當(dāng)代研究生英語讀寫教程cloze答案

ThewebmagazineFromtheWindowcontainspoetryandliteraturefromwell-knowwritersacrosstheglobal.Therearethoughtfularticlesanalyzingthestateoftheworldwelivein.ThereisevenapiecefromtheSecretaryGeneraloftheUnitedStates,KofiAnnan.Itmaycomeassomesurprisetofindoutthattheeditorofthemagazineisa12-year-oldgirl,JoyNightingale.FromthewindowwonJoyNightingalethefirstprizeinthe1999childnetinternationalandCableandWirelessawards.ThesearegivenannuallyforthebestuseoftheInternetbyandforyoungpeople.Andtheyhighlightoneofthemostwelcomingaspectsofthevirtualworld.ChildrenhavetakentotheInternetasthoughtheyarebornsurfing.Perhapsthisisbecauseadultshavehadtochangetheirunderstandingoftechnologywhilechildrensimplyacceptitasnatural.Whateverthereason,childrencanbefoundbuildingwebsitesanE-mailingfriendsacrosstheworldwhileadultsarestillasking:”Tellmeagain-whereexactlyiscyberspace？”O(jiān)fcoursethereisgrowingconcernaboutthefactthatChildrencantravelfarawayfromparentalsupervisionincyberspace.Inresponse,manyparentshaveinstalledsoftwarepackageswhichpervertaccesstoviolentorpornographicwebsites.Childnetistakingamorepositiveline.Thewebsiteisagatewaytoaworldofeducationandentertainment.TherapidgrowthinInternetculturehasledanalyststospeculatethatsocietywillsoonbedividedbetweenthe“informationrich”and“informationpoor”.ForChildnetitisespeciallyimportantthatchildrenatthemarginsofsocietythroughpovertyordisabilityhavethechancetotaketheirplaceasequalcitizensinthevirtualworld.Whenyoucane-mailyourcolleaguesfromthecomfortofyourgarden,thereisnoneedtosufferanuncomfortablejourneyjusttospeaktothem.Ifyouneedanimportantdocument,itcanbefaxedviasatellitetoyourmobilephone,andviewedonlaptopcomputer.Youcanreceivethedocumentalmostimmediately,evenfromanothercontinent.Sincethepriceoftechnologygetslowereveryday,ownershipofthemeansofproductionbecomesareality.Havingboughtthecomputer,mobilephone,faxmachine,Internetconnectionandprinterthataretheironlymaterialtools,telecommutersbecometrueelectricpeasants.Livingandworkinginthesameenvironmentliketraditionalpeasantfarmers,theydonottillthesoilwiththeirhandsbutgrowservicesfromfertileresourcesoftheirminds.Withnofancyofficeonthetwenty-fifthfloor,however,themicro-entrepreneurcanhavetroubleprovinghisorhercredentials.Rightlyorwrongly,peoplerespondtostatussymbolslikebigofficesinsmartbuilding.”Ifthecompanycanaffordallthis,”peoplethink,“itmustbedoingprettywell.”Butfacedwithonepersondoingbusinessfromaroomathome,clientsaretemptedtothinkthattheircontactisnotsuchabig-shotafterall.Butisitnecessarilytruethatacentrallocationandalargeofficemakeabetterworker?Infact,studiesshowthathomeworkersareactuallymoredisciplinedaboutcompletingtasksandindeedworklongerhoursthantheircolleaguesintheoffice.Likethetraditionalpeasantwhoownedhisland,theyfeelthattheyowntheirwork.Furthermoretheyaren’ttiedtoschedulebutworkwhenitsuitsthem.Ifthatmeanstakinganhourortwotoplaywiththechildrenandthenstayingupuntilmidnighttofinishapresentation,thenetresultisahappierworkerwhohascompletedthetask.AlmosteveryAmericanwearsawatch,and,innearlyeveryroominanAmericanhome,there'saclock."Beontime.""Don'twastetime.""Timewaitsfornoone."AllofthesefamiliarsayingsreflecttheAmericanobsessionwithpromptnessandefficiency.Studentsandemployeesdispleasetheirteachersandbosseswhentheyarrivelate.Thisdesiretogetthemostoutofeveryminuteoftenaffectsbehavior,makingAmericansimpatientwhentheyhavetowait.ThepressuretomakeeverymomentcountsometimesmakesitdifficultforAmericanstorelaxanddonothing.ThedesiretosavetimeandhandleworkefficientlyoftenleadsAmericanstobuymanykindsofmachines.Theserangefromhouseholdappliancestoequipmentfortheoffice,suchascalculators,photocopymachinesandcomputers.Onepopularmachineisthevideocassetterecorder,whichgivesAmericansanewkindofcontrolovertime.Baseballfansdon'thavetomisstheSundayafternoongameonTVbecauseofafamilybirthdayparty.Theysimplyvideotapeit.Then,forthem,theSundayafternoongameoccursonSundayevening.Therearetwofactorswhichdetermineanindividual’sintelligence.Thefirstisthesortofbrainheisbornwith.Humanbrainsdifferconsiderably,somebeingmorecapablethanothers.Butnomatterhowgoodabrainhehastobeginwith,anindividualwillhavealoworderofintelligenceunlesshehasopportunitiestolearn.Sothesecondfactoriswhathappenstotheindividual-thesortofenvironmentinwhichheisbroughtup.Ifanindividualishandicappedenvironmentally,itislikelythathisbrainwillfailtodevelopandhewillneverattainthelevelofintelligenceofwhichheiscapable.Theimportanceofenvironmentindetermininganindividual’sintelligencecanbedemonstratedbythecasehistoryoftheidenticaltwins,PeterandJohn.Whenthetwinswerethreemonthsold,theirparentsdied,andtheywereplacedinseparatefosterhomes.Peterwasrearedbyparentsoflowintelligenceinanisolatedcommunitywithpooreducationalopportunities.John,however,waseducatedinhomeofwell-to-doparentswhohadbeentocollege,Thisenvironmentaldifferencecontinueduntilthetwinswereintheirlateteens,whentheyweregiventeststomeasuretheirintelligence.John’sI.Qwas125,twenty-fivepointshigherthantheaverageandfullyfortypointshigherthanhisidenticalbrother.Latenextcentury,whenscholarsarescriptingthedefinitivehistoryofthePC,theselastfewyearsofhigh-octanegrowthmayactuallybedepictedastheDarkAges.Historianswillmarvelathowwetoiledinfrontofmonolithic,beigeBUBs(biguglyboxes),sufferingundertheoppressiveglareofcathode-raytubeswhileourlegsscrapedagainstthe30-poundtowersbeneathourdesks.Theymayalsomark1999asthestartofthePCrenaissance,whenmanufacturersfinallystartedtogetit:designmatters.Thisholidayseason,computershopperswillenjoyunprecedentedvarietyinshapes,sizesandcolors-andnotjustinApple’sgroundbreakinglineoftranslucentiMacsandiBooks.NearlyeverymajorPCmakernowhasinnovativedesktopdesignsonthewaytomarket,fromhourglass-sculptedtowerstoflat-paneldisplayswithalltheprocessinginnardspackedintothebase.Amongindustrialdesigners,whostillthinkthePChasalongwaybeforeyou’llwanttodisplayitonyourmantle,theonlyquestionis,whattooksolong?”thePCindustryhasridiculeddesignforalongtime,”saysHartmutEsslinger,founderofFrogDesign.