(xiàn)。10、Atmid-centuryaculturalreawakeningbroughta“floweringofNewEngland.”LedbyHawthorne,Emerson,andThoreau.NewEngland→Transcendentalism,從新英格蘭文學(xué)到超驗(yàn)主義。

5、RalphWaldoEmersion拉爾夫.沃爾多.愛默生①beresponsibleforbringingTranscendentalismtoNewEngland,是把超驗(yàn)主義引入新英格蘭的先驅(qū)。②Emersonbelievedaboveallinindividualism個(gè)人主義,independenceofmind思想獨(dú)立,andself-reliance自強(qiáng).③作品：“Nature”《論自然》、“Essays”《隨筆錄》、“TheAmericanScholar”《美國學(xué)者》,ourintellectualDeclarationofIndependence.我們知識(shí)分子的獨(dú)立宣言。④hismostimportantworksare“RepresentativeMen”《代表》and“EnglishTraits”《英國人》、“Poems”《詩集》⑤摘自《論自然》：Standingonthebareground,-myheadbathedbytheblitheair,andupliftedintoinfinitespace,-allmeanegotismvanishes.Ibecomeatransparenteye-ball.人形的約束沒有了。

RalphWaldoEmerson拉爾夫·沃爾多·愛默生1803-18821836年出版了第一本書《論自然》“Nature”,真正讓他功成名就的還是得益于兩次學(xué)術(shù)演講，一個(gè)是《美國學(xué)者》，還有一個(gè)是《神學(xué)院致辭》“TheAmericanScholar”and“TheDivinitySchoolAddress”.他的許多演講后收錄在他的《隨筆集》中，演講中最重要的著作是他1850年的《代表》和1856年《英國人》。1847年他的《詩集》問世.Manyofhislectureswerelaterdistilledintohisfamous“Essays”.Amonghismostimportantworksare“RepresentativeMen”and“EnglishTraits”.His“Poems”appearedin1847.Emerson'sessaysoftenhaveacasualstyle,formostofthemwerederivedfromhisjournalsorlectures.Theyareusuallycharacterizedbyaseriesofshort,declarativesentences,whicharenotquitelogicallyconnectedbutwillfloweroutintoillustrativestatementsoftruthandthoughts.Emerson'sphilosophicaldiscussionissometimesdifficulttounderstandbutheusescomparisonsandmetaphorstomakethegeneralideaofhisworkclearlyexpressed.Well-readintheclassicsofWesternEuropeanliterature,Emersonoftenemployedtheseliterarysourcestomakeandenrichhisownpoints《美國學(xué)者》被稱為“我們知識(shí)分子的獨(dú)立宣言”“ourintellectualDeclarationofIndependence”Emerson愛默生，believedthatmanwasapartofabsolutegood。人性本善Thoreau梭羅，behelddivinity神圣inthe“unspottedinnocence”ofnature.自然才是神圣的“潔白無瑕”(1)Emerson'sphilosophyoftheover-sou1

Itisanimpersonalforcethatiseternal,moral,harmonious,andbeneficientintendency.theover-sou1isanall-pervadingpowerfromwhichallthingscomefromandofwhicha1lareapart.(2)Emerson'sphilosophyoftheimportanceoftheIndividual

amancantrusthimselftodecidewhatisrightandtoactaccordingly.Theidealindividualshouldbeaself-reliantman.thepossibilitiesformantodevelopandimprovehimselfareinfinite.

(3)Emerson'sviewonnature

natureasabigsymboloftheSpirit,orGod,ortheover-soul,itexercisesahealthyaninf1uenceonhumanmind."EmersonianTranscendentalisminspiredawholegenerationoffamousAmericanauthorslikeThoreauHenryDavidThoreau亨利.戴維.梭羅①Emerson’struestdisciple.PutintopracticemanyofEmerson’stheories愛默生最忠實(shí)的信徒，把愛默生的許多理論付諸于實(shí)踐。②“InWalden”《沃爾登》成名作?！癈ivilDisobedience”《平民反抗》essay隨筆。非暴力不合作③教義：Iwouldnothaveanyoneadoptmymodeofliving,eachshouldfindouthisownway,nothisneighbor’sorhisparents.我不希望人們接受我的生活模式，每一個(gè)都應(yīng)該發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的生活方式，不是鄰居的，也不是他父母的。2.Thoreau'sTranscendentalism

notonlyfullydemonstratesEmersonianideasofself-reliancebutalsodevelopsThoreau'sowntranscendentalphilosophy.

