大學(xué)英語語法全書講義

CollegeEnglishGrammar

---Instruction&Practice大學(xué)英語語法----精講與訓(xùn)練玉林師范學(xué)院外國語學(xué)院秦耀詠別有洞天Chapter1緒論語法教學(xué)觀：方向與方法語法學(xué)習(xí)觀：問題與練題ContentsQuestionsonGrammarTeaching&Learning1.

語法教學(xué)教什么？如何教？2.語法學(xué)習(xí)學(xué)什么？怎樣學(xué)？3.語法學(xué)習(xí)發(fā)展的階段、途徑與方法4.語法練習(xí)的模式與成效5.語法學(xué)習(xí)感悟與反思Contents

TheFrameofaLanguageWordsPhrasessentencesA

LanguageMorphemesContents語法和語法的性質(zhì)1.語法的定義：語法是詞的變化規(guī)則和詞組成句的規(guī)則的總和。語法分為詞法、句法兩部分。詞法主要研究詞的分類、各類詞的語法特點(diǎn)；句法主要研究句子成分，句子類型等。2.語法的性質(zhì)：語法最重要的性質(zhì)是概括性。語法規(guī)則是從大量的具體語言事實(shí)中抽象概括出來的Contents所以語法規(guī)則具有概括性。

Contents語法形式、意義、范疇1.語法形式：語法形式就是語法的物質(zhì)材料，語法的外部標(biāo)志。2.語法意義：語法形式所表達(dá)的意義，稱為語法意義。如英語名詞加-s,’s表示“復(fù)數(shù)”，“所有格”的意義，也叫語法意義。3.語法范疇：

語法范疇就是同類語法意義的概括。

詞的分類詞類系統(tǒng)英語詞類系統(tǒng)實(shí)詞虛詞名詞動詞代詞形容詞副詞

數(shù)詞冠詞連詞介詞感嘆詞

Contents

Chapter2Nouns(名詞）

Definition&Classification(定義與種類）1.DefinitionofNoun(名詞定義)

名詞是用來表示人、事物、地點(diǎn)以及抽事物的名稱的詞(Anounisthenameofapersonorthing)

名詞種類體系專有名詞

普通名詞抽象名詞

物質(zhì)名詞

集合名詞個體名詞ClassificationofNoun(名詞種類體系：按意義分)

ContentsForexample:

人：John，sister,father,teacher

事物：water;air;sun;computer

地點(diǎn)：London;theater;classroom

抽象事物：love;happiness;imaginationContentsClassificationofNoun(名詞分類：按結(jié)構(gòu)分)名詞分類簡單名詞復(fù)合名詞派生名詞Contents簡單名詞(SimpleNoun)

man;egg;table;wood;water;snow;etc.復(fù)合名詞:(CompoundNoun)

classroom;football;motherland;bookworm派生名詞：(DerivativeNoun)

disagreement;teacher;expectation;etc.可數(shù)名詞系統(tǒng)(規(guī)則名詞)可數(shù)名詞一般加-s以s,x,sh,ch.結(jié)尾，加-es以輔音字母+y,y變i,加es以f;fe結(jié)尾，把f,fe,變v,再加es,以輔音字母+o結(jié)尾，一般加es

規(guī)則可數(shù)名詞系統(tǒng)

1.可數(shù)名詞（CountableNoun）規(guī)則名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式的構(gòu)成規(guī)則大多數(shù)名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時直接加-s,desk→desks;cat→cats;

house→houses(2)以s,x,ch,sh結(jié)尾的名詞在詞尾加-es.

bus→buses；box→boxes(3)以o結(jié)尾的名詞大多加-s,如kilo→kilos;

piano→pianos;radio→radios等。但

hero→heroes;potato→potatoes等一般加-es

(4)以輔音字母加-y結(jié)尾的名詞變y為i再加-es,如family→families;lady→ladies.(5)以f或fe結(jié)尾的名詞，把f或fe變?yōu)関再加-es,如leaf→leaves;wife→wives;knife→knives.但chief→chiefs;roof→roofs等只加-s(6)專有名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)時一般只加-s，如Henry→Henrys;Kennedy→Kennedys

不規(guī)則可數(shù)名詞系統(tǒng)(1)不規(guī)則可數(shù)名詞字母，數(shù)字用作單詞時，一般加’s年代和縮寫時，加-s

不規(guī)則可數(shù)名詞體系（1）

(1)字母、數(shù)字被用作單詞時常加’s構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)，如:Your3’slooklike8’s.Mindyourp’sandq’s.(2)年代和縮寫詞的復(fù)數(shù)通常加-s構(gòu)成，有時也可加’s構(gòu)成，如:1990→1990s/1990’sVIP→VIPs/VIP’s

