醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)論文中數(shù)值及比較句型的應(yīng)用

醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)論文中

數(shù)值及比較句型的應(yīng)用周英智

山東大學(xué)耳鼻喉眼學(xué)報(bào)山東大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)（醫(yī)學(xué)版）第一節(jié)數(shù)值表達(dá)方法第二節(jié)比較句型的用法第一節(jié)數(shù)值表達(dá)方法1常用的數(shù)值表示方法2與時(shí)間有關(guān)的數(shù)值3表示數(shù)值時(shí)應(yīng)注意的事項(xiàng)1常用的數(shù)值表示方法1.1集團(tuán)數(shù)以整體形式表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的數(shù)目atotal(series,group)of…[例1]IntheinitialstudyformeasureofMAP,atotalof10reduced-uterine-perfusiondamsand10controldamswereusedwiththefollowingbreakdownperexperiment.

1.2大數(shù)目中的小數(shù)目數(shù)字+of+數(shù)字，數(shù)字+outof+數(shù)字，among+數(shù)字+數(shù)字。[例2]Ofthe25

MRI-guidedcorebiopsies20werebenign.SevenofthebenigncorebiopsieswerediscordantwiththeMRI[2][例3]Inourseriesamong1291patientsscannedwithbreastMRI41lesionsrequiringbiopsywerefound[2].1.3另加數(shù)與其余數(shù)theother+數(shù)詞+名詞，anadditional+數(shù)詞+名詞，afurther+數(shù)詞+名詞，theremaining+數(shù)詞+名詞。含有冠詞，數(shù)詞置于名詞之前。another+數(shù)詞+名詞,數(shù)詞亦置于名詞之前。數(shù)詞+others，數(shù)詞+additional+名詞，不含冠詞，數(shù)詞置于形容詞或代詞之前。[例4]Theother10patients(83%)hadonlysuperficialnecrosisdespiteALAdoesupto75mgorallyandrepeatedtreatmentsupto4times[3].[例5]Anadditional117patientswithsimilarcharacteristicsweretreatedwiththesameprogramwiththeadditionofbacillusCalmette-Guerinbyscarification[4].1.4平均數(shù)與中位數(shù)表達(dá)平均數(shù)可用average或mean，表達(dá)中位數(shù)可用median一詞。[例6]Amongthe79womenfollowed,meanagewas22.6years;36ofthem(45.6percent)wereprimigravidae[5].Average

damagedgoods

pilotagetowage

[例7]Patientswerefollowedforameanof9.9monthsandrequired2.2photodynamictherapytreatmentsperpatientonaverage[3]1.5倍數(shù)倍數(shù)常用times表示。1倍once，2倍twice；3倍以上才說(shuō)three(four,five,etal.)times。[例8]Endoscopicsurveillancestudiesshowthedevelopmentofadenocarcinomavariesfrom1casein16to1casein41patients-yearsoffollow-up,or30to169timesgreaterthanthegeneralpopulation[3].1.6比例用ratio表示，如ratioofAtoB，AtoBratio，A:Bratio，A/Bratio。[例9]However,thebrain-to-bodyweightratio

wassignificantlyincreased(21.8±0.88versus17.1±0.80S/kg,p＜0.01;maleIUGRversusmalecontrol,respectively)[1].1.7數(shù)值的范圍數(shù)值上下波動(dòng)的范圍一般用from…to…或between…and…表示。[例10]Thewithin-assaycoefficientsofvariationrangedfrom8.5to13.6,andthebetweenassaycoefficientsofvariationswerebetween9.0and10.8[6].也可將兩個(gè)數(shù)值以“-”連接來(lái)表示數(shù)值范圍[例11]LinearPlotsoverthetimerangeof5-30minutesindicatethatmostoftheRNApolymerasemoleculesareabletorecycleaftertermination[7].1.8數(shù)量的增減將介詞by或to與表示“增”、“減”的動(dòng)詞搭配連用表示，介詞by表示純?cè)鰷p數(shù)，to表示增減到什么數(shù)目[例12]Thisaccumulationwasreducedby40(±11)%ataUTPconcentrationof1.0mM[7]

