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InterculturalCommunicationIntercultural概況1
您的內(nèi)容打在這里,或者通過復(fù)制您的文本后。概況2
您的內(nèi)容打在這里,或者通過復(fù)制您的文本后。概況3
您的內(nèi)容打在這里,或者通過復(fù)制您的文本后。+++整體概況2概況1+++整體概況2賈玉新《跨文化交際學(xué)》林大津《跨文化交際研究》杜學(xué)增《中英文化習(xí)俗比較》鄧炎昌,劉潤清《語言與文化》Hall,E.T.TheSilentLanguageHall,E.T.BeyondCultureDavis,L.DoingCulture:Cross-culturalCommunicationinActionThereferencebooks3賈玉新《跨文化交際學(xué)》Thereferencebooks竇衛(wèi)林《跨文化商務(wù)交際InterculturalBusinessCommunication》關(guān)世杰《跨文化交流學(xué)》
4竇衛(wèi)林《跨文化商務(wù)交際InterculturalBusiThiscourseisaboutinterculturalcommunication.Thenatureofinterculturalcommunicationshouldbespecifiedandwehavetorecognizethatpeoplewhoholdvariousviewpointsseeitsomewhatdifferently.Interculturalcommunicationcanbeexploredinavarietyofways.CourseDescription:
5Thiscourseisabou
Ourconcerniswiththemorepersonalaspectsofcommunication:Whathappenswhenpeoplefromdifferentculturesinteractface-to-face?Hence,ourapproachexaminestheinterpersonaldimensionsofinterculturalcommunication-asitoccursinvariouscontexts.Wefocusonthosevariablesofbothcultureandcommunicationthatcomeintoplayduringthecommunicationencounter–thattimewhenparticipantsfromdifferentculturesaretryingtoshareideas,information,andfeelings.6Ourconcerniswith
Thecoursecombinestheoryandtheanalysisofthecasesfrominterculturalcommunicationperspectiveetc.Thecoursewillinvolvethelecturing,reflectionpapers,classroomactivities,homeworkandtermpaperetc.
Courseassessment:Attendance:10%Classroomparticipation15%Homeworkassignment15%Reflectionpapersandquits15%Termpaper45%7Thecoursecombinestheo1.Toencouragestudentstoexploretheinterculturalcommunicationinvariousway.2.Toprovideanunderstandingofthedynamicsofinterculturalcommunication.3.Toidentifybarrierstoeffectiveinterculturalcommunicationanddevelopstrategiesfordealingwiththesebarriers.CourseObjectives:81.Toencouragestudentstoex4.Toequipstudentswiththebasicskillsandinformationneededtocommunicatewithpeoplefromothercultures.5.Todevelopanawarenessofcontemporaryeventsthatillustratetheneedforimprovedinterculturalcommunicationskills.6.Togainaunderstandingonissuesofculture,communication,differenceandreconciliation.94.ToequipstudentswiththeUnit1
Whyisitdifficulttoexplaintoablindpersonwhatcolorsare?
Itisverydifficultforpeopletounderstandoneanotheriftheydonotsharethesameexperiences.Ofcourse,weallsharetheexperienceofbeinghuman,buttherearemanyexperienceswhichwedonotshareandwhicharedifferentforallofus.Itisthesedifferentexperiencesthatmakeupwhatiscalled“culture”inthesocialsciences-
10Unit1Whyisitdiff
thehabitsofeverydaylife,thecuestowhichpeoplerespond,theautomaticreactionstheyhavetowhatevertheyseeandhear.Theseoftendiffer,andthedifferencesmayintroducemisunderstandingswhereweseekunderstanding.
Moreexamples:
PeopleinPariseatsnails,butpeopleinSanDiegoputpoisononthem.11thehabitsofeverydaylif
PeopleinIransitonthefloorandprayfivetimeseachday,
butpeopleinLasVegasstandupallnightinfrontofslotmachines.12Peoplein
SomepeoplespeakTagalog,whereasothersspeakEnglish.Somepeoplepaintanddecoratetheirentirebodies,butothersspendmillionsofdollarspaintinganddecoratingonlytheirfaces.
13SomepeoplespeakTag
TheJapanesedonotlikeshakinghands,bowwhengreetingeachotheranddonotblowtheirnoseinpublic.Braziliansformunrulybuslines,preferbrownshoestoblackandarrivetwohourslateatcocktailparties.Greeksstareyouintheeye,nodtheirheadswhentheymeannoandoccasionallysmashplatesagainstwallsinrestaurants.