不規(guī)則名詞復(fù)數(shù)（2）不規(guī)則名詞復(fù)數(shù)系統(tǒng)（2）改變名詞元音、輔音單、復(fù)數(shù)同形外來詞保持原有形式復(fù)數(shù)形式有兩種，但意義不同

不規(guī)則名詞復(fù)數(shù)（2）

2)不規(guī)則名詞復(fù)數(shù)構(gòu)成規(guī)則有些名詞以改變元音、輔音的方法變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)，如：foot→feet;goose→geese

man→men;child→children;ox→oxen(2)有些名詞單復(fù)數(shù)同形。如：

deer→deer;sheep→sheep;means→means;works→works

(3)有些外來詞保留原有的復(fù)數(shù)形式，如：

analysis→analyses;datum→data;bacterium→bacteria;crisis→crises(4)少數(shù)外來詞有兩種復(fù)數(shù)形式，不規(guī)則變化的為科學(xué)術(shù)語，而加-s多用于一般場合如：antenna(觸角、天線)→antennae/antennasapparatus(機(jī)構(gòu)、器官)→apparatus/apparatusesContents

(5)少數(shù)外來詞的英語復(fù)數(shù)形式同原有的復(fù)數(shù)形式意義不同，如：

index→indices(指數(shù))→indexes(索引)genius→genii(妖怪)→geniuses(天才)appendix→appendices(附錄)→

appendixes(盲腸)

5.復(fù)合名詞：復(fù)數(shù)系統(tǒng)

復(fù)合名詞復(fù)數(shù)體系將主要名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)由man和woman所構(gòu)成的復(fù)數(shù)，它所修飾的詞，也變復(fù)數(shù)沒有名詞的復(fù)數(shù)，通常把-s加在最后的單詞上

復(fù)合名詞的復(fù)數(shù)1).將主要名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)，如：

editor-in-chief→editors-in-chieflooker-on→lookers-on2).由man;woman加名詞構(gòu)成的復(fù)數(shù)名詞，需將man;woman及其所修飾的名詞同時變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)，如:man-doctor→men-doctorswoman-teacher→women-teachers3).沒有名詞的復(fù)數(shù)名詞，通常把-s加在最后一個詞上，如:grown-up→grown-ups;break-down→break-downsBack學(xué)習(xí)小結(jié)練習(xí)導(dǎo)入名詞的格系統(tǒng)名詞的格系統(tǒng)通格屬格

英語的格功能：通格功能：當(dāng)名詞在句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語、補(bǔ)語時，名詞詞形無變化，此時稱為通格。屬格功能：當(dāng)名詞在句中表示所有或其他某些關(guān)系時，稱屬格，可分’s屬格和of屬格。

S屬格系統(tǒng)學(xué)習(xí)小結(jié)預(yù)習(xí)練習(xí)BackS屬格系統(tǒng)S屬格的使用場合s屬格的意義-S屬格使用場合：1.用于人名、有生命的、或視為有生命的東西的名詞：（thestudent’sbooks;thedog’stail;Mary’sfather,etc.）2.用于表示地理、國家、城市、天體、文化藝術(shù)活動、時間、度量、價值等名(China’sreform;Beijing’sweather;thesun’slight,aweek’sholidays,etc.)-S屬格的意義：1.表示所有關(guān)系（Mr.Smith’spassporthasbeencheckedup.）2.表示邏輯上主謂關(guān)系（Thevisitor’sarrivalwasreportedintoday’spapers.）3.表示邏輯上動賓關(guān)系（Theenemy’sdefeatbroughtthewartoanend.）4.表示同位關(guān)系（TomboughtthebookatBrown’s,thebookseller’s.Contents

5.表示與人類活動有聯(lián)系的其他關(guān)系（thegirl’sstory→thestoryofthegirl）

名詞的性系統(tǒng)學(xué)習(xí)小結(jié)預(yù)習(xí)練習(xí)Back名詞的性系統(tǒng)陽性man;brother陰性woman;girl中性book;sky通性child;worker

