化工專業(yè)英語(yǔ)課件

Unit1ChemicalindustryStandgermanyingoodstead:使德國(guó)得到很大的好處Thelion’sshare:最大的份額Intermediate:中間體Thedifficultycomesindecidingatwhichpointinthissequencetheparticularoperationceasestobepartofthechemicalindustry’ssphereofactivities.在這個(gè)生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中，區(qū)分哪些屬于化學(xué)工業(yè)活動(dòng)是困難的。-blocker:阻斷藥Crease-resistant：抗皺的Non-iron免熨燙的Weathering：侵蝕Allweather：全天候Pitch；瀝青Commitment:投入.Unit1ChemicalindustryStand1Unit2ResearchanddevelopmentWecanpickoutanumberofareasofR&Dactivityinthefollowingparagraphsbutifweweretostartwiththosewhichweretospringtothemindoftheacademic,ratherthantheindustrial,chemistthenthesewouldbebasic,fundamental(background)orexploratoryresearchandthesynthesisofnewcompounds.Academic:學(xué)術(shù)的Synthesis：合成在隨后的段落中，我們可以挑選出很多研究開發(fā)行為的領(lǐng)域。如果這些是學(xué)術(shù)性化學(xué)家而不是工業(yè)化學(xué)家所從事的研究開發(fā)行為，那么這些行為將是基礎(chǔ)、開創(chuàng)性的研究和新化合物的合成。Exploratory：開創(chuàng)性的Bluesky:高高在上的，基本的.Unit2Researchanddevelopmen2Unit3TypicalactivitiesofchemicalengineersConstanttemperaturebath:恒溫水浴Reactant：反應(yīng)物Distillationcolumn:蒸餾塔Scaleup：放大Chemistry：化學(xué)原理Civil：土木Metallurgical：冶金Piping：管道Utility:公用物質(zhì)Pilotplant:中試廠Flowsheet：流程圖Corrosionallowance：腐蝕裕度Logistic：后勤保障Startup:開車Initialcommissioning：交工式運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)Shiftwork：換班工作Inventory：詳細(xì)目錄Sparepart：備件.Unit3Typicalactivitiesofc3Unit5BasicChemicalsConsolidation:鞏固、合并Maywell:可能Swap:交換Theindustrywillmovemoretoservingtherestofthechemicalindustryandlesstoservingthefarmingindustry.工業(yè)將趨向于服務(wù)化學(xué)工業(yè)的其余部分，而不是農(nóng)業(yè)。Anotherthreatistheperceivedenvironmentalmessinessofmanylarge-scaleprocesses.Perceived:感覺到的Messiness:凌亂不整潔困境另一個(gè)威脅是很多大規(guī)模工藝所已經(jīng)面臨的環(huán)境困境。Theindustrymaywellseeincreasedconsolidationas~~~化學(xué)工業(yè)可能會(huì)日益鞏固，當(dāng)～～～.Unit5BasicChemicalsConsolid4Thedrivetoincreasedrecyclingandtheidealofemission-freeplantswillbeamajorfactorinfluencingthedevelopmentoftheindustryinthenextdecade.增加回收利用的動(dòng)力和無(wú)廢物排放工廠的理想在下個(gè)十年里是影響工業(yè)發(fā)展的主要因素。.Thedrivetoincreasedrecycli5Unit6Chlor-AlkaliandRelatedProcessesBulkchemicalindustry:大化工Thesegmentisnormallytakentoinclude~~~~.氯堿工業(yè)包括～～～。Eversince:從那時(shí)到現(xiàn)在自從Thepeculiareconomicsofelectrolyticprocessesmeanthatyouhavetomakechlorineandcausticsodatogetherinafixedratiowhatevertherelativedemandforthetwototallydifferenttypesofproduct,andthiscausesswingsinthepriceofcausticsodawhichcanrendersoda-ashmoreorlessfavorableasanalkali.Swing:波動(dòng)Render:呈遞,歸還,著色,匯報(bào),致使,放棄,表演,實(shí)施按照固定的比率生產(chǎn)氯和苛性鈉而不論這兩個(gè)完全不同類型的產(chǎn)品的相對(duì)需求，這種電解工藝的特殊經(jīng)濟(jì)特性會(huì)造成苛性鈉的價(jià)格波動(dòng)，這會(huì)偏向于用純堿作為堿。.Unit6Chlor-AlkaliandRelate6翻譯長(zhǎng)句子的規(guī)則和經(jīng)驗(yàn)：1.抓住長(zhǎng)句子中的主句，一般是長(zhǎng)句子中的第一句。其它部分是圍繞主句展開的。2.搞清楚其它部分的主語(yǔ)是指的主句中的哪個(gè)部分，或者是修飾主句中的哪一部分，或和主句有什么關(guān)系。4.在清楚關(guān)系后，先翻譯主句，然后根據(jù)主句翻譯其它部分，再理順?biāo)麄冎g的關(guān)系，相互關(guān)聯(lián)翻譯，不要獨(dú)立于其它部分之外翻譯。5.不要按照字面翻譯，而要意譯，翻譯流暢而要忠于原文原意。3.搞清楚從句之間的關(guān)系，是否后一從句和前一從句是從屬關(guān)系，和主句又有和關(guān)系。.翻譯長(zhǎng)句子的規(guī)則和經(jīng)驗(yàn)：1.抓住長(zhǎng)句子中的主句，一般是長(zhǎng)句子7Readily：容易地Brine:鹽水Limestone:石灰石Ready:有準(zhǔn)備的,準(zhǔn)備完畢的,甘心的,情愿的,現(xiàn)成的,迅速的Complex:復(fù)雜,合成物,絡(luò)合物,聯(lián)合企業(yè)Laiddown(Laydown):放下形成Laiddownovergeologicaltimebyvariousmarineorganisms.Over:在...期間,在...時(shí)間內(nèi)Geologicaltime:地質(zhì)時(shí)期在一段地質(zhì)時(shí)期內(nèi)由海洋生物形成的。