14TheJapanesedono
TheFrenchwipetheirplatescleanwithapieceofbread,throwpastryintotheircoffeeandofferhandshakestostrangersinbistros.Brtistiptheirsoupbowlsawayfromthem,eatpeaswiththeirforksupsidedownandplaygolfintherain.15TheFrenchwipet
individualfreedom
Ithink…Ibelieve…Myopinionis…“Mr.Steve,itistoolate,youshouldhavearest,Ibotheryousomuch,Iamsorryforthat.”16individualfreedom16
“No,comeon,Idon’tthinkyouarebotheringme,wetalksogood.Listen,ifyouwanttogo,itisbecauseyouwanttogo,notbecauseofme.”
“self-reliance,relyonyourself”“Ok,weknowyourfatherisgreatperson,ifwewanttodosomething,Iamgonnafindhim.So,whatareyour?Whatkindofexperiencedoyouhave?
17“No,comeon,Ido
SomepeopletalktoGod,butothershaveGodtalktothem.
Why?culture18SomepeopletalktoG12Whatisinterculturalcommunication?
Communicationbetweenpeopleofdifferentculturalbackground1912WhatisinterculturalcommunInterculturalcommunicationUnderstoodphenomenon
discipline跨文化交際跨文化交際學(xué)20InterculturalcommunicationUndTalkwithAmericanteacherInteractwithJapanesestudents21TalkwithAmericanteach1
talkwithaBritishlecturer2correspondwithawesterncustomerthroughe-mail3
watchanAmericanfilmorreadaFrenchnovel
Interculturalcommunicationasphenomenonisreallyuniversal/takesplaceeverywhere.
221talkwith2correspondwithaWhendidinterculturalcommunicationstart?Ierminglingwitheachother
havingtraderelationwitheachother23WhendidinterculturalcommuniWhyhasinterculturalcommunicationgreatlyincreased?modernmeansoftransport
Newtechnology
communicationsystem24WhyhasinterculturalcommunicInnovativecommunicationsystems
telephoneinternetthesatellite
television2525
globalizationoftheworldeconomy26
largemigration2727Whatarethemajorelementsthatdirectlyinfluenceourperceptionandcommunication?
1
culturalvalues2Worldview(religion)3
socialorganization(familyandstate28WhatarethemajorelementsValuesinformamemberofacultureaboutwhatisgoodandbad,rightandwrong,trueandfalse,positiveandnegative,andthelike.Culturalvaluesdefinewhatisworthdyingfor,whatisworthprotecting,whatfrightenspeople,whatarepropersubjectsforstudyandforridicule,andwhattypesofeventsleadindividualstogroupsolidarity.Culturalvaluesguidebothperceptionandbehavior.29ValuesinformamembAworldviewisaculture’sorientationtowardsuchthingsasGod,nature,life,death,theuniverse,andotherphilosophicalissuesthatareconcernedwiththemeaningoflifeand“being”.Socialorganizationreferstothemannerinwhichacultureorganizesitselfisdirectlyrelatedtotheinstitutionswithinthatculture.Thefamilywhoraiseyouandthegovernmentswithwhichyouassociateandholdallegiancetoallhelpdeterminehowyouperceivetheworldandhowyoubehavewithinthatworld.30Aworldviewisacu
Whatcanyougetfromthispart?Whatisthemarkofbeauty,thinorfat?differentcriterionaboutwhatisbeauty.31Whatcanyougetfromthis
Internationalcommunication
JapanesePrimeMinisterAmericanPresident
32Internationalcommunication
Interracialcommunication
Afro-American
White-American
33Interracialcommunication
Interethnic
aTibetan
aHan34InterethnicaTibetana
Interregionalcommunication
anorthernerasoutherner35Interregionalcommunicationwithinthesameculture,betweenthepeopleofdifferentgender,differentage,differentcareer,differentstatus,differenteducationalbackgroundetcIntraculturalcommunication36withinthesameculture,beInternationalcommunication
Interracialcommunication
Interethniccommunication
Interregionalcommunication
includeIntraculturalcommunication37InternationalcommunicationIWhyisitsaidthatourunderstandingoftheworldhaschange?