表示數(shù)值的增減時(shí)，也可不用by或to，而用數(shù)字+reduction或increase表示。[例13]Thisrepresentsapproximatelya53%decreaseinthevalueoftherateconstantforpromoterclearanceataUTPconcentrationof1.0mMrelativetothevalueat0.05mMUTP[7].[例14]Alterationsinrenalstructureintherat,asinducedbyplacentalinsufficiency,havebeennoted,aspartialuterinearteryligationinitiatedatday17resultedina30%reductioninnephronnumbertogetherwithasignificantreductioninkidneyweightin2-week-oldgrowth-restrictedoffspring[1].2時(shí)間2.1一段時(shí)間用for+數(shù)字+時(shí)間單位表示，在…期間(以內(nèi))用during或within+數(shù)字+時(shí)間單位表示。[例15]InaseparatereportTakahashietal.investigated27patientswithDuke'sstageBcoloncancerwhounderwentsurgeryandwerefollowedforaminimumof5years[8].[例16]Alldamswereallowedtodeliveratterm,withbirthweightrecordedwithin12hours[1].2.2“在第…天”可用on(或at)+day+數(shù)字表示，如∶[例17]Onday20aftertumorcellinoculationmicewerekilledandliverweightsandnumberoflivermetastasesweredetermined[8].[例18]Atday14ofgestation,ratsdestinedforreduceduterineperfusionwereclippedasdescribedbelow[1].2.3一段時(shí)間之后可用數(shù)字+時(shí)間單位+after+表示動(dòng)作的名詞表示，也可用數(shù)字+時(shí)間單位+later表示。[例19]Patientswereexaminedwithendoscopyandbiopsyever1,6,12,and24monthsafterphotodynamictherapy.Inthephotodynamictherapygroup,4hlater,up4to6cmBarrett′ssegmentlengthperpatientwasthentreated[3].3表示數(shù)值時(shí)應(yīng)注意的事項(xiàng)3.1在句子的開(kāi)頭不可用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字，應(yīng)用英語(yǔ)數(shù)詞。[例20]Eight-twoPatientswerestagedbyEUS;61hadT1and27hadT2cancers[3].上面的Eight-two不能用82代替。3.2百分?jǐn)?shù)的正確使用percent,percent，%5%的病例5%ofthecases5%的葡萄糖5%glucose。3.3將數(shù)值放于括號(hào)內(nèi)[例21]Furthermoretumorgrowthinorganswherebloodvesselsdonotproliferateislimitedbythemaximaldistanceoxygendiffusion(1-2mm)[8].[例22]Markeddecreasesinfetalsizewereevidentasearlyasday19ofgestation

(2.0±0.1versus2.4±0.3g,p＜0.05,IUGRversuscontrol,respectively﹞[1].3.4數(shù)字之前加用≈，＞，＜★[例23]Birthweightwasreducedby≈12%inIUGRoffspringcomparedwithcontrol[1].[例24]MostSolid-stateNMRexperimentsthatrelyondipolarcouplinginteractionsareeffectiveat(a)distanceof＜10A[9].3.5“-”連接數(shù)字與表示時(shí)間的單數(shù)名詞[例25]Beforeinstrumentation,ratsin8-and12-weekMAPgroupswereusedfor24-hourdeterminationofsodiumexcretionandoffoodandwaterintake[1].第二節(jié)比較句型的用法1自身對(duì)照2組間對(duì)照3注意事項(xiàng)1自身對(duì)照表示經(jīng)過(guò)某種處理或一段時(shí)間后，某項(xiàng)(些)指標(biāo)的變化表示時(shí)間previously,preoperative,after,during,withtime，overtime表示變化become;reach;increase,elevate;decrease,decline,fall,diminishThesedatasuggestthattheHEVcouldbemorewidespreadthanpreviouslythought.這些數(shù)據(jù)提示HEV可能比以前認(rèn)為的傳播范圍更廣。Thecombineduseofthethreemarkersincreasedsensitivityto87%,whichreached100%inpatientswithpositivepreoperativelevels.標(biāo)記物聯(lián)合應(yīng)用敏感性達(dá)87%，術(shù)前陽(yáng)性者達(dá)100%。

However,afteradjustmentforobservationtime,theageatdiagnosisdecreasedminimally,ifatall,witheachsuccessivegeneration.然而，在調(diào)整了觀察時(shí)間之后，診斷年齡下降明顯減少。Inaddition,levelsofplasmacholesterol,low-densitylipoproteincholesterol,apolipoproteinB,andP-selectin

decreased

duringtheNCEP-1andMediterraneandiets.