About40%oftheoutputofthelimeindustrygoesintosteel-making,whereitisUsedtoreactwiththerefractorysilicapresentinironoretogiveafluidslagwhichFloatstothesurfaceandiseasilyseparatedfromtheliquidmetal.大約40%的石灰工業(yè)的產(chǎn)出投入到鋼鐵的制造中，它被用來(lái)和鐵礦石中的高熔點(diǎn)的氧化硅反應(yīng)形成液渣浮到液體金屬的表面并被容易的分離出來(lái)。.Readily：容易地Laiddown(Laydown8Remotely:遙遠(yuǎn)地,偏僻地非常地Strength：濃度Ammoniaabsorber:氨吸收器Nominally:微少的Theprocess,whichwasperfectedbyernestsolvayin1865,isbasedontheprecipitationofNaHCO3whenananmmoniatedsolutionofsaltiscarbonatedwithCO2fromacoke-firedlimekiln.于1865年被ernestsolvay完善的這個(gè)工藝，是基于氨化的鹽溶液和焦炭煅燒的石灰窯中產(chǎn)生的二氧化碳所形成的碳酸反應(yīng)生成碳酸氫鈉沉淀。Debatable:成問題的，可爭(zhēng)辯的Lightsoda-ash:輕質(zhì)純堿.Remotely:遙遠(yuǎn)地,偏僻地非常地Strength：濃9Theseareusedbyindustriesthatneedtheliquidsodium,mainlyintheproductionoftetra-alkylleadpetroleumadditives,thoughthepetroleumadditivecompaniesarediversifyingandotherusesmayappear.Diversify:使多樣化這些（指鈉和氯）被需要液體鈉的工業(yè)所使用，盡管石油添加劑公司正在多樣化它們的產(chǎn)品，鈉的其它用途也許會(huì)出現(xiàn)，但是它主要用來(lái)生產(chǎn)石油添加劑四烷基鉛。Memberancecellsarereallytheonlytechnologythatisviablefornewcapacityinmodernplants,butalargeamountofoldcapacitystillexistsandmanycompanieshavenotfounditeconomicaltoreplaceeventheirmercurycells,despitetheenviromentalimplications.膜電池對(duì)于現(xiàn)代化工廠中新增的生產(chǎn)能力是唯一可行的技術(shù)，但是相當(dāng)大量的舊生產(chǎn)能力仍然存在，許多公司發(fā)現(xiàn)甚至用膜電池來(lái)替換存在環(huán)境問題的汞電池在經(jīng)濟(jì)上也是不劃算的。Uphill:上坡的，向上的Gloriously:光榮的，輝煌的非常的.Theseareusedbyindustriest10Inturn:依次，輪流繼續(xù)Sortout:挑選出，理清解決.Inturn:依次，輪流繼續(xù)Sortout:挑選出，11refertosb.[sth.]as:稱某人[物]為Unit9PolymerConvention:習(xí)俗,慣例Bulkpolymer:本體聚合物Coil:線圈sweepout：掃掉、清除占據(jù)Makeup:組成Aliphatic：脂肪族的Aromatic：芳香族的Elastomer:人造橡膠Liability：責(zé)任,義務(wù)Sparingly:節(jié)儉地,保守地.refertosb.[sth.]as:稱某人[物]為12Advancedperformance:高性能Randomcopolymer:無(wú)規(guī)共聚物Alternatingcopolymer:交替共聚物Blockcopolymer:嵌段共聚物Therearemanydifferentgradesofthesamepolymer,dependingonthefinalapplication,e.g.,differentMW,MWD,extentofbranching,crossing-linking,etc.,andthesevariationsaremultipliedwhencopolymers(random,alternatingandblock)

arecondidered.Extentofbranching:支鏈長(zhǎng)度Crossing-linking:交聯(lián)同一聚合物根據(jù)最終的應(yīng)用有許多不同級(jí)別，例如說(shuō)，不同的分子量、分子量分布、支鏈長(zhǎng)度、交聯(lián)等等，當(dāng)考慮到共聚物時(shí)（無(wú)規(guī)共聚物，交替共聚物，嵌段共聚物），這些級(jí)別還會(huì)增加。Multiply:增加.Advancedperformance:高性能Rando13Up-grade:越級(jí)別Offspecification:超規(guī)格Paramount：極為重要的Otherthan:除了Step-growth(polymerization):分步增長(zhǎng)聚合Monofunctional:單官能的Propagation：增長(zhǎng)反應(yīng)Thusmonofunctionalimpuritiesinstep-growth,andradicalscavengers,chain-Transferimpuritiesandcatalystpoison(e.g.waterinionicpropagation)inchainPolymerizationsareallsignificant.Radicalscavengers:官能團(tuán)清除劑在鏈?zhǔn)骄酆戏磻?yīng)中，分步增長(zhǎng)聚合中的單官能團(tuán)雜質(zhì)、官能團(tuán)清除劑、鏈傳遞雜質(zhì)、使催化劑中毒的物質(zhì)（例如，離子增長(zhǎng)反應(yīng)中的水）都是非常重要的。.Up-grade:越級(jí)別Offspecification:14Exothermic:發(fā)熱的Tubular:管狀的UnlesseconomicsdictateachangeDictate:口述,口授,使聽寫,指令,指示,命令,規(guī)定除非證明改變的經(jīng)濟(jì)性Non-volatile:不揮發(fā)的Steamstripping:汽提,蒸汽脫附Emulsion:乳液Nevertheless,precipitationbyusinganon-solventfollowedbycentrifuging,orbyCoagulationofanemulsionorlatexandremovalofthesolventbysteam-stripping(tokeepthetemperaturedownandpreventdecomposition)canbeused.DevolatilisationofthesolventorunusedmonomerfromthepolymercanbePerformedduringpellitizationinanextruder.然而，通過(guò)非溶劑沉淀隨后離心分離，或者通過(guò)乳液或乳膠絮凝，或者通過(guò)汽提過(guò)程除去溶劑（保持溫度不升高，避免聚合物分解），這些過(guò)程都是可以使用的。