名詞的功能系統(tǒng)名詞的功能體系主語賓語主語補(bǔ)語賓語補(bǔ)語定語同位語狀語

獨(dú)立成分1.主語：Myfamilyisnowinthecountry.Tomliveson72ndStreet.2.賓語：Weloveoursocialistmotherland.Ibelieveyouareheretoseemydaughter.3.主語補(bǔ)足語：Heisconsideredagoodteacher.Shewastakenforafool.4.賓語補(bǔ)足語：Theycalledhimahero.TheynamedtheirsonJohn.5.定語：Theairconditioningworkswell.Thisisa

stone

bridge.6.同位語：Smith,ourEnglishteacher,iscomingnow.Monroe,afamousmoviestar,tooksuicide.7.狀語：Thehousecosthim300,000dollars.Afterthat,Marryvisitedtheboyeveryday.8.獨(dú)立成分：Hurryup,Mary!Gowithmyblessing,myfriend!┃語法專練

名詞┃1．—What'sthematter?—Ihavea____.Ihavetogotothedoctor.A．head

B.tooth

C.cold

D.nose2.—What_______doyoulikebetter?—Basketball.A．foodB.subjectC.sportD.musicC

C3.Recently,manypeopledarenoteat________becauseofH7N9(禽流感)．A．eggsorchickensB.eggsorchickenC.eggorchickensD.eggorchicken4.UncleWangboughttwo________formeyesterday.A.breadB.milkC.dictionaryD.watchesBD5.—Hello!IsthatJennyspeaking?—Sorry,I'mafraidyou'vegotthewrong___．

A.numberB.nameC.addressD.message6.—Doyouthinkthe____ofthisskirtsuitsme—Ofcourse!Youalwayslookbeautifulinred.A．sizeB.designC.priceD.colorAD7.You'dbetterreadthe_____firstbeforeyouusethecameraA．websitesB.expressionsC．instructionsD.advertisements8.Thestudentsdidn'tfindmuch____aboutthetopiconthatwebsite.A．reportB.articleC.informationD.storyCC9.—Ihavegreat_____infinishingtheworkbymyself.Couldyouhelpme?—Noproblem.A．funB.successC.adviceD.difficulty10.—Whatwouldyouliketodrink,girls?—________please.A.TwoglassofwaterB.TwoglassofwatersC.TwocupsofteaD.TwocupsofteasDC11.Kateis______girl.She'sveryhappyatschool.A.aeighteen-year-oldB.aneighteen-year-oldC.aneighteen-years-oldD.aeighteen-years-old12.Afterhehaddonehismath____,hewentouttotake________．A.exercise;exercisesB.exercise;exerciseC.exercises;exerciseD.exercises;exercisesBC[解析]exercise意為“練習(xí)”時，是可數(shù)名詞；意為“鍛煉”時，是不可數(shù)名詞。13.Ithinkthathiscomputerismuchbetterthan________．A．a(chǎn)nyoneB．a(chǎn)nyone'sC．a(chǎn)nyoneelseD．a(chǎn)nyoneelse's

[解析]

else是形容詞，意為“其他的，另外的”，修飾不定代詞時要后置；anyoneelse的名詞所有格為anyoneelse's。D14.—Thepenwriteswell.Wheredidyougetit?—Oh，_____gavemeasabirthdaypresent.A．a(chǎn)workmateofmyfatherB．a(chǎn)workmateofminefather'sC．a(chǎn)workmateofmyfather'sD.aworkmateofminefather15.ThemountainIvisitedlastSundayisn'tvery______.Few____gosightseeingthere.A.tourist;touristsB.touristy;touristC.touristy;touristsD.tourist;touristCC16.Lookatthemanoverthere.Heis____uncle.A．Jim'sandTim'sB.Jim'sandTimC．JimandTimD.JimandTim's17.—Chineseastronautscanalsowalkinspacenow.—Yes,they're____ournation.A．proudof B.pleasedwithC．theprideof D.knownforD

C18.HewasborninItaly,buthehasmadeChinahis_____．A．familyB.addressC．houseD.home19.—How_____isitfromXi'antoDunhuang?—It'slessthan3________flight.A．long;hour'sB.far;hour'sC．long;hours'D.far;hours'DD

Chapter3:Determinative(限定詞)

限定詞定義：限定詞是在名詞短語中起修飾作用并通過多種方式把一個名詞的所指范圍給予具體說明的一類詞。它們用于名詞之前來表示特指、泛指和定量或是不定量的概念。限定詞種類1.冠詞（定冠詞、不定冠詞、零冠詞）2.物主限定詞(PossessiveDeterminer)3.名詞屬格(GenitiveNoun)4.指示限定詞

(DemonstrativeDeterminer

)5.