血脂，低密度脂蛋白，apoB，P選擇在2組皆降低。TheeffectofH/RZontuberculosisdiminishedovertime(P=0.011)H/RZ對(duì)結(jié)核病的效果隨時(shí)間而減少。Theexcessriskformalignantdiseasediminished

withtime

惡性病發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)隨著時(shí)間增加而減少AfterexcisionofthegeneencodingSV40TagwithCre-recombinase,cellsstoppedgrowing,DNAsynthesisfellby90%,andproductionofliver-specificmRNAswaseitherincreasedorbecamenewlydetectable.Inaddition,themorphologyandepithelialcellpolarityofthecellsbecamemorecharacteristicofdifferentiatedhepatocytes.

方法及結(jié)果部分均涉及兩組或多組的比較，方法部分常用的標(biāo)志詞為compare。2組間對(duì)照Standardizedincidenceratioswerecalculatedtocomparetheincidenceofmalignantdiseaseinpatientswithinflammatorymyopathyandthegeneralpopulation.計(jì)算標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化發(fā)病率比較炎性肌病患者和普通人群惡性病的發(fā)病率。2.1結(jié)果無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異besimilardidnotdifferbenotdifferenthadnodifferenceInsickerhospitalizedpatients,performanceonsevenPiagetiantasksofjudgmentwassimilartothatamongchildrenyoungerthan10yearsofage.在患病的住院病人，Piagetian題目的完成情況與小于10歲的兒童類似.PatientswithKarnofskyscoresgreaterthan50didnotperformdifferently

than

controls.Karnofsky評(píng)分高于50的患者與對(duì)照組答題正確率與對(duì)照組無(wú)區(qū)別Thelevelofchimerism

didnotdiffer

betweenpatientsand

controlseitherinbloodorinliver.嵌和性的水平無(wú)論在外周血還是在肝內(nèi)，患者和對(duì)照均無(wú)明顯差異。Thenonprecipitatedamylaselevels(pancreaticandsalivaryamylasefractions)werenotdifferentfromthoseofthecontrols.與對(duì)照者相比，非沉淀性淀粉酶水平（胰腺的以及唾液淀粉酶成分）無(wú)明顯差異。TherewasnosignificantdifferencebetweenthetuberculosisratesintheHandRZgroupsatanytime.在H組和RZ組的任何時(shí)間段的結(jié)核病發(fā)病率都沒(méi)有顯著差異。2.2結(jié)果有差異，但不直接說(shuō)明孰高孰低，而是客觀地交待數(shù)值，句子中常含有表示轉(zhuǎn)折或比較的詞，如but，however，versus等。Malecellsweredetectedinperipheralbloodmononuclearcellsfromonehealthycontrolatalevelof1malecellper10(6)femalecells,butwerenotdetectedinperipheralbloodmononuclearcellsofwomenwithprimarybiliarycirrhosis.在一個(gè)健康對(duì)照者外周血單個(gè)核細(xì)胞中檢測(cè)到含Y-染色體的細(xì)胞，水平為1/10(6)個(gè)雌性細(xì)胞，但在原發(fā)性膽汁性肝硬化女患者的外周血單個(gè)核細(xì)胞中未檢測(cè)到。Inall,86.5%ofthesepolypswerepreciselydiagnosedbyEUS.However,only51.7%werediagnosedbyUS.EUS準(zhǔn)確診斷膽囊息肉86.5%。US診斷率僅51.7%。Themediannumberofoperationswasoneforwomenwhohadstereotacticbiopsyversustwoforwomenwhohaddiagnosticsurgicalbiopsy.對(duì)于接受立體定位活檢的女性病人，手術(shù)次數(shù)的中位值為1次，但是接受診斷性外科活檢病人的手術(shù)次數(shù)中位值為2次。Personsinthehighestquintileoffruitandvegetableintakehadarelativeriskforcoronaryheartdiseaseof0.80(95%CI,0.69to0.93)comparedwiththoseinthelowestquintileofintake.

與最低攝入量者相比，攝入水果蔬菜量在五分之一高限部份者冠心病相對(duì)危險(xiǎn)度為0.80(95%CI,0.69-0.93)。相對(duì)危險(xiǎn)度也用于兩組指標(biāo)的比較2.3一(幾)組指標(biāo)高(早)于另一(幾)組，常含有more，higher,greater，earlier等副詞或形容詞，或elevated，increased等分詞。Whole-bodyMRimaginghasahighersensitivitythanskeletalscintigraphyforthedetectionofbonemarrowmetastasesbutalowersensitivitythanFDGPET.對(duì)于診斷骨和骨髓轉(zhuǎn)移，全體部MR敏感性高于核素掃描，但是低于FDGPET。★