從聚合物中脫除溶劑或未反應(yīng)的單體可以通過(guò)擠壓機(jī)進(jìn)行擠壓來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。.Exothermic:發(fā)熱的Tubular:管狀的Unl15Unit10Whatischemicalengineering?Inawidersense:更廣義來(lái)說(shuō)Presentation:介紹,陳述,贈(zèng)送,表達(dá)Facility:設(shè)備Particular:特殊的,特別的,獨(dú)特的,特定的Aboveall:首先Adapt:使適應(yīng),使適合,改寫,改編Indoingso,however,itdoesnotsimplycopytheirfindings,butadaptsthemtobulkchemicalprocessing.Bulk:整個(gè)Indoingso:在這樣做應(yīng)用即使這樣，化學(xué)工程不是簡(jiǎn)單的重復(fù)化學(xué)的發(fā)現(xiàn)，而是把發(fā)現(xiàn)應(yīng)用到整個(gè)化學(xué)加工上。.Unit10Whatischemicalengin16Bestofall:最好的Theprincipalobjectivesthatsetchemicalengineeringapartfromchemistryasapurescience,istofindthemosteconomicalrouteofoperationandtodesigncommercialequipmentandaccessoriesthatsuititbestofall.setapart:使分離,使分開,留出時(shí)間,金錢等區(qū)別使化學(xué)工程和作為純科學(xué)的化學(xué)區(qū)別開的化學(xué)工程的首要目標(biāo)是找到最經(jīng)濟(jì)的操作路線，并且設(shè)計(jì)最符合這個(gè)目標(biāo)的商業(yè)化設(shè)備和輔助設(shè)備。Inconceivable：不能想像的,難以相信的Inconceivable和without構(gòu)成雙重否定Largely:主要的.Bestofall:最好的Theprincipal17Theexpansionofthechemicalprocessindustriesontheonehandandadvancesinthechemicalandtechnicalsciencesontheotherhavemadeitpossibletolaytheoreticalfoundationsforchemicalprocessing.Layfoundation:打基礎(chǔ)一方面化學(xué)加工工業(yè)的擴(kuò)張和另一方面它在化學(xué)原理和技術(shù)上的進(jìn)步，已經(jīng)使給化學(xué)加工打下理論基礎(chǔ)成為可能。Advance:進(jìn)步Inone’sownright:憑本身的能力或資格comeintobeing:形成Turnout:打掃,驅(qū)逐,使外傾,生產(chǎn),起床,翻出,制造,關(guān)掉Foralltherhetoricofnineteenth-centryacademicchemistsinBritainurgingthepriorityofthestudyofpurechemistryoverapplied,theirstudentswhobecameworkschemistswerelittlemorethanqualitativeandquantitativeanalysts.Rhetoric:言語(yǔ)Urge:促進(jìn)Priority:優(yōu)先、優(yōu)先權(quán)Qualitative:定性的Quantitative：定量的Workschemist:工程化學(xué)家19世紀(jì)的學(xué)術(shù)化學(xué)家促進(jìn)了純化學(xué)高于應(yīng)用化學(xué)的觀點(diǎn)，按照他們的觀點(diǎn)，他們的學(xué)生變成了只是做定性和定量分析的工程化學(xué)家。.Theexpansionofthechemical18Dichotomy:兩分,分裂Firm:公司Content：使?jié)M足Consultant：顧問Possiblybecausethemechanicalengineerswhohadalreadybeenintroducedintoworkstomaintainthesteamenginesandpumpsinanindustryofgrowingcomplexitywerethemenwhoseemedbestabletounderstandtheprocessesinvolved.可能因?yàn)樵趶?fù)雜性正在增加的工業(yè)中從事維護(hù)蒸汽機(jī)和泵的機(jī)械工程師，正是看起來(lái)最能理解所涉及的工藝過(guò)程的人。Perspective：遠(yuǎn)景,前途,觀點(diǎn),看法,觀點(diǎn),觀察Instead,theexpectationwasthattheprocessesgenerictovariousspecificindustrieswouldbeanalyzed,thusmakingroomfortheintroductionofthermodynamicperspectives,aswellasthosebeingopenedupbythenewphysicalchemistryofkinetics,solutionsandphases.Generic:屬的,類的,一般的,普通的,非特殊的相反，期望是分析不同的工業(yè)所共同具有的工藝，因此除了正在開始的對(duì)動(dòng)力學(xué)、溶液、相的新物理化學(xué)研究，要為動(dòng)力學(xué)觀點(diǎn)的研究讓出空間。共同的.Dichotomy:兩分,分裂Firm:公司Content19Fledge：長(zhǎng)羽毛,(幼蟲)長(zhǎng)翅(變成成蟲)完整的neatly:整潔地,優(yōu)美的,巧妙的Encapsulate:裝入膠囊,壓縮概括Ineffectheappliedtheethicsofindustrialconsultancybywhichexperiencewastransmittedfromplanttoplantandfromprocesstoprocessinsuchawaywhichdidnotcompromisetheprivateorspecificknowledgewhichcontributedtoagivenplant’sprofitability.實(shí)際上，他遵守了工業(yè)顧問工作的道德觀，以一個(gè)不觸犯給一個(gè)特定工廠帶來(lái)利潤(rùn)的私有或特定知識(shí)的方式，從一個(gè)工廠到另一個(gè)工廠、從一個(gè)工藝到另一個(gè)工藝的進(jìn)行經(jīng)驗(yàn)傳遞，。Compromise:妥協(xié),折衷,危及...的安全觸犯Resolve:決心,決定,決心要,(使)分解,溶解,解決.Fledge：長(zhǎng)羽毛,(幼蟲)長(zhǎng)翅(變成成蟲)完整的nea20SodiumPotassiumⅠAⅡAⅢAⅣAⅤAⅥAⅦAⅧAHHeLiBe固體元素人造元素BCNOFNeNaMg氣體元素液體元素AlSiPSClArKCaScTiVCrMnFeCoNiCuZnGaGeAsSeBrKrRbSrYZrNbMoTcRuRhPdAgCdInSnSbTeIXeCsBaLaHfTaWReOsIrPtAuHgTlPbBiPoAtRnFrRaAcRfDbSgBhHsMtUunUuuUubUutUuqUupUuhUusUuo