關(guān)系限定詞(RelativeDeterminer)6.疑問限定詞

(InterrogativeDeterminer)7.不定限定詞(IndefiniteDeterminer)8.基數(shù)詞(CardinalNumeral)9.序數(shù)詞

(OrdinalNumeral)10.倍數(shù)詞

(MultiplicativeNumeral)11.分?jǐn)?shù)詞

(FractionalNumeral)12.量詞(Quantifier)

限定詞與名詞的搭配1.限定詞(the,some,any,no,other,whose,myyour,our,his,her,its,their)、名詞屬格(myfriend’s)等能與名詞搭配(單數(shù)名詞、復(fù)數(shù)名詞、不可數(shù)名詞)Forexample:thebook,thebooks,somebooks,anymoney,nomoney,John’sfather,whosepen,etc.2.限定詞(a,an,one,another,each,every,either,neither,manya,sucha)與單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞搭配。Forexample:eachstudent,eitherbook,manyabus,anegg,

suchaboy,anothercar,etc.3.限定詞(both,two,three,anothertwo/three,many,afew,few,several,these,those,anumberof,etc.)與復(fù)數(shù)名詞搭配。Forexample:bothstudents,anothertwoweeks,manyeggs,severalmonths,anumberofbooks,afewpens

4.限定詞(alittle,abitof,alargeamountof,agreatdealof,much,less,etc.)與不可數(shù)名名詞搭配。Forexample:muchnoise,alargeamountofmoney,littlespace,abitofwater,lesstime,agreatdealofrice,alittleair,etc.5.限定詞(thefirst,thesecond,thelast,etc.)

與可數(shù)名詞搭配。

Forexample:thefirstrose,thefirstroses,thenextparty,thenextparties,thelastperson,thelastpersons6.限定詞(this,that)與單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞、不可數(shù)名詞搭配

Forexample:thisperson,thatperson,thiswork,thatwork7.限定詞(alotof,lotsof,plentyof,enough,more,most,such,other)與復(fù)數(shù)名詞、不可數(shù)名詞搭配。

Forexample:

alotofflowers,lotsofmoney,plentyofdesks,enoughfood,mostpeople,suchbread,moretime,othercountries,etc.8.限定詞與限定詞的搭配英語中，限定詞與限定詞之間也存在著搭配關(guān)系。在名詞詞組中心詞之前如果有兩個或兩個以上限定詞出現(xiàn)時，就會產(chǎn)生限定詞的先后順序。按照限定詞與限定詞之間的不同搭配位置可分為前位限定詞、中位限定詞和后位限定詞。1)前位限定詞包括all,both,half,double,etc.2)中位限定詞包括a(n),the,zero,this,that,these,those,my,your,myfather’s,some,any,no,every,each,either,neither,what,which,whose,enough,etc.3)后位限定詞包括one,two,three,first,next,

last,other,another,many,much,afew,etc.4.三類限定詞的搭配關(guān)系如果一個名詞詞組帶有上類限定詞，其搭配按照“前位→中位→后位”順序排列。

Forexample:allyourthreebooks;alltheselastfewdays5.限定詞的用法1)限定詞such的用法用來復(fù)指上文,指上述一類

Henoticedhernecklace.Suchjewelsmusthavecostthousands,hethought.(2)用來預(yù)指后文（像后面所提及那樣）

SuchpoetsasKeatsandShelleywrote

Romanticpoetry.2)限定詞some和any的用法

some(一些)的用法

可與復(fù)數(shù)名詞、不可數(shù)名詞連用(2)當(dāng)做“某一”解時，也可與單數(shù)名詞連用

Youwillbesorryforthissomeday.

Somepersonhasseenyoubreaktherule.

(3)

Some用于其他句式中A:在疑問句中:說話人認(rèn)為對方的答案會是肯定的，或期望得到肯定回答時。在Would

youlike句式中，表委婉請求或建議。

Aretheresomelettersforme?

Wouldyoulikesomecoffee?

B:

在條件狀語從句中表示確定的意義時。

Ifyouneedsomehelp,letmeknow.C:當(dāng)否定的是整體中的部分時，some可用于否定句。

Ihaven’theardfromsomeofmyfriendsany(一些)的用法。

any多用于否定句、疑問句和條件狀語從句中，當(dāng)句中含有“任何”的意思時，any可用于肯定句。

Therearen’tanylettersforme.Arethereanyquestionstoask?

Ifyouhaveanytrouble,pleaseletmeknow.

Anychildcouldanswerthatquestion.