Manythingshavechangedtheworldveryrapidly.
politicalchanges
boundariesdissolvedthewarTheChallengeofGlobalizationtheadvancementofscienceandtechnology38WhyisitsaidthatourundersWhatisconsideredasthemajordrivingforceofthepost1945globalization?technology,particularlytelecommunicationandcomputer39WhatisconsideredasthemajoHowdoyouunderstandtheglobalization?
Globalizationisaprocessofinteractionandintegrationamongthepeople,companies,andgovernmentsofdifferentnations,aprocessdrivenbyinternationaltradeandinvestmentandaidedbyinformationtechnology.40Howdoyouunderstandtheglob
Thisprocesshaseffectsontheenvironment,culture,politicalsystems,economicdevelopmentprosperityandhumanphysicalwell-beinginsocietiesaroundtheworld.41Thisprocesshaseffectson
Canadianeducator,philosopher,andscholar—aprofessorofEnglishliterature,aliterarycritic,arhetorician,andacommunicationtheorist.Globalvillage
MarshallMcLuhan
42Canadianeducator,phi
McLuhandescribeshowtheglobehasbeencontractedintoavillagebyelectrictechnologyandtheinstantaneousmovementofinformationfromeveryquartertoeverypointatthesametime.Inbringingallsocialandpoliticalfunctionstogetherinasuddenimplosion,electricspeedhasheightenedhumanawarenessofresponsibilitytoanintensedegree.43McLuhandescribeshow
Today,theterm“GlobalVillage”ismostlyusedasametaphortodescribetheInternetandWorldWideWeb.OntheInternet,physicaldistanceisevenlessofahindrancetothereal-timecommunicativeactivitiesofpeople,andthereforesocialspheresaregreatlyexpandedbytheopennessoftheweb4444andtheeaseatwhichpeoplecansearchforonlinecommunitiesandinteractwithothersthatsharethesameinterestsandconcerns.Therefore,thistechnologyfosterstheideaofaconglomerateyetunifiedglobalcommunity.Duetotheenhancedspeedofcommunicationonlineandtheabilityofpeopletoreadabout,spreadandreacttoglobalnewsveryrapidly,45andtheeaseatwhichpeoplMcLuhansaysthisforcesustobecomemoreinvolvedwithoneanotherfromcountriesaroundtheworldandbemoreawareofourglobalresponsibilities.Similarly,web-connectedcomputersenablepeopletolinktheirwebsitestogether.Thisnewrealityhasimplicationsforformingnewsociologicalstructureswithinthecontextofculture.46McLuhansaysthisforcesus
Inanincreasinglyinterdependentandcomplexglobalenvironment,GlobalVillageisintendedtoserveasaportalforsharing,discussing,andtransmittingavarietyoftimelyinformationthatimpactourdailylives.
Everyoneissupposedtosupportin
promotingGV,contributeindealingwithglobalproblems,suggestinenhancingthecontentsofthesite,47Inanincreasinglyinterdepandcommitinmakingourglobal
villagearelativelyharmoniousandpeacefulplaceinwhichwecanallenjoyadecentstandardofliving,respectforhumanrights,andfreedomofexpression.
InhabitantsinGVcanhaveaccesstohealthcare,education,food,cleanwater,andinformation.
48andcommitinmakingourgl
Avillagethatourchildrenwouldbeproudtoinheritfromus!TheGlobalVillageismuchlikeourcommunities,neighborhoods,towns,cities,ornationsinwhichwelive.
Hence,asresponsibleinhabitantsorcitizens,weneedtocollectivelydedicatethesameenergy,enthusiasm,andattentiontotheaffairsoftheVillage.
49Avillagethatourchildren
TherealityisthatwhateverhappensintheVillage--regardlessofitsgeographicallocation--oftentouchesourlivesinsomeways.
Whataretheseriousproblemsthatcountriesthroughouttheworldareconfrontedwith?Countriesthroughouttheworldareconfrontedwithseriousproblemssuchasvolatileinternationaleconomy,shrinkingresources,mountingenvironmentalcontamination,andepidemicsthatknownoboundaries.
50Therealityisthatwhateve
WhatimplicationscanwedrawfromthecaseofMichaelFay?