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UraniumMagnesiumCalciumAluminumTitaniumVanadiumChromiumZirconiumTantalumMolybdenum.SodiumPotassiumⅠAⅡAⅢAⅣAⅤAⅥA21Discipline:紀(jì)律,學(xué)科Interdiscipline:交叉學(xué)科confluence:匯合、匯流Thetraditionallevelofsizeandcomplexityatwhichtheyhaveworkedontheseproblemsmightbetermedthemesoscale.Mesoscale:中間尺度Thetraditionallevelofsizeandcomplexity：傳統(tǒng)規(guī)模和復(fù)雜性的層次他們解決這些問題的所基于的傳統(tǒng)規(guī)模及復(fù)雜性的層次可以被定義為中間尺度。Microscale:Dimension:尺寸,尺度,維(數(shù))Mesoscale:Macrosale:moleculareventsreactor,equipment,combinationsofunitoperations整體系統(tǒng)Multidispline:多學(xué)科.Discipline:紀(jì)律,學(xué)科Interdiscipli22Therewillbeaspecialdesignchallengeinestablishedandemergingindustriesthatproduceproprietary,differentiatedproductstailoredtoexactingperformancespecifications.Proprietary:有專利權(quán)的Differentiated：有區(qū)別的在已經(jīng)建立的和正在出現(xiàn)的工業(yè)中將會(huì)有特殊的產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)上的挑戰(zhàn)，即根據(jù)設(shè)定的確切性能目標(biāo)規(guī)格，生產(chǎn)有專利權(quán)的和區(qū)別化的產(chǎn)品。Theseproductsarecharacterizedbytheneedforrapidinnovatoryastheyarequicklysupersededinthemarketplacebynewerproducts.Innovatory:創(chuàng)新這些產(chǎn)品以快速創(chuàng)新的需求為特征，因?yàn)樵谑袌?chǎng)中它們會(huì)迅速的被更新的產(chǎn)品所取代。Supersede：代替、取代Characterize:以….為特征Specification:詳述,規(guī)格,說(shuō)明書,規(guī)范.Therewillbeaspecialdesign23Thepositionofchemicalengineeringastheengineeringdisciplinewiththestrongesttietothemolecularsciencesisanasset,sincesuchscienceaschemistry,molecularbiology,biomedicine,andsolid-statephysicsareprovidingtheseedsfortomorrow’stechnologies.作為工程學(xué)科，化學(xué)工程和分子科學(xué)的緊密聯(lián)系是一個(gè)寶貴的財(cái)產(chǎn)，因?yàn)榉肿涌茖W(xué)（例如…..）給將來(lái)的技術(shù)提供了發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)。Chemicalengineeringhasabrightfutureastheinterfacialdiscipline,thatwillbridgescienceandengineeringinthemultidisciplinaryenvironmentswherethesenewtechnologieswillbebroughtintobeing.bringintobeing:使形成Interfacialdiscipline:界面學(xué)科作為界面學(xué)科，化學(xué)工程有美好的未來(lái)，它把科學(xué)和工程連接在多學(xué)科的環(huán)境中，這將促使新技術(shù)的形成。.Thepositionofchemicalengin24Unit12WhatdowemeanbytransportphenomenaTransportphenomena:傳遞現(xiàn)象Collectivename:統(tǒng)稱Fluidmechanics:流體力學(xué)Momentum：動(dòng)量傳遞Heatconduction:熱傳導(dǎo)Whereby：adv.憑什么,為何Differentialequation:微分方程Boundaryconditions:邊界條件Nomenclature：術(shù)語(yǔ)，專門名詞Solution:解變量Theseanalogies,astheyareusuallycalled,canoftenberelatedtosimilaritiesinthephysicalmechanismswherebythetransporttakesplace.這些相似性，就像它們通常所被認(rèn)為的，就是指這些傳遞發(fā)生的物理機(jī)制是相似的。Vector:矢量、向量Scalar：標(biāo)量、純量.Unit12Whatdowemeanbytra25Moreover,ifthedifferentialequationsandboundaryconditionsarethesame,asolutionneedbeobtainedforonlyoneoftheprocessessincebychangingthenomenclaturethatsolutioncanbeusedtoobtainthesolutionforanyothertransportprocess.此外，假如微分方程和邊界條件是相同的，就只需要對(duì)其中的一個(gè)過(guò)程求解，因?yàn)橥ㄟ^(guò)換相應(yīng)的變量，這個(gè)解可以被用來(lái)得到其它傳遞過(guò)程的解。Parallel:平行的Insteadof:而不是Pedagogical:教學(xué)法的Serial:連續(xù)的Becauseitisimpossibletocoverheatandmasstransportthoroughlywithoutpriorknowledgeofmomentumtransport,oneisforcedundertheserialapproachtotakeupthemostdifficultsubject(momentumtransport)first.Prior:優(yōu)先的,在前的因?yàn)椴幌攘私鈩?dòng)量傳遞，不可能完全理解熱和物質(zhì)傳遞，所以在連續(xù)性的方法中，不得不先去了解最困難的動(dòng)量傳遞的問題。