3)限定詞much,many,alotof的用法4)限定詞afew,few,alittle,little的用法1.冠詞定義：冠詞是置于名詞之前、說明名詞所指的人或事物的一種虛詞。冠詞可以說是名詞的一種標(biāo)志，它不能離開名詞而獨(dú)立存在。Chapter4冠詞系統(tǒng)(Article)

2.冠詞種類冠詞系統(tǒng)冠詞

定冠詞the不定冠詞an(元音開頭）a(輔音開頭）

3.定冠詞的功能冠詞系統(tǒng)實(shí)踐表明，與不定冠詞相比，定冠詞的使用顯得更難一點(diǎn)。但是，若將其用法按內(nèi)在的聯(lián)系進(jìn)行歸納和聯(lián)想，無疑會大大減少學(xué)習(xí)和掌握它的用法。請看口訣：

沙漠群島和群山，江河海峽洋海灣。階級黨派朝代名，家族民族和報刊。習(xí)語特指獨(dú)有詞，普通名詞專有含。計(jì)量單位洋樂器，人和事物再次談。方位序數(shù)最高級，前面都需定冠詞。(1)theSaharaDesert(撒哈拉沙漠)

theGobiDesert(戈壁沙漠)(2)thePenghuIslands(彭湖列島)

theBalkanPeninsula(巴爾干半島)(3)theUrals(烏拉爾山脈)

theHimalayas(喜馬拉雅山脈)(4)theYaluRiver(鴨綠江）

theWusuliRiver(烏蘇里江)(5)theTaiwanStraits(臺灣海峽)

theEnglishChannel(英吉利海峽)(6)theEastChinaSea(東海)

theMediterraneanSea(地中海)(7)thePersianGulf(波斯灣)

theBayofBengal(孟加拉灣)(8)theworkingclass(工人階級)

theproletariat(無產(chǎn)階級）(9)theCommunistParty(共產(chǎn)黨)

theDemocraticParty(民主黨)(10)theTangDynasty(唐朝)

theMingDynasty(明朝)

theStoneAge(石器時代)(11)theBrowns(布朗一家)

theChinese(中華民族)(12)ThePeople’sDaily(《人民日報》)

ThePyongyangTimes(《平壤時報》)(13)inthecaseof(對…而言)incaseof(萬一，假使)inthetrade(內(nèi)行，行家)intrade(做買賣)bytheday(按日計(jì)算)byday(在白天)inthechurch(在教堂里)inchurch(做禮拜)taketheair(呼吸新鮮空氣)takeair(傳播，泄密)(14)表示特指

Hecametothedecisionthathemustactatonce.(15)theNationalPeople’sCongress

theMinistryofEducation

theUnitedNation

theRedCrossHospital(16)Wesellpotatoesbythekilo.Inthisjob,wearepaidbythehour.Canwepaybytheweek?(17)playtheviolinplaythepianoplaytheguitarplayer-huplaypi-pa(18)Theoldmanhasason.Thesonisinourschool.

(19)ChinafacesthePacificontheeast.Ihavereadthethirdchapter.HeisthekindestmanIknow.Lighttravelsthefastestofallformsofmatters.

4.不定冠詞的功能冠詞系統(tǒng)顧名思義，不定冠詞表示的是一種不確定、非特指、泛泛而談的語法概念。它是名詞的標(biāo)志之一。由于它的基本含義是“一”，因此常和單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞連用。然而，它又不僅僅表示“一”這個數(shù)量。請看口訣：不定冠詞有兩種，(a;an)“一”的含義全相同(abook;anhour)元音開頭需用“an”，(anhour;anapple)“a”在輔音前面用。(abook;aman)冠詞系統(tǒng)常置單數(shù)名詞前，表示某類和某種。(Adogisa

usefulthing)泛泛而談非特指，初次提到不相重。(astudent;thestudent)長度重量和時間，與它連作單位用。(Itistwoyuanafoot)冠詞系統(tǒng)某些詞組及搭配，約定俗成少不通。(ataloss;asawhole)

5.零冠詞的功能冠詞系統(tǒng)零冠詞的基本用法口訣：物質(zhì)名詞抽象詞，復(fù)數(shù)名詞泛指時。身份職務(wù)或頭銜，用作同位、表、補(bǔ)語。月份、季節(jié)、節(jié)假日，棋類球類運(yùn)動詞。冠詞系統(tǒng)并列相關(guān)人和數(shù)，三餐餐名稱呼語。專有名詞和搭配廣告電報及標(biāo)題，1.Mancan’tlivewithoutair;Honestyisthebestpolicy。

2.ProfessorLi,deanoftheForeignLanguageDepartment.3.inMarch,onNationalday4.playchess;playgulf5.Warandpeaceisaconstantthemeinhistory.