“Theyhavenotrespectedtheircustomersandhaveunderestimatedtheirdesires.”PCmakersarefinallycatchingon-andit’spartlyoutofdesperation.Manufacturersusedtosellcomputersbytrumpetingtheirtechnobellsandwhistles,likeprocessorspeedandmemory.Butsinceever-fasterchipshavegivenusmorepoweronthedesktopthanwecouldeverpossibleuse,computermakershavebeencompetingonprice-astrategythathasdroppedmostunitsbelow$1,000andslashedprofits.LastweekIBMlimpedfromthebattlefield,announcingitwouldpullitslaggingAptivalinefromstoreshelvesandsellitonlyontheWeb.Competingonlyonproce”madeanindustryshakeoutinevitable”,saysNickDonatiello,presidentofthemarketingresearchfirmOdyssey.Philip'sfatherwasreading,andhismother,withthemarvellousserenityofolderpeople,wasclearingthetable.Shehadfinishedweek'swork,hadbathed,andherlong,blackhair,washedandcombed,hunginaneatshiningknot.Philiptoowasreading,butpagesremainedunturned.Philipsupposeditoftenhappenedthatchildrenhadnointimateknowledgeoftheirparents.Hiswasalsodistant.Thatwasbecausehedidnotunderstandthem;theywerestrangetohimandoftenevenunreal.Whathadtheybeenwhentheyweremyage,hewondered.Wasitpossiblethattheyhadbeenonceboyandgirl?Whathadtheircourtshipbeenwhentheywereyoung?Whatcouldhappenwhenthetimecameforthemtodie?Itwasdifficultytoimaginethattheyhadbeenyoungonce,orindeedthattheyhadevenbeenotherthanashesawthemnow.Yettherewasanoldpictureofhismother,takenoverthirtyyearsago.OftenPhilipgazedathismotherasshewasyearsago,deeplyimpressedandwonderingattheyoung,finefacewithsadinnocenteyes.Hecouldneverpicturehismotherasagirl,andhereshewas,soft,feminine,andreallylovely.Atthosetimes,too,Philipthoughtofearlierdayswhenhehimselfhadbeenyoungerandwatchedhismotherinherbedroombrushherhairorpowderherface.Onceheexaminedherboxoffacepowder.Thecoverwasprintedinsoftgrey-bluecolours,andthedesignwasofblossomsandleavesdelicatelyintermingled,andtheFrenchwordsheldamysteriouscharm.Pussy-willow,theboxsaid.Fascinated,heusedtosaytohimself,pussy-willow,pussy-willow,hardlyknowingwhatexactlythosesilkysyllablesmeant.Later,asofteninsuchcases,walkingoratatheatre,thinkingofothermatters,thechancescentofpowderwouldbingbackthememoryofhismotherinthosedays.WhilePhilipmighthavehaddifficultyinvisualizinghisparents'youngerdays,theyhadhadthem,ofcourse,anditwasthisrealization,ashecontemplatedthemoverhisbookonthatFridayevening,thatsaddenedhim.Fortheiryouthwasgone,theywereoldnow,andwhensomethingwasgoneitmadenodifferencewhetheryouhadeverhaditornot.Itwastrulyasthougtithadneverbeen.Amemorywasunsatisfyingsolace.Hismother,inspeakingofherself,wouldoftensaywithwryhumour,"Downhill.We'regoingdownhillnow."Theyhadbeenyoung,theywouldsooncometodie,anditwouldallbefinished,adropofwaterlosingitsidentityinthesea.Itisanastonishingfactthattherearelawsofnature,rulesthatsummarizeconveniently-notjustqualitativelybutquantitatively-howtheworldworks.Wemightimagineauniverseinwhichtherearenosuchlaws,inwhichthe1080elementaryparticlesthatmakeupauniverselikeourownbehavewithutteranduncompromisingabandon.Tounderstandsuchauniversewewouldneedabrainatleastasmassiveastheuniverse.Itseemsunlikelythatsuchauniversecouldhavelifeandintelligence,becausebeingsandbrainsrequiresomedegreeofinternalstabilityandorder.Butevenifinamuchmorerandomuniversethereweresuchbeingswithanintelligencemuchgreaterthanourown,therecouldnotbemuchknowledge,passionorjoy.Fortunatelyforus,weliveinauniversethathasatleastimportantpartsthatareknowable.