Thiscaseshowsthatinaworldofinternationalinterdependence,theabilitytounderstandandcommunicateeffectivelywithpeoplefromotherculturestakesonextremeurgency.Ifweareunawareofthesignificantrolecultureplaysincommunication,wemayplacetheblameforcommunicationfailureonpeopleofothercultures.51WhatimplicationscanI.surnames:1)profession:SmithBakerCookTailor2)thegeographicalfeature:HillWoodGreenAddressing52I.surnames:Addressing52FordLake3)thenameofaplaceYorkLincolnKentCornwall4)thefeatureofapersonLittleBlack
53Ford53
WhiteSternSmallLongWise5)thenameoffather+sonJacksonRobertsonJohnson6)theotherways(prefix-Mac,Mc)(descendancefromScotland)
54White54prefix-O(descendancefromIreland)WilliamYougess(Youguess)FranklinRooseveltJuniorII.Howtoaddress1)Professor,Doctor,Nurse,Judge,Captain,Colonel,General,Lieutenant,President,Mayor,Governor,etcWaiter/Waitress,Boy,Conductor,Usher,Porter55prefix-O552)
Sir/LadySir+nameLady+surnameIII.theorderduringtheintroduction1)manfirstandladysecond2)youngerfirstandolderpersonsecond3)personwithlowerposition/statusfirstandonewithhigherposition/statussecond4)guessfirstandhost/hostesssecond5)unmarriedwomanfirstandmarriedonesecond562)Sir/Lady56
6)introducethepersonfirstfromnearnesstofarness7)accordingtonormalorder8)subordinationfirstandVIPsecond9)personwithsweettemperfirst,hottempersecond(amongthe
threepersons)(ina
crowd/socialoccasion)LadyfirstVIPfirstVI.thewaystopresentthebusinesscard1)infullname,notinashortform576)introducetheperso2)withtitle(importantorthemostimportantone)3)inaproperplace4)theorderofexchangingthecardMayIhaveyourbusinesscard?5)occasion6)Lookthepersonintheeyewithbothhandsholdingthecardorpassingthecardwithrighthand7)receive/takewithrespect8)inbothChineseandEnglish
582)withtitle(importantorthV.Howtokeeptheballrollingaftersmalltalk1)It’srainingtoday,isn’tit?
It’srainingterriblyhardtoday,isn’tit?It’sextremelycoldtoday,isn’tit?It’sverywindytoday,isn’tit?Thatwasaviolentstormthatwehadlastnight,wasn’tit?Lovelyday,isn’tit?2)Excuseme.Doesthisbusgototherailwaystation?Thebusesareverycrowdednowadays,aren’tthey?
59V.Howtokeeptheballrollin3)
A:It’snicetomeetyou.Myfriendtoldmeaboutyou.HaveyoulivedinPhiladelphialong?B:No,onlytwomonths.Howaboutyou?A:ImovedherefouryearsagofromCalifornia.B:Ohreally!I’mfromCaliforniatoo….4)A:Ilikeyournecklace.B:Thanks,Igot-theminCanadalastyear.5)A:Ilikeyourchair.B:Thankyou.Imadeitmyself.A:Really?Ididn’tknowthatyouworkwithwood.603)A:It’snicetomeetyou.
B:I’vebeendoingthisforfiveyears.A:Didyoutakeaclassinwoodworking?B:No,Itaughtmyselffrombooks.A:That’sgreat.6)A:It’sburninghottoday,isn’tit?B:Yes.A:Doyouthinkitwillgetcoolsoon?B:Idon’tknow.A:Well,Ihopeitwill.Ifinditdifficulttoteachwhenitissohot.B:Yes.61B:I’vebeendoingthisfo
6)A:It’sburninghottoday,isn’tit?B:Yes.A:Doyouthinkitwillgetcoolsoon?B:Idon’tknow.A:Well,Ihopeitwill.Ifinditdifficulttoteachwhenitissohot.B:Yes.6)A:It’sburninghottoday,isn’tit?B:Yes,Iagree.A:Doyouthinkitwillgetcoolsoon?B:Idon’tknow.butIhopeso.It’smiserablewhenit’slikethis.
A:Ifinditdifficulttoteachwhenitissohot.
B:Yes,Idotoo….
626)A:It’sburninghottoday7)A:HowlonghaveyoulivedinBeijing?B:I’vebeenhereforsixyearsalready.A:Whatdoyoudo?B:I’mateacher.Howaboutyou?A:Isee.Howmanychildrendoyouhave?