6.Whatdidyouhaveforbreakfast?7.ThisisHill101,General.8.Chinaisadevelopingcountry.

9.fromwork(下班)10.gotosleep(入睡)11.bychance(碰巧)12.ineffect(實(shí)際上)13.onfile(存檔)14.learnbyheart(背熟)15.frombeginningtoend(從頭到尾)16.forhire(空車：出租車用)17.Scopeof

SalesExhibition(展銷范圍)18.LiaisonofBusiness(業(yè)務(wù)聯(lián)系)19.BOYBORNAUGUSTSIXTHBOTHWell(兒八月六日出生，母子平安)20.FATHERCRITICALLYILL.RETURNSOONEST(父病危，速歸)21.ManKilledonMountain

1.—Doyouknow______womaninred?—Yes,she'saprofessorof_____university.A.the;aB．a(chǎn);anC．the;anD．/;the2.Mariawouldlike_____orange,not___orangejuice.A.a;theB．/;anC．a(chǎn)n;/D．a(chǎn)n;anA

C┃Exercise┃3.VeraandMikecomefrom________Europeancountry.Theyarein_______sameschoolnow.A.a;theB.an;theC.the;theD.an;an4.ZhuZhiwenwas____usualfarmerseveralyearsago.Butnowheis____famoussinger.Hecanplay________piano.A.an;a;theB.a;a;theC.an;a;/D.a;a;/A

B5.Weshouldoffertheseatsto____oldonthebus.A.an

B．/

C．the6.Thisis____classroomwhereweoftenattendlectures.A.a

B．a(chǎn)n

C．the

D．/7.—Wheredoyoulive?—Iliveon________secondfloor.A.aB．a(chǎn)nC．theD．/C

CC

8.________Greensarecomingtoseeus.A.AB．AnC．TheD．/9.Don'ttalktoSimonlikethat.Heisonly____eleven-year-oldboy.A．a(chǎn)B．a(chǎn)nC．theD．/10.Heusuallygoestoschoolon________foot.A.aB.anC.theD．/C

BD

11.—Whatdoyouusuallyhavefor________breakfast?—Apieceofbreadand________egg.A．a(chǎn);an

B.不填;theC．a(chǎn);theD.不填；an12.Simonis________honestboy.Nowheisstudyingat________university.A.a;anB.an;aC.the;aD.the;aD

B13.—Haveyouseen________iPhone5?Ileftitherethismorning.—Isit________blackone?IthinkIsawitsomewhere.A.an;theB.an;aC.the;aD.the;/14.—Thisisausefuldictionary,Ithink.—Soitis,andit's________unusualone.A.the

B.an

C.a

D.不填BB15.Thisis____bookItoldyouaboutyesterday.A．a(chǎn)B.theC.anD./16.Agoodbeginningmakes____goodending.A．a(chǎn)B.anC.theD．/17.Ilike____colorofyourcoat.I'llbuy_____blouselikethiscolor.A.the;theB.a;C.the;aD.a;theBAC

18.Doyouknowaspaceshipfliesataboutnineteenkilometers________second?A.theB.aC．/D.an19.Ithinkit'sreally________hardworkformetofinishthejobintwentyminutes.A．a(chǎn)B.anC.theD.不填BD20.______GreensarepreparingforthecomingThanksgivingDay.A．/B．AC.AnD.The

[解析]

“the＋姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)形式”表示“……一家人或夫婦二人”，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。D21.Ofthetwopencils,theboylikes___one.A．lessexpensiveB．theleastexpensiveC．thelessexpensiveD．themostexpensive

[解析]

“the＋比較級”表示“兩者中較……的一個”。C22.____YangtzeRiverisoneof____longestriversin______world.A．The;the;theB．The;a;aC．A;the;a D．/;the;the23.____youngshouldtakegoodcareof___old.A.The;/B.A;TheC.A;anD.The;the24.____moonmovesaround______earth,andtheyaresmallerthan_______sun.A.The;an;aB.A;the;/C．/;/;/D.The;the;theADD

25.Wehavethreemeals___day.Wehave_____breakfastatseven.A.a;theB.a;/ C.the;theD．the;a

[解析]

threemealsaday意為“一日三餐”，a相當(dāng)于each,every。havebreakfast意為“吃早餐”，其前不用冠詞。B26.HarryPotteris____interestingfilm.Ihaveseen______filmtwice.A.an;aB.an;theC.the;aD.the;the27._____Chinaisnolonger______Chinaofthepast.A./;/B.The;theC.The;/D./;theBD[解析]