Thelikelihoodofundergoingasingleoperationwassignificantlygreaterforwomenwhohadstereotactic

ratherthansurgicalbiopsy.對(duì)于接受立體定位活檢的女性病人，只需活檢1次的可能性明顯大于接受診斷性外科活檢的病人.Femaleswhobecameoverweightorobesebetween6and11yrofagewere7timesmorelikelytodevelopnewasthmasymptomsatage11or13(p=0.0002).在6-11y超重或肥胖的女性在11y或13y出現(xiàn)新的哮喘癥狀的可能性增加7倍(p=0.0002)。Iftheoffspringofpatientsdevelopthedisease,theywilltendtodosoatanearlieragethantheirparents.當(dāng)患者的子女也患病，他們的發(fā)病年齡要比他們的父母早。Twenty-threenewlydiagnosedceliacpatientshadelevatedserumamylaselevels(>2SDabovethecontrols).23名新近診斷為乳糜瀉的患者血清淀粉酶水平升高(與對(duì)照者相比高2SD)。InsubjectswithCOPDR5rosefrom0.68±0.06to0.74±0.07kPa/L/safterthecolddryairchallenge(p<0.01)andinthecontrolsubjectsR5rosefrom0.34±0.03to0.39±0.03kPa/L/s(p<0.01).COPD患者激發(fā)后R5從0.68±0.06增加到0.74±0.07kPa/L/s(p<0.01)，對(duì)照組從0.34±0.03增加到0.39±0.03kPa/L/s(p<0.01).另外，比較句型中常涉及到最高級(jí)，含有most，biggest等詞。顯而易見(jiàn)，這是是指與其他所有的組進(jìn)行比較所得的結(jié)果。Nucleotidesequenceanalysisidentified2strainswith93.4%identity,phylogenetically

mostcloselyrelatedtotheGreece1isolate.核酸序列分析證實(shí)2株有93.4%的同源性，種遺傳性上與希臘種最為相近。Morbidobesityisthebiggestindependentriskfactorforearlymortality.病理性肥胖是早期死亡的最大獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。2.４一(幾)組指標(biāo)低于另一(幾)組，常用含lower，decrease，decline等詞的句子表達(dá)。Thecumulativeriskoftuberculosisinthefirst2.5yearswassignificantlylower

intheH/RZgroupthantheplacebogroup(rateratio0.55;95%confidenceinterval0.32-0.93;P=0.028).是H/RZ組在頭2.5年的結(jié)核病累積危險(xiǎn)明顯的比安慰劑組低。Maximummeanrelativeenhancementratioandmeanslopeofrelativeenhancementoflungcancerpatientsweresignificantlydecreased

comparedwiththoseofthehealthyvolunteers(p<0.0001,p<0.0001).肺癌病人的最大平均相對(duì)強(qiáng)化率和相對(duì)強(qiáng)化平均斜率都明顯低于正常人（p<0.0001,p<0.0001）。與正常結(jié)腸組織相比，在潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎中，各段的端粒末端轉(zhuǎn)移酶活性明顯降低，分別為盲腸152(59-272),p=0.04,橫結(jié)腸180(129-365),p<0.001,乙狀結(jié)腸352(114-464),p=0.005,直腸180(70-337),p=0.001。Inulcerativecolitis,therewasamarkeddecreaseintelomeraseactivityinthececum152(59-272),p=0.04,transverse180(129-365),p<0.001,sigmoid352(114-464),p=0.005,andrectum180(70-337),p=0.001whencomparedwithnormals.3

注意事項(xiàng)

3.1比較對(duì)象要對(duì)應(yīng)3.2變化表達(dá)形式，增強(qiáng)文章的可讀性

Maximummeanrelativeenhancementratioandmeanslopeofrelativeenhancementoflungcancerpatientsweresignificantlydecreased

comparedwith（thoseofthe）healthyvolunteers(p<0.0001,p<0.0001).肺癌病人的最大平均相對(duì)強(qiáng)化率和相對(duì)強(qiáng)化平均斜率都明顯低于正常人（p<0.0001,p<0.0001）。PatientswithKarnofskyscoresof50orlessrespondedcorrectlytofewerPiagetiantasksthancontrols(mean[SD],1.82.6vs.5.91.6;P<0.001).評(píng)分小于等于50的患者Piagetian題目正確率小于對(duì)照組(平均[SD],1.8±2.6vs.5.9±1.6;P<0.001)。與14-G自動(dòng)核心針或14-G真空探針立