論文范本mla-teacher-合同

WritingResearchPapersOctober16,2008inMLAStyleTheMLAIntroductiontothecommonlyusedstyleguides,e.g.,MLA,APA,ChicagoFootnoteStyle,etc.TheMLATheModernLanguageAssociationofAmerica(usuallyreferredtoassimplyModernLanguageAssociationorMLA)istheprincipalprofessionalassociationintheUnitedStatesforscholarsoflanguageandliterature.TheMLAwasfoundedin1883asadiscussionandadvocacygroupforthestudyofliteratureandmodernlanguages,thatis,allbutclassicallanguagessuchasancientLatinandGreek.Theassociationaimsto“strengthenthestudyandteachingoflanguageandliterature.〞Reportedly,ithas“30,000membersin100countries,〞primarilyacademicscholars,professors,andgraduatestudentswhostudyorteachlanguageandliterature,includingEnglish,othermodernlanguages,andcomparativeliterature.AlthoughfoundedintheUnitedStates,withofficeslocatedinNewYorkCity,theMLA’smembership,concerns,reputation,andinfluenceareinternationalinscope.TheMLAStyleTheMLApublishesseveralacademicjournals,includingPMLA,oneofthemostprestigiousjournalsinliterarystudies,andProfession,whichdiscussestheprofessionalissuesfacedbyteachersoflanguageandliterature.TheassociationalsopublishestheMLAHandbookforWritersofResearchPapers,nowinitssixthedition,aguidethatisgearedtowardhighschoolandundergraduatestudents.TheMLAStyleManualisgearedtowardgraduatestudents,scholars,andprofessionalwriters.TheMLAproducesthelong-standingprintandonlinedatabase,MLAInternationalBibliography,thestandardbibliographyinlanguageandliterature.TheMLAalsosponsorsaradioprogram,What’stheWord?,thatshowshowthestudyoflanguageandliteratureenrichespeople’slives.Theprogramcoversawiderangeoftopics.TheAPAStyleAPAstyleisaWidelyacceptedformatforwritingresearchpapers(especiallyinsocialsciences)bytheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation(APA).APAstyleisofficiallydefinedinThePublicationManualoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation,nowinitsfifthedition.ThestylelistssourcesattheendofthepaperonaReferencesPage,usesparentheticalcitationwithinthetext,listingtheauthor’sname,theyeartheworkwasmade,andthepagethattheinformationmaybefoundon.Thestyleforbidsauthorstonumbertheirsectionheadings,acommonpracticeinsciencejournalsthatpermitscrossreferencing.APAstylealsorequirescitedauthorstobeidentifiedjustbytheirinitials,asin“J.A.Smith〞r(shí)atherthan“JoanA.Smith〞(sometimes,makingithardforreaderstolookupreferences).TheChicagoStyleTheChicagoStyle,sometimescalledtheChicagoFootnoteStyle,isahighlyregardedstyleguideforAmericanEnglish,dealingwithquestionsofstyle,manuscriptpreparation,and,toalesserdegree,usage.ItsstyleguideisTheChicagoManualofStyle(CMS),publishedbytheUniversityofChicagoPressinits15thedition.Indeed,becauseofitssharpanalysesofextremelyintricatemattersofpunctuationandusage,itisusedbypublishinghousesallovertheEnglish-speakingworld,andisincreasinglyregardedasauthoritativefortheEnglishpublishingcommunityingeneral.Somesocialsciencesandhumanitiesscholars,especiallyhistoryandtheology,usethisstyle.AnobviousdifferenceoftheChicagoStylefromtheMLAorAPAisthatitallowsforfootnotesorendnotesinsteadoftheinlinecitations.TheCBEstyleTheCouncilofBiologyEditors(CBE)styleformat.ThestyleguideTheCBEManualforAuthors,Editors,andPublishersisveryinfluentialandpopularforscientificpapers.TheCBEwasestablishedin1957bytheNationalScienceFoundation,anindependentUnitedStatesgovernmentagencyresponsibleforsupportingbasicscienceresearch,andtheAmericanInstituteofBiologicalSciences.In1999theorganizationvotedtochangeitsnametoCouncilofScienceEditors(CSE).Thechangebecameeffectiveon1January2000.TheTurabianStyleTheguideisbasedontheCMS,nearlyidenticalwithorasimplifiedsubstituteoftheChicagoStyle.ThefulltitleofthestylemanualisAManualforWritersofTermPapers,Theses,andDissertations,butitisusuallyreferredtobythelastnameofitsauthor,KateL.Turabian,whodevelopeditfortheUniversityofChicago.Turabian'skeycontrastwiththeMLAorAPAstyleisthatitwasdevelopedspecificallyforthepurposeofbeingusedinpaperswrittenforaclassandnotforpublication.TheBluebookThestyleguidedevelopedbyseveralelitelawschoolsledbyHarvardtraditionallyusedinAmericanacademiclegalwriting.ThedominanceoftheBluebookiscurrentlybeingchallengedbythenewerALWDCitationManual(compiledbytheAssociationofLegalWritingDirectorsinits2ndedition).Citationsinthetwoformatsareroughlysimilar.UndertheBluebooksystem,thetypestylesusedincitationsfoundinacademiclegalarticles,alwaysfootnoted,areverydifferentfromthoseusedincitationswithincourtdocuments(alwayscitedinline).WhiletheALWDsystemfollowsthestandardconventionoffootnoteswithinacademicarticlesandinlinecitationsincourtdocuments,itrejectstheBluebook’sinsistenceonusingdifferenttypestylesinthetwoclassesofdocuments.TheColumbiaStyleDetailedguidelinesforcitinginternetsourcesmadebyJaniceR.WalkerandToddTaylorinTheColumbiaGuidetoOnlineStyle.ColumbiaStyleoffersmodelsforboththehumanitiesandthesciences.Now,WalkerandTaylorhaveexpandedtheoriginalstylesheetintoacomprehensiveyetuser-friendlyguide.Inadditiontoprovidingrulesforcitation,theyalsogivecompleteguidelinesforformattingdocumentsforonlinepublicationandforelectronicallypreparingtextsforprintpublication.WorkingasaninterdisciplinarytemplatethatcanbeappliedtoavarietyofalreadyestablishedstyleguidessuchasAPA,Chicago,andMLA,itoffersadvicethatcanbeadaptedtowhicheverstyleaparticulardiscipline,instructor,colleague,journal,editor,orpublisherhasselected.TheMHRAStyleGuideTheModernHumanitiesResearchAssociationstyleformat.Itismostoftenusedintheartsandhumanities,particularlyintheUnitedKingdomwheretheModernHumanitiesResearchAssociation(MHRA)isbased.TheMHRAisaninternationalorganizationthataimstoencourageandpromoteadvancedstudyandresearchofhumanities.TheMHRAstyleisfairlysimilartotheMLAstyle,butwithsomedifferences.Thestyleguideusesfootnotesthatfullyreferenceacitationandhasabibliographyattheend.Itsmajoradvantageisthatareaderdoesnotneedtoconsultthebibliographytofindareferenceasthefootnoteprovidesallthedetails.TheACSStyleGuideFormattingguidedevelopedbytheAmericanChemicalSociety(ACS)forthepublicationofscientificpapersinitsjournals.TheACS,foundedin1876,isalearnedsociety(professionalassociation)basedintheUnitedStatesthatsupportsscientificinquiryinthefieldofchemistry.Itspublicationsdivisionproducessometwodozenfirst-ratescholarlyjournals(theoldestofthem,JournaloftheAmericanChemicalSociety,wasestablishedabout130yearsago)andseveralbookseries.TheAmericanChemicalSocietyalsosponsorstheUnitedStatesNationalChemistryOlympiad(USNCO),acontestusedtoselectthefour-memberteamthatrepresentstheUnitedStatesattheInternationalChemistryOlympiad(IChO).TheLancetAformattingguidelineforelectronicsubmissionofrevisedmanuscriptsforresearchandotherarticlesforsubmissionforTheLancet,oneoftheoldestandmostrespectedpeer-reviewedmedicaljournals,publishedweeklybytheLancetPublishingGroup.Itisnamedafterthesurgicalinstrumentcalledalancet.TheLancethasasignificantreadershipthroughouttheworldwithahighimpactfactorandisconsideredtobeoneofthetopfive(the“core〞)generalmedicaljournals;theothersbeingtheNewEnglandJournalofMedicine,theJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociation,theBritishMedicalJournalandtheCanadianMedicalAssociationJournal.NatureformattingGuideManuscriptformattingguideforpreparingresearcharticlesandlettersforNaturecontributions.Natureisoneoftheoldestandmostreputablescientificjournals,firstpublishedonNovember4,1869.Althoughmostscientificjournalsarenowhighlyspecialized,Natureisalmostunique,alongwithotherjournalssuchasScienceandProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences(PNAS)isstillpublishingoriginalresearcharticlesacrossawiderangeofscientificfields.Researchscientistsaretheprimaryaudienceforthejournal,HavinganarticlepublishedinNature(anditsclosestcompetitor,Science)

isveryprestigious,andthearticlesareoftenhighlycited,leadingtopromotions,grantfunding,andattentionfromthemainstreammedia.PartIIThispartaddressestheformatofaresearchpaperintheMLAstyle.ComponentpartsofapaperAfull-blownresearchpaperintheMLAstyleconsistsofthefollowing7parts:

1.Titlepage 2.Outline 3.Abstract 4.Textofthepaper 5.Contentnotes 6.Appendixes 7.Workscited

Items4and7arealwaysrequiredforapaperintheMLAstyle.Usetheotheritemstomeettheneedsofyourresearch.TitlePageIfyouincludeprefatorymatter,suchasanoutlineand/orabstract,youneedaseparatetitlepage.Employseparatelineswithcentereddivisionsforthetitle,author,courseidentification,instructoranddate.Thetitleshouldnotbeunderlinedorwritteninallcapitalletters.Capitalizeonlythefirstandprincipalwords.Titlesmightendwithaquestionmarkoranexclamationmarkifthatisappropriate,butnotinaperiod.Publishedworksthatappearaspartofyourtitleshouldbeitalicized(books)orplacedinquotationmarks(shortstories).Useaninvertedpyramidtobalancetwoormorelines.Placeyourfullnameinthecenterofthepage.Theseparatetitlepagebearsnopagenumber.Printaborderonthispage,ifyousodesire,butnotonanyotherpages.OutlineAformaloutlineclassifiestheissuesofyourstudyintoclear,logicalcategorieswithmainheadingsandoneormorelevelsofsubheadings.Notallpapersrequiretheformaloutline,nordoallresearchersneedone.IncludeanoutlineforapaperinMLAstyleonlyifyourinstructorrequiresit.Therearetwotypesofoutlines:thesentenceoutlineandatopicoutline.Thesentenceoutlinerequiresfullsentencesforeachheadingandsubheading,whileatopicoutlinemayusenounphrases,gerundphrasesorinfinitivephrases.Nomatterwhichtypeyouuse,youshouldfollowitconsistentlythroughouttheoutline.NumberyouroutlinewithsmallRomannumerals,continuingthepaginationofyourtitlepage(whichisregardedasPage1,butbearsnopagenumber)atthetopright-handcornerofthepagejustafteryourlastname,e.g.,Johnsonii.ThesisThethesisisasinglecompletedeclarativesentenceintheaffirmativethatexpressesyourmainpointofviewtowardyourtopic,thatis,theguidelinetoyourpaper.Thethesisisanintegralpartoftheoutline.However,youshouldnotlabelthethesisasItemIintheoutline(Otherwise,youmaysearchfruitlesslyforparallelideastoputinII,III,andIV).Placethethesisatthebeginningofyouroutline.OutlinechecklistMakesurethethesisisasinglecompletedeclarativesentenceintheaffirmative.Standardoutlinesymbols:I,A,1,a,(1),(a).Useparallelstructuresfortheheadingsofthesamerankandsubheadingsoflikerankandarrangetheheadingsandsubheadingsinlogicalorder.Subjectsinaresearchpaperseldomcarrybeyondsubheadingsofthirddegree.Useeitherthesentenceoutlineortopicoutlineconsistently.Avoidsinglesubdivisions.Ifthereisamajorpointmarked“I〞,theremustbeatleastanothermarked“II〞;ifthereisan“A〞,theremustbea‘B’andsoon.AvoidusingChinesecharacters,suchas“一〞,“二〞andsoonasoutlinesymbols.AvoidusingChinesepunctuationmarks,suchas“、〞,“。