B:I’mnotmarried,actually.A:Yes.HowcanIimprovemyEnglish?6363IV.Mistakes
1)Areyousick?What’swrongwithyou?...Youshoulddrinkplentyofwaterandputonmoreclothes.…Yousoundasthoughyou’vegotacold.Youseemrathertired.AreyouO.K.?Youlookabitpale.Areyoufeelingallright?Idohopeyou’llbefeelingbettersoon.Takegoodcareofyourself.
64IV.Mistakes64“Ihavenothingtosay,so,good-bye.”
“Well,IthinkImustbegoingnow.”…“Thankyou,good-bye.”
“Walkslowly!”“Youshouldbeverycarefulontheway.”“It’sverywindy.You’dbetterputonyourcap.”“Staywhereyouare!”“Youneedn’tseemeoff.”
65“Ihavenothingtosay,so,go3)“Couldyoupossiblyhelpmewiththeluggage?”“Helpmewiththeluggage.”
“Excuseme,wouldyoumindtakingmetotheairport?”“Airport,please.”
“Wouldyoumindsellingmeatickettotherailwaystation?”“Atickettotherailwaystation?”4)“Canyouanswerthequestion,LiMing?”“Yes.”
663)“Couldyoupossiblyhelpme
“Whowouldliketoanswerthequestion,LiMing?”
“No,Iwouldn’t.”“Haveyoufinishedyourhomework,LiMing?”“Yes,Ihavefinishedmyhomework.”
“PerhapsyoucouldreadthroughthisbyFriday.”
“CouldyoupossiblyreadthroughthisbyFriday”
“Sorry,Ihaven’tfinishedityet.Couldyouwaitforawhile?”
“Couldyouextendthedeadlineafewdays?”67“Whowouldliketoanswerth5)InvitationMr.andMrs.RogerHaydenpresenttheircomplimentstoMr.andMrs.RichardHillmanandrequestthehonoroftheircompanyatdinneronSaturday,the8thJulyatseveno’clockp.m.at45WalnutStreet.45WalnutStreet21stJune,2010RSVP685)Invitation
TomeetMissMillicentGordonMrs.JohnKindhartTues.Jan.7Dancingat9o’clock1350MadisonAvenue69
DearMr.&Mrs.Lewis,Weshouldbeverygratefulifyoucouldcometodinnerwithusatourapartmentat7p.m.onWednesday,Sept.21st.Wearealllookingforwardeagerlytoyourvisit.
Sincerelyyours,Mr.andMrs.HerbertGould
70DearMr.&Mrs.Lewis,70
DearJulia,I’mholdingapartyformy20thbirthdayonSaturday,December2nd,at7:00p.m.inmyhouse.I’dverymuchliketohaveyouandsomeotherfriendscome.Ihopewe’llhaveawonderfultimethen.Pleaseletmeknowifyou’llbeabletojoinus.Affectionately,Cindy71DearJulia,71
Mr.andMrs.RichardHillmanacceptwithpleasureMr.andMrs.RogerHayden’skindinvitationfordinneronSaturday,the8thJulyatseveno’clockp.m.at45WalnutStreet.72Mr.andMrs.RichardHillman7
Mr.andMrs.RichardHillmanregretthattheyareunabletoacceptthekindinvitationfordinnerofMr.andMrs.RogerHaydenonSaturday,the8thJulyatseveno’clockp.m.at45WalnutStreet.73Mr.andMrs.RichardHillma
Acceptswithpleasureat9o’clockTues.Jan.7MissMillicentGordo1350MadisonAvenue
Sincereregretsat9o’clockTues.Jan.7MissMillicentGordo1350MadisonAvenue
74Acceptswithpleasure
DearMr.andMrs.HerbertGould,Weacceptwithpleasureyourkindinvitationfordinnerat7p.m.onWednesday,Sept.21stinyourapartment.Manythanksfortheinvitation,andwebothwouldbedelightedtocome.Cathy&BillLewis
7575
DearMr.andMrs.HerbertGould,Weregretthatwe’reunabletoacceptyourkindinvitationfordinnerat7p.m.onWednesday,Sept.21stinyourapartment.Oursmalldaughterfelldownfromthehorseandweshouldtakehertothehospitalimmediately.Withmanyapologies.Cathy&BillLewis
76DearMr.andMrs.HerbertGou
DearCindy,(informal)ItisverykindofyoutoinvitemetoyourbirthdaypartyonSaturday,December2nd,at7:00p.m.inyourhouse.Iwouldlovetocomeandamlookingforwardtoseeingyou.Yourfriend,Julia77DearCindy,(informal)77
DearCindy,ThankyouverymuchforyourkindinvitationtoyourbirthdaypartyonSaturday,December2nd.Unfortunately,muchtomyregret,Iwon’tbeabletojoinyouowingtomypreviousplanforthesameevening.Ihopeyouhaveahappybirthdayandthatwecangettogethersoon.Love,Julia78DearCindy,78
“Thankyou.”