前者是表示國家的專有名詞，其前不加冠詞,后者由限制性定語所修飾，故應(yīng)加定冠詞。28.Areyougoingtolearn_______secondlanguagein________thirdgrade?A.a;theB.a;aC.the;theD.the;a

[解析]

前者是不定冠詞與序數(shù)詞連用，不定冠詞表示“又一，再一”的意思。后者是序數(shù)詞前加定冠詞表順序。A29.Weallknow___glassismadeof___glass.A.a;/B.the;aC./;aD.a;the

[解析]

前一個glass表示“玻璃杯”，是可數(shù)名詞，前加不定冠詞表示類別；后一個glass表示“玻璃”，是不可數(shù)名詞。A1.代詞的定義：代詞是代替名詞以及起名詞作用的短語、分句和句子的詞。英語代詞使用很廣泛。

Chapter5:代詞系統(tǒng)2.代詞分類系統(tǒng)：

代詞系統(tǒng)代詞種類類系統(tǒng)人稱代詞物主代詞相互代詞疑問代詞關(guān)系代詞不定代詞反身代詞指示代詞(1).人稱代詞系統(tǒng)：

代詞系統(tǒng)人稱代詞第一人稱第二人稱第三人稱單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)主格I賓格me賓格us主格we單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)主格you賓格you主格you賓格you單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)主格heshe,it主格they賓格himher,it賓格them(2).物主代詞系統(tǒng)：

代詞系統(tǒng)物主代詞形容詞性名詞性第一人稱my,our第二人稱your第三人稱their,his,herits第三人稱theirshis;hers;its第二人稱yours第一人稱mine,ours物主代詞形態(tài)的共性與個性：

形態(tài)形容詞性名詞性個性

人稱mine

第一人稱單數(shù)my復(fù)數(shù)our單數(shù)mine復(fù)數(shù)ours

第二人稱單數(shù)your復(fù)數(shù)your單數(shù)yours復(fù)數(shù)yours

第三人稱單數(shù)his

復(fù)數(shù)their單數(shù)his

復(fù)數(shù)theirshisher/itshers/its

its

代詞系統(tǒng)

(3).反身代詞系統(tǒng)：

代詞系統(tǒng)反身代詞第一人稱第二人稱第三人稱單數(shù)myself復(fù)數(shù)ourselves單數(shù)yourself復(fù)數(shù)yourselves單數(shù)himselfherselfitself復(fù)數(shù)themselves反身代詞形態(tài)的共性與個性：

形態(tài)形容詞性物主代詞反身代詞

人稱單數(shù)my復(fù)數(shù)our單數(shù)

復(fù)數(shù)

第一人稱myselfourselves

單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)第二人稱單數(shù)your復(fù)數(shù)youryourselfyourselves

單數(shù)his單數(shù)himself；復(fù)數(shù)第三人稱her復(fù)數(shù)theirherselfthemselvesitsitself

(4).相互代詞系統(tǒng)：

相互代詞eachotheroneanother賓格eachother屬格eachother’s賓格oneanother屬格oneanother’s相互代詞的形式與用法：賓格屬格

eachother相互eachother’s相互的

oneanother相互oneanother’s相互的

在當(dāng)代英語中，eachother和oneanother可以通用，皆可指兩個或兩個以上的人或物，但有些語法家認(rèn)為前者多用于特指某一集體，語氣較為親切，后者多用于泛指一般情況。相互代詞用法：1.賓語：YouandIunderstandeachotherperfectly.Theyhavebeenseparatedfromoneanother.2.(屬格）定語：Lastyearwevisitedeachother’scapitals.Theylookedintoeachother’seyesforasilentmoment.

(5).指示代詞系統(tǒng)：

指示代詞單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)thisthatthesethosethis(these)與that(those)比較1.在空間與時間上的所指不同

this(these)一般用來指空間或時間上較近的事物，that(those)一般用來指空間或時間上較遠(yuǎn)的事物。1)表空間：Thisbuildingwasbuiltlastyear;thatwasbuiltmanyyearsago.ThisisamapofChina.ThatisamapoftheWorld.2)表時間Youcan’tswimatthistimeoftheyear.Hewantsthatdaytocomesoonerratherthanlater.Notice:thosedays與thesedays的區(qū)別：thosedays指往昔，thesedays指當(dāng)前。2.在所講事物上的所指不同

that和those往往指前面講過的事物，this和these則指下面將要講到的事物。TheweatherofBeijingiscolderthanthat

ofGuangzhou.That

isagoodidea.Yougotofreshplaces.Describethose.I’llsaythisforyou;youarethinkingallthetimeWrittenonthewallarethesewords:Wewantpeace.