(1)ForThoreau,natureisnotmerelysymbolic,butdivineinitselfandhumanbeingscanreceiveprecisecommunicationfromthenaturalworldbywayofpuresenses.Sohewasoftenaloneinthewoodsorbythepond,lostinspiritualcommunionwithnature.

(2)Thoreaustronglybelievedinse1f-cultureandwaseagertoidentifyhimselfwiththeTranscendentalimageoftheself-reliantman.Toachievepersonalspiritualperfection,hethinks,themostimportantthingformentodowiththeirlivesistobeself-sufficient,sohesoughttoreducehisphysicalneedsandmaterialcomfortstoaminimumtogetspiritualrichness.

(3)Hispositivenessabouttheimportanceofindividualconsciencewassuchthatheevenconsideredthesocietyfetters束縛ofthefreedomofindividuals.WaltWhitman沃爾特·惠特曼1819-1892美國文學(xué)史上極其重要的、具有創(chuàng)新精神的作家之一，他的《草葉集》中系列詩歌是美國文學(xué)史上第一部真正的史詩oneofthegreatinnovatorsinAmericanliterature.Intheclusterofpoemshecalled“LeavesofGrass”hegaveAmericaitsfirstgenuineepicpoem.他所創(chuàng)造的這種詩體叫做自由詩，在這種詩歌中，沒有固定的節(jié)拍，也沒有有規(guī)律的韻腳，惠特曼認(rèn)為傳統(tǒng)的格律詩不適合表達(dá)民主之聲thepoeticstylehedevisedisnowcalledfreeverse-thatis,poetrywithoutafixedbeatorregularrhymescheme.Whitmanthoughtthatthevoiceofdemocracyshouldnotbehalteredbytraditionalformsofverse.1855年出版《草葉集》第一部，其中的大部分作品表達(dá)的主題是人類與大自然。有一部分詩歌描寫的是令作者癡迷的紐約，少量詩歌還對內(nèi)戰(zhàn)進(jìn)行了描寫，在詩歌中，惠特曼把各種具有平民思想的普通人，社會(huì)下層的不同個(gè)體的理念有機(jī)地結(jié)合了起來mostofthepoemsin“LeavesofGrass”areaboutmanandnature.However,asmallnumberofverygoodpoemsdealwithNewYork,thecitythatfascinatedWhitman,andwiththeCivilWar.他給詩人重新進(jìn)行了定義，他認(rèn)為詩人是一個(gè)英雄，是一個(gè)救世主，還是先知，詩人通過對真理的表達(dá)來引導(dǎo)大眾inhispoetry,Whimancombinedtheidealofthedemocraticcommonmanandthatoftheruggedindividual.Heenvisionedthepoetasahero,asaviorandaprophet,onewholeadsthecommunitybyhisexpressionsofthetruth.ThethemesinWhitman'spoetry:

HispoetryisfilledwithoptimisticexpectationandenthusiasmaboutnewthingsandnewWorld.

poetrycouldhelpthemunderstandtheirnewstatusandtodefinethemse1vesinthenewwor1dofpossibi1ities.(1)Heshowsconcernforthewholehard-workingpeopleandtheburgeoning迅速增長的lifeofcities.(2)Headvocatestherealizationoftheindividua1value.(3)PursuitofloveandhappinessTheindividualpersonandhisdesiresmustberespected.

(4)SomeofWhitman'spoemsarepoliticallycommitted.expressedmuchmourningforthesufferingsoftheyounglivesinthebattlefieldairhissorrowoverthedeathofLincoln,.Whitman'spoeticstyleandlanguage

(1)usefreeverseextensivelyAlooserandmoreopen-endedsyntacticalstructureisfrequentlyfavored.Whitmanturnedthepoemintoanopenfield,anareaofvitalpossibilitywherethereadercanallowhisownimaginationtoplay..