“Allright,I’IItrytocome.”
“Yes,I’dloveto./No,I’mafraid…butthankyouallthesame.”
“Let’shavelunchtogetherwhenthingssettledown.”“Wemustgettogethersometime.”“I’lldefinitelyinviteyoutodinneroneday.”
79“Thankyou.”79
Kate:Ihaven’tseenyouforalongtime,Pat.Youmustcomeroundfordinnersometime.
Pat:Thankyou.I’dliketoverymuch.Kate:I’llcallyouthen.Pat:OK.
withoutdefinitetimeYes,/No,must,should,have,soon,oneday,sometime80Kate:Ihaven’tseenyoufor
“WhatcanIdoforyou”?“CanIhelpyouatall”?“Goodmorning.Whatdoyouwant”?“CanIhelpyou/WhatcanIdoforyou”?“Haveacupoftea,please”“Wouldyoulikesomethingtodrink?”“Wouldyoulikeacupoftea/coffee?”“How/Whataboutacupofcoffee?”“That’saverygoodidea./Goodidea.”“I’dratherhaveacupoftea,ifyoudon’tmind.”81“WhatcanIdoforyou”?81Americanscertainlyvaluehumanrelationships=CaseAnalysisinEgypt
inmanycultures
valuedsohighly
humanrelationship
notexpressedinanobjectiveandimpersonalway
≠inlesspersonal,moreobjectiveterms82Americanscertainlyvaluehumathefoodwassimplythesettingorexcuseattendedanartexhibitandcomplimentedtheartistpraisethefooditselfthetotalevening≠hosthostessWhatbeautifulframesyourpicturesarein83thefoodwassimplythesettinorganizationitselfafamily
order
harmonyJapanesepeoplevalueamongpersonsinagroup
avastcorporation
ismorevaluedthanthecharacteristicsofanyparticularmember84organizationitselfafamilyorwhentheyseemjustifiablyinconflictwiththegoalsorvaluesofthegroupareapttoassertindividualdifferences
Americansstressindividuality85whentheyseemjustifiablyinmakinggreateffortstodefendhimselftheerrorswerenotintentional,butitisnotrighttodefendhimself
Richard’smistake
Inthiscase86makinggreateffortstodefendtoassistthegroupbywarningothersofsimilarmistakesasimpleapology
Richard’sunstatedintent
appropriateacceptanceoftheblame87toassistthegroupbywarningNothinginhisexperiencehadpreparedhimfortheJapanesereaction–infacthehadbeentaughttodespisesuchbehavior.anapology
subservientForRichardunmanly88NothinginhisexperiencehadWhenitcomestoEngland
betweenAmericansandEnglishmen
fewerproblemsalmostanyothergroup89WhenitcomestoEnglandfewerBemyguestvaluesexpressedinthisgesturelookbeyondthegestureoftakingsugarorcream
HelpyourselfforAmericansfortheEnglish90Bemyguestvaluesexpressedindiffersomewhatinthevalue
ofthedistinctionenjoyentertainingandbeingentertainedAmericanstheEnglish91differsomewhatinthevalueesuchguestbehaviorispresumptuousorrudemakehimselfathomeatthepartyidealguestatAmericanparty
fortheEnglishanswerthedoor,fixone’sowndrink
personsinmanyothersociety92suchguestmakehimselfatideaSilenceisGolden…andConfusing
ProfessorJohnsonwasinvitedtogiveaguestlectureataChineseuniversityintheearly1990s.Hecouldtellthatthestudentswereveryattentive.Theyapplaudedwarmlywhenthelecturecametoanend.However,ProfessorJohnsonwasdisappointedwhennooneaskedanyquestions,evenaf
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