Ourcommon-senseexperienceandourevolutionaryhistoryhavepreparedustounderstandsomethingoftheworkadayworld.Whenwegointootherrealms,however,commonsenseandordinaryintuitionturnouttobehighlyunreliableguides.Itisstunningthataswegoclosetothespeedoflightourmassincreasesindefinitely,weshrinktowardzerothicknessinthedirectionofmotion,andtimeforuscomesasneartostoppingaswewouldlike.Manypeoplethinkthatthisissilly,andeveryweekortwoIgetaletterfromsomeonewhocomplainstomeaboutit.ButitisvirtuallycertainconsequencenotjustofexperimentbutalsoofAlbertEinstein’sbrilliantanalysisofspaceandtimecalledTheoryofRelativity.Itdoesnotmatterthattheseeffectsseemunreasonabletous.Wearenotinthehabitoftravelingclosetothespeedoflight.Thetestimonyofourcommonsenseissuspectathighvelocities.Theideathattheworldplacesrestrictionsonwhathumansmightdoisfrustrating.Whyshouldn’twebeabletohaveintermediaterotationalpositions?Whycan’twetravelfasterthanthespeedoflight?Butsofaraswecantell,thisisthewaytheuniverseisconstructed.Suchprohibitionsnotonlypressustowardalittlehumility;theyalsomaketheworldmoreknowable.WemayroughlyclassifythespeakersofEnglishintotwogroups:oneinwhichthespeakersuseEnglishastheirnativelanguage,theotherinwhichthespeakerslearnEnglishasasecondlanguageforthepurposeofeducation,commerce,andsoon.Intheformergroupwe,obviously,wouldincludeEngland,Canada,theUnitedStates,Australia,andNewZealand.Naturally,notallpeopleinthesecountriesspeakEnglishnatively,butalargemajoritydo.Inthelattergroup,wewouldinclude,amongothers,India,Denmark,Kenya,Burma,Turkey,Ethiopia,andthePhilippines.NotallthesecountriesuseEnglishforthesamepurpose.EachofthemusesEnglishforimportantsocialandcommercialactivities.Englishalsoservesasaninternationalsecondlanguage.Itisoneoftheimportantlanguagesofcommerce.ItsuseininternationaldiplomacyisstrengthenedbyitsacceptanceasoneoftheofficiallanguagesoftheUnitedNations.Englishisalsothelanguageofthemajorityoftechnicalmaterialsintheworld;therefore,manypeopleheavilyrelyonEnglishtocommunicatewithpeopleofsimilartrainingandinterests.Learningasecondlanguageextendsone’svisionandexpandsthemind.Lookingattheworldoroneselfthroughadifferentlanguagesystemshowsthelimitsofone’sownperceptionandaddsnewdimensionstofamiliarobjectsorevents.Asecondlanguageteachesusdifferentwaysoflabelingandorganizingourexperiences.Thehistoryandliteratureofasecondlanguagerecordtherealandfictionallivesofapeopleandtheirculture;knowledgeofthemaddstoourabilitytounderstandandtofeelastheyfeel.LearningEnglishasasecondlanguageprovidesanothermeansofcommunicationthroughwhichthewindowoftheentireEnglishspeechcommunitybecomesapartofyourheritage.Thepossibilityofarealmarket-styleevolutionofgovernanceisathand.Incyberspace,we’llbeabletotestandevolverulesgoverningwhatneedstobegoverned-intellectualproperty,contentandaccesscontrol,rulesaboutprivacyandfreespeech.Somecommunitieswillallowanyonein;otherswillrestrictaccesstomemberswhoqualifyononebasisoranother.Thosecommunitiesthatproveself-sustainingwillprosperandperhapsgrowandsplitintosubsetswithever-more-particularinterestsandidentities.Thosethatcan’tsurvive-eitherbecausepeopleloseinterestorgetscaredoff-willsimplywitheraway.Oncetheproblemisunderstood,improvementcomesnaturally.Womenwhofeelabandonedanddeprivedwhentheirhusbandswon’tlistentoorreportdailynewsmaybehappytodiscovertheirhusbandstryingtoadaptoncetheyunderstandtheplaceofsmalltalkinwomen’srelationships.Butiftheirhusbandsdon’tadapt,thewomenmaystillbecomfortedthatformen,thisisnotafailureofintimacy.Acceptingthedifference,thewivesmaylooktotheirfriendsorfamilyforthatkindoftalk.Andhusbandswhocan’tprovideitshouldn’tfeeltheirwiveshavemadeunreasonabledemands.Somecoupleswillstilldecidetodivorce,butatleasttheirdecisionswillbebasedonrealisticexpectations.Theflowofnoveltiesinvocabulary,inidiom,eveninpronunciation,isnowoverwhelminglyeastward.WeseldomborrowanEnglishwordorphraseanymore,thoughweusedtoborrowmany;buttheEnglishtakeinourinventionsalmostasfastaswecanlaunchthem.TheAmericanmovie,Isuppose,islargelyresponsibleforthischange,butthereareunquestionablydeepercausestoo.Englishisstillabittight,abitstiff,morethanalittleartificial.ButAmericanhasgoneondevelopingwithalmostElizabethanprodigality.Alltheprocessesofword-formationthatwereinoperationinShakespeate’sEnglandarestillinoperationhere,andtheyproduceasteadystreamofneologismsthathewouldhaverelishedasjoyfullyasherelishedthenoveltiesactuallyproducedinhistime.Unit51.Thegoalofscienceistofindouthowtheworldworks,toseekwhatregularitiestheremaybe,topenetratetotheconnectionsofthings—fromsubnuclearparticles,whichmaybetheconstituentsofallmatter,tolivingorganisms,thehumansocialcommunity,andthencetothecosmosasawhole.科學(xué)的目的是弄清世界的運(yùn)行特點(diǎn)，尋求其間可能存在的規(guī)律，洞察事物之間的聯(lián)系—從構(gòu)成一切物質(zhì)的亞核粒子，到生物有機(jī)體，人類社會群體，以至整個宇宙。2.Everyculturehasposedsuchquestionsinonewayoranother.AlmostalwaystheproposedanswersareinThenatureof“JustSoStories”,attemptedexplanationsdivorcedfromexperimentorevenfromcarefulcomparativeobservations.世界上每一文化群體都以這樣或那樣的方式提出過這些問題。而所提供的答案幾乎都帶有“就這么回事”的性質(zhì)，這些嘗試性的解釋總是脫離實驗，甚至沒有經(jīng)過細(xì)心的比較觀察。3.Topenetrateintotheheartofthething–evenalittlething,abladeofgrass,asWaltWhitmansaidistoexperienceakindofexhilarationthat,itmaybe,onlyhumanbeingsofallthebeingsonthisplanetcanfeel.要透徹地領(lǐng)悟一件事物，哪怕是一件很小的東西—比如惠特曼所說的一片草葉，也會經(jīng)歷一種喜悅，這種喜悅，在整個世界的所有生靈中只有人類才能感受到。4.Andsometimeswehearpronouncementsfromscientistwhoconfidentlystatetheeverythingworthknowingwillsoonbeknown—orevenisalreadyknown—andwhopaintpicturesofaDionysianorPolynesianageinwhichthezestforintellectualdiscoveryhaswithered,tobereplacedbyakindofsubduedlanguor,thelotus-eatersdrinkingfermentedcoconutmilkorsomeothermildhallucinogen.有時我們聽到一些科學(xué)家發(fā)表的宣言，他們充滿信心地宣稱，每一件值得弄清的事物都會很快為大家所知，或者說有些已經(jīng)眾所周知。他們描繪的是狄奧尼修斯和波利尼西亞時代的圖畫，在這些畫中，人們對知識探索的熱情已經(jīng)減退，取而代之的是一種被征服的怠惰，成了飲用發(fā)酵椰子汁和其他一些溫和迷幻劑的安逸度日者。5/Ifwewouldshrinkourselvesintothiscrystallineworld,wecouldseerankuponrankofatomsinanorderedarray,aregularlyalternatingstructure-sodium,chlorine,sodiumchlorine,specifyingthesheetofatomswearestandingonandallthesheetsaboveusandbelowus.如果我們可以縮小身體進(jìn)入這個晶體世界，我們可以看見一排排原子形成有序的點(diǎn)陣，呈一種有規(guī)律的交替結(jié)構(gòu)—鈉原子、氯原子、氯化鈉原子，這些點(diǎn)陣精確地勾畫出我們所站的這一層原子以及在我們頭上、頭下的所有原子層的示意圖。Jakewasthinkingaboutthisfreedomofhissomuchthatwhenheglimpseditsgreenlighth