(2)Whitman'spoeticstyleismarked,bytheuseofthepoetic"I."(3)Whitmanisconversationalandcasual,However,thereisastrongsenseofthepoemsbeingrhythmical.ThereadercanfeeltherhythmofWhitman'sthought.Parallelism.Whitman'slanguage

Contrarytotherhetoricoftraditionalpoetry,Whitman'sisrelativelysimpleandevenrathercrude.

(a)undistortedimagesofdifferentaspectsofAmericaoftheday.(b)strongtendencytouseoralEnglish.

(c)Whitman'svocabularyisamazing.Hewouldusepowerfu1,colorful,aswellasrarely-usedwords,wordsofforeignoriginandsometimesevenwrongwords.WaltWhitman

沃爾特.惠特曼

①★freeverse(自由詩體)withoutafixedbeatorregularrhymescheme.無固定節(jié)奏，無有規(guī)律的韻腳

②“LeavesofGrass”草葉集1870

thefirstgenuineepicpoem.美國歷史上第一部真正的史詩

Poem’s特點(diǎn)：mostofthepoemsin“LeavesofGr6ass”areaboutmanandnature.

③關(guān)注點(diǎn)：Inhispoetry,hecombinedtheidealofdemocraticcommonmanandthatoftheruggedindividual④詩人職責(zé)：heenvisionedthepoetasahero,asaviorandaprophet,onewholeadsthecommunitybyhisexpressionsofthetruth.表達(dá)真理的前提下，引導(dǎo)社會(huì)發(fā)展。7.NathanielHawthorne納撒尼爾·霍桑1804-18641．《七尖角閣的房子》講述的是作者自己家族的一段歷史“TheHouseoftheSevenGables”dealswiththeeffectsofacurse,andthoughthetaleitselfisfiction,thegermofthestorysprangfromtheauthor’sfamilyhistory.2．他是通過觀察和聆聽別人談話來獲得創(chuàng)作素材的，聽人家講的一些新英格蘭口頭故事、民間傳說及各種鬼怪趣事HawthornegatheredhismaterialbyobservingandlisteningtootherswhosetalkwasfilledwithNewEnglandLore,legend,andsuperstition.3．《海關(guān)大樓》“TheCustomHouse”;1852年的《福谷浪漫史》“TheBlithedaleRomance”;1846年他完成了宏篇巨著《古廈青苔》splendidstoriescalled“MossesfromanOldManse”1860年創(chuàng)作出《寶石神像》“TheMarbleFaun”.霍桑獨(dú)特的才能主要表現(xiàn)在他能夠通過一些極具象征意義的故事來觸摸人類靈魂深處的道德品質(zhì)，最好的例證便是波士頓清教徒引以自娛的《紅字》，小說的每一個(gè)字，每一幅畫面和每一個(gè)事件都能夠達(dá)到了一個(gè)特定的效果，它講述了關(guān)于罪的故事，罪對不同人的影響以及有些人獲得拯救的故事Hawthorne’suniquegiftwasforthecreationofstronglysymbolicstorieswhichtouchthedeepestrootsofman’smoralnature.ThefinestexampleistherecreationofPuritanBoston,“TheScarletLetter”.Inthisnoveleachword,image,andeventworkstowardasingleeffect.Itisacomplexstoryofguilt,itseffectsuponvariouspersons,andhowdeliveranceisobtainedforsomeofthem.在他的短篇小說中，他通過活生生，極有象征意味的想象來體現(xiàn)人類社會(huì)的一些重大道德問題hisabilitytocreatevividandsymbolicimagesthatembodygreatmoralquestionsappearstronglyinhisshortstories。他的作品還有：《伊?！げ继m德》、《小伙子布朗》、《海德格博士的體驗(yàn)》、《野心勃勃的客人》、《巨石臉》。“EthanBrand”;“YoungGoodmanBrown”;“Dr.Heidegger’sExperiment”;“TheAmbitiousGuest”;“TheGreatStoneFace”.教材作品：Dr.Heidegger’sExperimenthis"black"visionoflifeandhumanbeings:hisconcernwithhumansinandevil

Hawthorne'swritingstyle

writingstyle

(1)Thestructureandtheformofhiswritingsarealwayscarefullyworkedouttocaterforthethematicconcern.