byreferenceto：參考Representation:表達(dá)Vectornotation：向量符號(hào)Partialdifferentialequation:偏微分方程.Moreover,ifthedifferential26化工專題新型綠色化工納米催化劑Keywords:catalysis,catalyst,nanoparticle,naomaterials要求：1.英文綜述2.引用英文文獻(xiàn)，不能引中文文獻(xiàn).化工專題新型綠色化工納米催化劑Keywords:catal27beconcernedwith:參與、干預(yù)Beofvalue:有利用價(jià)值的Compressor:壓縮機(jī)Humidifier：增濕器Aircooler:空氣冷卻器Fractionater:分餾器、精餾器Absorber：吸收器Withregardto:關(guān)于Inturn:依次、輪流Correlate:使相互關(guān)聯(lián)Dimensionless:無(wú)因次Empirical：經(jīng)驗(yàn)的Itisofcoursea“practical”mattertobeabletoobtaintheparameters,i.e.,theheat-transfercoefficientsthatareusedindesign,andforthatreasonatransportphenomenacoursecanbeconsideredanengineeringcourseaswellasoneinscience.獲得參數(shù)，即在設(shè)計(jì)中使用的熱傳遞系數(shù)，當(dāng)然是一個(gè)實(shí)際問題；由于這個(gè)原因，傳遞現(xiàn)象課程除了是一個(gè)科學(xué)上的課程，可以被認(rèn)為是一個(gè)工程課程。i.e.：也就是、即.beconcernedwith:參與、干預(yù)Beofv28Exothermal:放熱的Sophisticated：復(fù)雜的Gointo:進(jìn)入,加入,探究,變得Insteadthetheoryandmathematicalproceduresoftransportphenomenaareessential,unlessonewishestogototheexpenseandtakethetimetobuildpilotplantsofincreasingsizeandmeasuretheconversionineach.相反，除非花費(fèi)大量資金和時(shí)間建立大規(guī)模的中試廠去測(cè)量每個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)換過(guò)程，利用理論和數(shù)學(xué)程序研究傳遞現(xiàn)象是必要的。Precarious：不穩(wěn)定的Obsolete:過(guò)時(shí)的Ifengineeringstudentsaretohaveaneducationthatisnotbecomeobsolete,theymustbeprepared,throughanunderstandingofthemethodsoftransportphenomena,tomakeuseofthecomputationsthatwillbemadeinthefuture.假如學(xué)工程的學(xué)生要接受不會(huì)過(guò)時(shí)的教育，他們必須通過(guò)對(duì)傳遞現(xiàn)象研究方法的理解，準(zhǔn)備好如何去使用在將來(lái)的工作中要進(jìn)行的計(jì)算。.Exothermal:放熱的Sophisticated：復(fù)雜29Chemicalprocessesmayconsistofwidelyvaryingsequencesofsteps,theprinciplesofwhichareindependentofthematerialbeingoperateduponandofothercharacteristicsoftheparticularsystem.不同的化學(xué)工藝由順序不同的步驟所構(gòu)成，它們的原理不依賴于所被操作的材料和特定系統(tǒng)的其它特性。Philosophy：基本原理Fundamental:基本原則Theunit-operationsconceptinchemicalengineeringisbasedonthephilosophythatwidelyvaryingsequencesofstepscanbereducedtosimpleoperationsorreactions,whichareidenticalinfundamentalsregardlessofthematerialbeingprocessed.化工工程中的單元操作的概念是基于一個(gè)基本原理：順序變化很大的步驟可以被簡(jiǎn)化為簡(jiǎn)單的操作或反應(yīng)，不管所處理的材料是什么，它們?cè)诨驹瓌t上是等同的。Unit13UnitoperationsinchemicalengineeringTheversatilityofchemicalengineeringoriginatesintraining

to(from)thepracticeofbreakingupacomplexprocessintoindividualphysicalsteps,calledunitoperations,raining:在學(xué)習(xí)中

versatility：多功能性（復(fù)雜性、多樣性）

.Chemicalprocessesmayconsist30Thecomplexityofchemicalengineeringresultsfromthevarietyofconditionsastotemperature,pressure,etc.,underwhichtheunitactionsmustbecarriedoutindifferentprocessesandfromthelimitationsastomaterialsofconstructionanddesignofapparatusimposedbyphysicalandchemicalcharacterofthereactingsubstances.化學(xué)工程的復(fù)雜性源于在不同的工藝中，單元操作的溫度、壓力等操作條件的多樣性；化學(xué)工程的復(fù)雜性也源于反應(yīng)物質(zhì)的物理和化學(xué)特性所決定的建造材料和設(shè)備設(shè)計(jì)的極限。Humidification:增濕Sedimentation:沉降Classification:分級(jí)、分粒、選分Centrifugation:離心分離Agitation:攪拌Inrecentyearsincreasingunderstandingofnewtechniques-andadaptationofoldbutseldomusedseparativetechniques-hasledtoacontinuallyincreasingnumberofseparations,processingoperations,orstepsinamanufacturethatcouldbeusedwithoutsignificantalterationinavarietyofprocesses.近些年來(lái)，對(duì)新技術(shù)理解的增加和采用舊式但很少使用的分離技術(shù)，導(dǎo)致了在工廠中多種工藝中采用的但沒有顯著差別的分離、處理操作或步驟的持續(xù)增加。.Thecomplexityofchemicaleng31Volatile:揮發(fā)性的Semipermeablemembrane:半透膜immiscible：不相混的Debit:把….