(6).疑問代詞系統(tǒng)：

疑問代詞主語

賓語who,what,which定語whomwhatwhose,which表語who,what

(7).關(guān)系代詞系統(tǒng)：

關(guān)系代詞主語

賓語who,that,which,as定語whom,aswhich，thatwhose

(8).不定代詞系統(tǒng)：

不定代詞every+

any+some+nothingallnoneeachanotherother,theotherothers1.all,every,each的比較each可指少到兩個，all，every則至少指三個all表所有項(xiàng)目的總和，是一不可分割的整體AllthestudentsarefromGuangxi.every是由各個項(xiàng)目集合成一個整體，其構(gòu)成成分有共性。EverystudentisfromGuangxi.Each的注意力集中在個別項(xiàng)目上，其構(gòu)成成分各具特性。EachstudentisfromGuangxi.Notice:all常和復(fù)數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞連用。

3.代詞的語法功能系統(tǒng)：主語功能：

Shehesitatedamoment,andthensatdown.WhoisyourEnglishteacher?Thisisthemanwhohelpedmewithmyhomework.Someoneiscomingtoseeyoulater.Pleasetellmewhichisyours?What

happenedlastnight?

(2)賓語功能：Atfirst,helikedtotellussomethingimportant.Weallcalledhim“l(fā)ittlehero”.Thisisthebookwhichwelikebest.What

areyoudoinghere?WedoasourPartyasksustodo.Inoursociety,wemusthelpeachother.Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves.

3.代詞的語法功能系統(tǒng)：(3)定語功能：Whichbookdoyoulikebest,thisoneorthatone?Heisourmonitorwhosefatherworkshere.Weliketotalksomethingabouteachother’sideasWhose

answeriscorrect?

Theirideasseemverycrazy.

3.代詞的語法功能系統(tǒng)：(4)表語功能：Thatisallfortoday.Webelievehewillbecomessomebodyoneday.Whatishe?WhoisyourEnglishteacher?1.Ican'tfindmypen.Couldyouhelp____findit?A.me

B．her

C．him

D．them2.—Jack,isthere_____intoday'snewspaper?—No,nothing.A.anythingimportantB．somethingimportantC.importantanythingD．importantsomethingA

AExercise

3.—Dad,whichdoyouprefer,teaorcoffee?—________isOK.Idon'tmind.A.BothB.NeitherC.AllD.Either4.—IsyouriPadblack,Jenny?—No,itisn't.________iswhite.A.YoursB．MineC．HersD．His5.Ifind________hardtolearnEnglishwell.A.thisB．itC．thatD．theyDBB6.MyfriendJennyoftenhelps________with_______English.A.I;meB．me;myC．my;meD．I;my—7.Iamalittlehungry,Mom.—Therearesomecakesontheplate.Youcantake________．A.it

B．one

C．that

D．This8.—Excuseme,isthis________iPadmini?—No,itisn't.________isathome.A.your;MineB.your;MyC.yours;MyD.yours;MineBBA

9.—WhatdoyouthinkofthemoviebyZhaoWei?—Terrific.Ilike________verymuch.A.itB.himC.herD.you10.________iswaitingforyouatthegate.Hewantstosaythankstoyou.A.SomebodyB.AnybodyC.EverybodyD.NobodyA

A11.Thereisacupoftea.Pleasepass___tome.A．one

B.it

C.this

D.that12.DoyouknowtheboysittingbetweenPeterand______?A．sheB．IC．hisD.me13.Thereissomesaltinthebowl.Pleasepass_____tome.A．itB.oneC．themD．thisBDA14.MerryChristmas,George!Hereisacardfor_____with____bestwishes.A．you;ourB．us;yourC．you;yourD．us;our15.—Isthis________newbook,Shirley?—No,itisn't.Maybeit's________．

A．your;hisB.your;himC．yours;hisD.yours;himAA16.Tom'smotherkepttellinghimthatheshouldworkharder，but_____didn'thelp.A．heB．whichC．sheD．it

[解析]

it代替上文整個句子的內(nèi)容，即“母親一再告訴湯姆應(yīng)該努力學(xué)習(xí)”這件事。D17.ManyAsianelephantsliveinIndiabutyoucanfind________inothercountriesaswell.A.himB.themC.herD.it18.—Arethosebooks________？—No,theyarenotmine.Theybelongto____．A.your;