(2)heisgoodatexploringthecomplexityofhumanpsychology.Sohisdramaisfullofmentalactivities.(3)A1legorysymbolism,asaweapontoattackandpenetratereality.★7、NathanielHawthorne納薩尼爾.霍桑①background:oneofhisancestorswasJudgeHawthorne,whoharmaperson.曾經(jīng)有個(gè)做法官的祖輩害人。②“TheHouseoftheSevenGables”七尖角閣房，是霍桑著名神秘小說中的一個(gè)房屋名稱。③herevealsthedepthofhisconcernwiththedarksideofPuritanism,theharshnessandthepersecutions.對清教徒陰暗面的深切關(guān)注，認(rèn)為清教徒的戒行過于森嚴(yán)，對不同信仰人的迫害過于殘酷。⑤特點(diǎn)⑴uniquegiftwasforthecreationofstronglysymbolicstorieswhichtouchthedeepestrootsofman’smoralnature.獨(dú)特才能主要表現(xiàn)在他能夠通過一些極具象征意義的故事來觸摸人類靈魂深處的道德品質(zhì)。⑵hisabilitytocreatevividandsymbolicimagesthatembodygreatmoralquestionsappearsstronglyinhisshortstories.短篇小說里，通過活生生、極具有象征意義的想象來體現(xiàn)人類社會(huì)的一些重大道德問題。⑶tomakeastoryexistinitsownrightbutatthesametimeappearasamoralsymbol.杰出之處在于他能把一個(gè)故事安放在自己設(shè)置的正義標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之中來講述，他書中的正義標(biāo)準(zhǔn)成為當(dāng)時(shí)人們的道德參考。⑥（課堂筆記提及的）“TheScarletLetter”《紅字》⑴女主角honest,calmlyfacefault誠實(shí)，坦然的面對罪過。⑵弗洛伊德人格理論：Id本我→欲望，只要快樂→Roger女主角的丈夫Ego自我→分辨對錯(cuò)，受約束，符合現(xiàn)實(shí)→Hester女主角Superego超我→→Dim女主角的情人，牧師⑶女主角的自我成長和自我救贖的過程。Egogrowthandredeembyherownofprocess⑦“TheScarletLetter”analysis分析：itnotapraiseofaHestersinning,butahymnonthemoralgrowthofthewomanwhensinnedagainst.YoungHesterbordersonbeinglicentious.Herdriveissexual.Shedoesherbesttokeepherholdonthemagicchainhumanity.HerlifeeventuallyacquiresarealsignificancewhenshereestablishesameaningfulrelationshipwithherfellowmenSymbolicofhermoraldevelopmentisthegradualimperceptiblechangewiththescarletletterundergoesinmeaning.Atfirstitisatokenofshame,“Adultery”butthenthegenuinesympathyandhelpHesterofferedtoherfellowvillagers’changesitto“Able”.Laterinthestory,theletterAappearsinthesky,signifying“Angel”.ThereisreasontoagreewiththecriticalobservationthatAmayrepresentAdamic,orprehistoric,anarchetypalvicesuggestiveof“originalsin,”Dimmesdale,ontheotherhand,banisheshimselfformsociety.Deeplypreoccupiedwithhimself,helivesastrangeramonghisadmirers.Theresultisthat,whereasHesterisabletoreconstructherlifeandwinamoralvictory,Dimmesdaleundergoesthetragicexperienceofphysicalandspiritualdisintegration.BetweenhimandHestertheypointtoamoralasHawthornemayintendthemtodo,thatthebestpolicyformanistobetrue,honest,andeverreadytoshowone’sworsttotheoutsideworld.

8、HenryWadsworthLongfellow亨利.沃茲沃思.朗費(fèi)羅poet詩人①itwouldbehard,also,tooverestimatet