記入借方Credit:記入貸方Electricalpotential:電勢(shì)Leaching:浸提Extraction：萃取Directcurrent:直流.Volatile:揮發(fā)性的Semipermeablemem32Instantaneous:瞬間的Successive：連續(xù)的Collision：碰撞Impeller：葉輪Waveletanalysis:微元分析Entrainment：夾帶Breakage：破壞Attrition：磨損Indispensable：不可缺少的Trajectory:軌道Acrylic：丙烯酸Baffle：擋板Ruffle：滋擾Discharge:釋放circulationflow:環(huán)流attrition：磨損nucleation：成核Catalytic：催化frequency：頻率shutter：快門inertia：慣性Pitched：傾斜的histogram：柱狀圖breakdown：破壞.Instantaneous:瞬間的Successive：連續(xù)33Unit14DistillationDumpedororderedpackings:亂堆或整齊堆放填料Plate:板Tray:塔盤、塔板Hold-downandsupportplates:固定和支撐板Fraction:餾分Cascading:成瀑布落下，分多級(jí)進(jìn)行Reboiler：再沸器Overheadcondenser:塔頂冷凝器Reflux:回流Distillate：餾出物Countercurrent:逆流Relativevolatility：相對(duì)揮發(fā)度Rectifyingsection:精餾段Strippingsection:提留段Sidestream：側(cè)線餾分Circumvent:回避Hypothetical:假設(shè)的Equilibrium-stage：平衡級(jí)（理論板）Trayefficiency:塔板效率.Unit14DistillationDumpedor34Thenumberofhypotheticalequilibriumstagesrequiredisthenconvertedtoanumberactualtraysbymeansoftrayefficiencies,whichdescribetheextenttowhichtheperformanceofactualcontacttrayduplicatestheperformanceofanequilibriumstage然后理論塔板數(shù)通過(guò)塔板效率被轉(zhuǎn)換成實(shí)際塔板數(shù)；塔板效率是實(shí)際塔板表現(xiàn)和理論塔板表現(xiàn)的比值。Installation:裝置Foul：弄臟,淤塞Plug：堵、塞Pot：罐Boiler：鍋爐Bump:暴沸Itsuseusuallyrestrictedtopreliminaryworkinwhichproductswillbeheldforadditionalseparationatalatertime,whenmostofthevolatilecomponentmustberemovedfromthebatchbeforeitisprocessedfurther,orforsimilarnoncriticalseparations.當(dāng)在進(jìn)一步分離前或進(jìn)行類似的非臨界分離前，需要先除去大部分的揮發(fā)性組分，簡(jiǎn)單間歇蒸餾經(jīng)常被用來(lái)進(jìn)行初步分離，然后其產(chǎn)品再被進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步的分離。Totalreflux:全回流Cut：餾分Batchstill:間歇蒸餾器.Thenumberofhypotheticalequ35化工專題：鼓泡反應(yīng)器bubblecolumnreactor中文：英文：文獻(xiàn)來(lái)源：/SZZY/Database/yinjin.htm（引進(jìn)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)）中國(guó)學(xué)術(shù)期刊全文數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)(cnki)中文數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)：英文數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)：SpringerLINK數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)

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要求：綜述，800-1000字，至少引用5篇英文文獻(xiàn).化工專題：鼓泡反應(yīng)器bubblecolumnreacto36Haematite：赤鐵礦Consistency:濃度Deviation:偏差Classifier:分級(jí)器分粒器Postulate:假定Ejector:噴射器denote:指示Power:指數(shù)leastsquaremethod：最小二乘法specificgravitybottle：比重瓶abovelimit：上限r(nóng)ectangulargraphpaper：坐標(biāo)紙.Haematite：赤鐵礦Consistency:濃度Dev37Unit17ChemicalreactionengineeringInconsequential:不重要的Fluidmechanics:流體力學(xué)Synthesis:綜合Thedesignofchemicalreactorsisprobablytheoneactivitywhichisuniquetochemicalengineering,anditisprobablythisfunctionmorethananythingelsewhichjustifiestheexistenceofchemicalengineeringasadistinctbranchofengineering.化學(xué)反應(yīng)器設(shè)計(jì)是一種區(qū)別于化學(xué)工程的行為，但和任何其它的行為相比，它的特性更可能使化學(xué)工程成為一個(gè)工程的分支。Magnitude:量級(jí)Dichloroethane:三氯乙烷homogeneousandheterogeneousreaction:均相和非均相反應(yīng)Overriding:最重要的immiscible：不相混的Nitration:硝化Toluene:甲苯Benzene:苯.Unit17Chemicalreactionengi38Emulsionpolymerization:乳液聚合Amine:胺Platinum：鉑Reduction:還原Agitate:攪拌Jacket:夾套Coil:螺旋管Flask:燒瓶packedbedreactor：固定床反應(yīng)器Fluidizedbed：流化床Pigment:顏料Dyestuff：染料.Emulsionpolymerization:乳液聚合Am39Unit1ChemicalindustryStandgermanyingoodstead:使德國(guó)得到很大的好處Thelion’sshare:最大的份額Intermediate:中間體Thedifficultycomesindecidingatwhichpointinthissequencetheparticularoperationceasestobepartofthechemicalindustry’ssphereofactivities.在這個(gè)生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中，區(qū)分哪些屬于化學(xué)工業(yè)活動(dòng)是困難的。-blocker:阻斷藥Crease-resistant：抗皺的Non-iron免熨燙的Weathering：侵蝕Allweather：全天候Pitch；瀝青Commitment:投入.Unit1ChemicalindustryStand40Unit2ResearchanddevelopmentWecanpickoutanumberofareasofR&Dactivityinthefollowingparagraphsbutifweweretostartwiththosewhichweretospringtothemindoftheacademic,ratherthantheindustrial,chemistthenthesewouldbebasic,fundamental(background)orexploratoryresearchandthesynthesisofnewcompounds.Academic:學(xué)術(shù)的Synthesis：合成在隨后的段落中，我們可以挑選出很多研究開發(fā)行為的領(lǐng)域。如果這些是學(xué)術(shù)性化學(xué)家而不是工業(yè)化學(xué)家所從事的研究開發(fā)行為，那么這些行為將是基礎(chǔ)、開創(chuàng)性的研究和新化合物的合成。Exploratory：開創(chuàng)性的Bluesky:高高在上的，基本的.Unit2Researchanddevelopmen41Unit3TypicalactivitiesofchemicalengineersConstanttemperaturebath:恒溫水浴Reactant：反應(yīng)物Distillationcolumn:蒸餾塔Scaleup：放大Chemistry：化學(xué)原理Civil：土木Metallurgical：冶金Piping：管道Utility:公用物質(zhì)Pilotplant:中試廠Flowsheet：流程圖Corrosionallowance：腐蝕裕度Logistic：后勤保障Startup:開車Initialcommissioning：交工式運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)Shiftwork：換班工作Inventory：詳細(xì)目錄Sparepart：備件.Unit3Typicalactivitiesofc42Unit5BasicChemicalsConsolidation:鞏固、合并Maywell:可能Swap:交換Theindustrywillmovemoretoservingtherestofthechemicalindustryandlesstoservingthefarmingindustry.工業(yè)將趨向于服務(wù)化學(xué)工業(yè)的其余部分，而不是農(nóng)業(yè)。Anotherthreatistheperceivedenvironmentalmessinessofmanylarge-scaleprocesses.Perceived:感覺到的Messiness:凌亂不整潔困境另一個(gè)威脅是很多大規(guī)模工藝所已經(jīng)面臨的環(huán)境困境。Theindustrymaywellseeincreasedconsolidationas~~~化學(xué)工業(yè)可能會(huì)日益鞏固，當(dāng)～～～.Unit5BasicChemicalsConsolid43Thedrivetoincreasedrecyclingandtheidealofemission-freeplantswillbeamajorfactorinfluencingthedevelopmentoftheindustryinthenextdecade.增加回收利用的動(dòng)力和無(wú)廢物排放工廠的理想在下個(gè)十年里是影響工業(yè)發(fā)展的主要因素。.Thedrivetoincreasedrecycli44Unit6Chlor-AlkaliandRelatedProcessesBulkchemicalindustry:大化工Thesegmentisnormallytakentoinclude~~~~.氯堿工業(yè)包括～～～。Eversince:從那時(shí)到現(xiàn)在自從Thepeculiareconomicsofelectrolyticprocessesmeanthatyouhavetomakechlorineandcausticsodatogetherinafixedratiowhatevertherelativedemandforthetwototallydifferenttypesofproduct,andthiscausesswingsinthepriceofcausticsodawhichcanrendersoda-ashmoreorlessfavorableasanalkali.Swing:波動(dòng)Render:呈遞,歸還,著色,匯報(bào),致使,放棄,表演,實(shí)施按照固定的比率生產(chǎn)氯和苛性鈉而不論這兩個(gè)完全不同類型的產(chǎn)品的相對(duì)需求，這種電解工藝的特殊經(jīng)濟(jì)特性會(huì)造成苛性鈉的價(jià)格波動(dòng)，這會(huì)偏向于用純堿作為堿。.Unit6Chlor-AlkaliandRelate45翻譯長(zhǎng)句子的規(guī)則和經(jīng)驗(yàn)：1.抓住長(zhǎng)句子中的主句，一般是長(zhǎng)句子中的第一句。其它部分是圍繞主句展開的。2.搞清楚其它部分的主語(yǔ)是指的主句中的哪個(gè)部分，或者是修飾主句中的哪一部分，或和主句有什么關(guān)系。4.在清楚關(guān)系后，先翻譯主句，然后根據(jù)主句翻譯其它部分，再理順?biāo)麄冎g的關(guān)系，相互關(guān)聯(lián)翻譯，不要獨(dú)立于其它部分之外翻譯。5.不要按照字面翻譯，而要意譯，翻譯流暢而要忠于原文原意。3.搞清楚從句之間的關(guān)系，是否后一從句和前一從句是從屬關(guān)系，和主句又有和關(guān)系。.翻譯長(zhǎng)句子的規(guī)則和經(jīng)驗(yàn)：1.抓住長(zhǎng)句子中的主句，一般是長(zhǎng)句子46Readily：容易地Brine:鹽水Limestone:石灰石Ready:有準(zhǔn)備的,準(zhǔn)備完畢的,甘心的,情愿的,現(xiàn)成的,迅速的Complex:復(fù)雜,合成物,絡(luò)合物,聯(lián)合企業(yè)Laiddown(Laydown):放下形成Laiddownovergeologicaltimebyvariousmarineorganisms.Over:在...期間,在...時(shí)間內(nèi)Geologicaltime:地質(zhì)時(shí)期在一段地質(zhì)時(shí)期內(nèi)由海洋生物形成的。About40%oftheoutputofthelimeindustrygoesintosteel-making,whereitisUsedtoreactwiththerefractorysilicapresentinironoretogiveafluidslagwhichFloatstothesurfaceandiseasilyseparatedfromtheliquidmetal.大約40%的石灰工業(yè)的產(chǎn)出投入到鋼鐵的制造中，它被用來(lái)和鐵礦石中的高熔點(diǎn)的氧化硅反應(yīng)形成液渣浮到液體金屬的表面并被容易的分離出來(lái)。.Readily：容易地Laiddown(Laydown47Remotely:遙遠(yuǎn)地,偏僻地非常地Strength：濃度Ammoniaabsorber:氨吸收器Nominally:微少的Theprocess,whichwasperfectedbyernestsolvayin1865,isbasedontheprecipitationofNaHCO3whenananmmoniatedsolutionofsaltiscarbonatedwithCO2fromacoke-firedlimekiln.于1865年被ernestsolvay完善的這個(gè)工藝，是基于氨化的鹽溶液和焦炭煅燒的石灰窯中產(chǎn)生的二氧化碳所形成的碳酸反應(yīng)生成碳酸氫鈉沉淀。Debatable:成問題的，可爭(zhēng)辯的Lightsoda-ash:輕質(zhì)純堿.Remotely:遙遠(yuǎn)地,偏僻地非常地Strength：濃48Theseareusedbyindustriesthatneedtheliquidsodium,mainlyintheproductionoftetra-alkylleadpetroleumadditives,thoughthepetroleumadditivecompaniesarediversifyingandotherusesmayappear.Diversify:使多樣化這些（指鈉和氯）被需要液體鈉的工業(yè)所使用，盡管石油添加劑公司正在多樣化它們的產(chǎn)品，鈉的其它用途也許會(huì)出現(xiàn)，但是它主要用來(lái)生產(chǎn)石油添加劑四烷基鉛。Memberancecellsarereallytheonlytechnologythatisviablefornewcapacityinmodernplants,butalargeamountofoldcapacitystillexistsandmanycompanieshavenotfounditeconomicaltoreplaceeventheirmercurycells,despitetheenviromentalimplications.膜電池對(duì)于現(xiàn)代化工廠中新增的生產(chǎn)能力是唯一可行的技術(shù)，但是相當(dāng)大量的舊生產(chǎn)能力仍然存在，許多公司發(fā)現(xiàn)甚至用膜電池來(lái)替換存在環(huán)境問題的汞電池在經(jīng)濟(jì)上也是不劃算的。Uphill:上坡的，向上的Gloriously:光榮的，輝煌的非常的.Theseareusedbyindustriest49Inturn:依次，輪流繼續(xù)Sortout:挑選出，理清解決.Inturn:依次，輪流繼續(xù)Sortout:挑選出，50refertosb.[sth.]as:稱某人[物]為Unit9PolymerConvention:習(xí)俗,慣例Bulkpolymer:本體聚合物Coil:線圈sweepout：掃掉、清除占據(jù)Makeup:組成Aliphatic：脂肪族的Aromatic：芳香族的Elastomer:人造橡膠Liability：責(zé)任,義務(wù)Sparingly:節(jié)儉地,保守地.refertosb.[sth.]as:稱某人[物]為51Advancedperformance:高性能Randomcopolymer:無(wú)規(guī)共聚物Alternatingcopolymer:交替共聚物Blockcopolymer:嵌段共聚物Therearemanydifferentgradesofthesamepolymer,dependingonthefinalapplication,e.g.,differentMW,MWD,extentofbranching,crossing-linking,etc.,andthesevariationsaremultipliedwhencopolymers(random,alternatingandblock)

arecondidered.Extentofbranching:支鏈長(zhǎng)度Crossing-linking:交聯(lián)同一聚合物根據(jù)最終的應(yīng)用有許多不同級(jí)別，例如說(shuō)，不同的分子量、分子量分布、支鏈長(zhǎng)度、交聯(lián)等等，當(dāng)考慮到共聚物時(shí)（無(wú)規(guī)共聚物，交替共聚物，嵌段共聚物），這些級(jí)別還會(huì)增加。Multiply:增加.Advancedperformance:高性能Rando52Up-grade:越級(jí)別Offspecification:超規(guī)格Paramount：極為重要的Otherthan:除了Step-growth(polymerization):分步增長(zhǎng)聚合Monofunctional:單官能的Propagation：增長(zhǎng)反應(yīng)Thusmonofunctionalimpuritiesinstep-growth,andradicalscavengers,chain-Transferimpuritiesandcatalystpoison(e.g.waterinionicpropagation)inchainPolymerizationsareallsignificant.Radicalscavengers:官能團(tuán)清除劑在鏈?zhǔn)骄酆戏磻?yīng)中，分步增長(zhǎng)聚合中的單官能團(tuán)雜質(zhì)、官能團(tuán)清除劑、鏈傳遞雜質(zhì)、使催化劑中毒的物質(zhì)（例如，離子增長(zhǎng)反應(yīng)中的水）都是非常重要的。.Up-grade:越級(jí)別Offspecification:53Exothermic:發(fā)熱的Tubular:管狀的UnlesseconomicsdictateachangeDictate:口述,口授,使聽寫,指令,指示,命令,規(guī)定除非證明改變的經(jīng)濟(jì)性Non-volatile:不揮發(fā)的Steamstripping:汽提,蒸汽脫附Emulsion:乳液Nevertheless,precipitationbyusinganon-solventfollowedbycentrifuging,orbyCoagulationofanemulsionorlatexandremovalofthesolventbysteam-stripping(tokeepthetemperaturedownandpreventdecomposition)canbeused.DevolatilisationofthesolventorunusedmonomerfromthepolymercanbePerformedduringpellitizationinanextruder.然而，通過(guò)非溶劑沉淀隨后離心分離，或者通過(guò)乳液或乳膠絮凝，或者通過(guò)汽提過(guò)程除去溶劑（保持溫度不升高，避免聚合物分解），這些過(guò)程都是可以使用的。從聚合物中脫除溶劑或未反應(yīng)的單體可以通過(guò)擠壓機(jī)進(jìn)行擠壓來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)