〞inyourEnglishoutline.AbstractIncludeanabstractforapaperinMLAstyleonlyifyourinstructorrequiresit.Anabstractprovidesabriefdigestofthepaper’sessentialideasinabout100words(Lester175).Tothatend,borrowfromyourintroduction,usesomeofthetopicsentencesfromyourparagraphs,anduseoneortwosentencesfromyourconclusion.Rememberthattheabstractisusuallyreadfirstandmaybetheonlypartread;therefore,makeitaccurate,specific,objective,andself-containedsothatitmakessensealonewithoutreferencestothemaintext.AbstractYoumayalsoplacetheabstractonaseparatepagebetweentheoutlineandthefirstpageoftext.NumberyourabstractwithsmallRomannumerals,continuingthepaginationofyouroutlineatthetopright-handcornerofthepagejustafteryourlastname,e.g.,Johnsoniii.TextofpaperStructurallyspeaking,apaperhasanintroduction,bodyandconclusion,butdonotlabelthesepartsassuch.Ingeneral,youshouldnotusesubtitlesornumbereddivisionsforpaper,evenifitbecomes20pageslong.Instead,usecontinuousparagraphingwithoutsubdivisionsorheadingsinMLAstyle(Lester175-176).Someotherstyles,andsomescientificandbusinessreportsrequiresubheads.Theparagraphsoughttobeaboutone-halfpageinlengthorlonger(foraformalpaper).NumberyourtextpageswithArabicnumerals,beginningwith“1〞atthetopright-handcornerofthepagejustafteryourlastname,e.g.,Johnson1(unlessanonymityisrequired,inwhichcaseyoumayuseashortenedversionofyourtitleratherthanyourlastname).ContentEndnoteLabelaseparatepagewiththeword“Notes〞,centeredatthetopandcontinuethepaginationfromthetext.NumberthenotesinArabicnumeralswiththecorrespondingsuperscriptnumerals(1)inyourtext.Indentthefirstlineofeachentry0.74cmandbeginningthecorrespondingentrywithanArabicnumeralandadot(1.).Eachsuperscriptnumeralshouldfollowimmediatelythematerialtowhichitreferswithnospacebetweenthesuperscriptnumeralandawordormarkofpunctuation.SourcesmentionedinendnotesmustappearinyourWorksCitedeveniftheyarenotmentionedinthetext.Useacontentnotetoexplainresearchproblems,conflictsinthetestimonyoftheexperts,mattersofimportancethatarenotgermanetoyourdiscussion,interestingtidbits,credittopeopleandsourcesnotmentionedinthetext,andothertangentialmattersthatyouthinkwillinterestthereaders.AppendixPlaceadditionalmaterial,ifnecessary,inanappendix.Itisthelogicallocationfornumeroustablesandillustrations,computerdata,questionnaireresults,complicatedstatistics,mathematicalproofs,ordetaileddescriptionsofspecialequipment.Continueyourpagenumberingsequenceintheupperrightcornerofthesheet(fromtheNotes,e.g.,Johnson16).Centertheheading“Appendix,〞atthetop.Ifyouhavemorethanoneappendix,use“AppendixA,〞“AppendixB,〞andsoforth.WorksCitedCentertheheading“WorksCited〞atthetop.Continuethepagenumberingsequenceintheupperrightcorner(fromtheAppendix,e.g.,Johnson17).Setthefirstlineofeachentryflushleftandindentsubsequentlines0.74cm.Ifyoursoftwaresupportsit,usethehangingindent.AcknowledgementGenerally,acknowledgementsareunnecessaryforanundergraduateresearchpaper.Acknowledgeneitheryourinstructornortypistforresearchpapers(thoughsuchacknowledgementsarestandardwithgraduatethesesanddissertations).Useasuperscriptreferencenumeraltoyourfirstsentenceandthenplaceanyacknowledgementsorexplanationsinacontentendnoteifyoufeelobligedtodoso.Acknowledgementsareusuallygiveninupright,notitalictext.CitationstyleThispartdealswiththecitationstyleofaresearchpaperintheMLAstyle.Citationstyle(I)BlendingReferenceMaterialintothePaperAnimportantreasonforwritingtheresearchpaperistogatherandpresentsourcematerialonatopic,soitonlyfollowsthatyoushoulddisplaythosesourcesprominentlyinyourwriting.Yourin-textcitationsshouldconformtostandardsoftheMLAstyle.Thisstylegovernspapersinliterature,Englishusage,andforeignlanguages.TheMLAstyleputsgreatemphasisuponthewriter,askingforthefullnameofthescholar.Inallstyles,oneofyourprimarytasksistoblendyoursourcematerialintoyourwritingwithunityandcoherence.Thatis,quotation,paraphrase,andSummary,togetherwithyourpersonalnotesandfieldnotes,mustexplainandsupportyourparagraph’stopicsentence.Citationstyle(II)BeginningwiththeAuthor,EndingwithaPageNumberTryalwaystousethisstandardcitationbecauseitinformsthereaderofthebeginningandtheendofborrowedmaterialsandkeepyourin-textcitationsasbriefaspossiblebecausetheWorksCitedlistwillhavefullinformation,asshownhere: Videogamesforchildrenhaveopponentsandadvocates.GracePaleydefendsvideogamesbychildren.Shestates,“Thementalgymnasticsofvideogamesandthecompetitionwithfellowplayersareimportanttoyoungchildrenandtheirphysical,social,andmentaldevelopment〞(45).RandallKenanstatesthattheuseofvideogamesbychildrenimprovestheirhandandeyecoordination(90).Citationstyle(III)PageNumberImmediatelyaftertheNameSometimes,notesattheendofaquotationmakesitexpeditioustoplacethepagenumberafterthenameofsource.Alexander(60)urgescarmakersto“directtheforceofautomotiveairbagsupwardagainstthewindshield〞(emphasisadded).Citationstyle(IV)NameandPageNumberattheEndAsanalternative,youmayputcitednameswiththepagenumberwithinparenthesesattheendoftheborrowedmaterial.“EachDNAstrandprovidesthepatternofbasesforanewstrandtoform,resultingintwocompletemolecules〞(Bizzell,andHerzberg162).Inthecaseofaparaphrase,youshouldgiveyourreaderasignaltoshowwhentheborrowingbegins,asshownnext:OnesourceexplainsthattheDNAinthechromosomesmustbecopiedperfectlyduringcellreproduction(Bizzell,andHerzberg162).Citationstyle(V)DifferentFormsinOneCitationNoticehowthisnextpassageusesnamesandpagenumbersintwodifferentways.Inthefirstsentence,thewriterusesthenameoftheauthoritytointroducethequotationandplacesthepagenumberafterthequotation.Inthesecond,thewriterplacesboththenameandthepagenumberattheend.AccordingtoJohnHartley,19thcenturyscientists“discoveredsinglecellsthatdividedintotwoidenticaloffspringcells〞(56).Thisfindingeventuallyproducedthecelltheory,whichasserts,“Allorganismsarecomposedofcellsandallcellsderivefromotherlivingcells〞(Hartley131).Citationstyle(VI)UnprintedSourcesThatHaveNoPageNumberOnoccasionyoumayneedtoidentifyunprintedsources,suchasaspeech,thesonglyricsfromacompactdisc,aninterview,oratelevisionprogram.Sincethereisnopagenumber,omittheparentheticalcitation.Instead,introducethetypeofsource—i.e.,lecture,letter,e-mail,interview,diary,publicaddress—sothatreadersdonotexpectapagenumber.Mrs.PeggyJohnsonsaidinherphoneinterviewthatprejudiceagainstyoungblackwomenisnotassevereasthatagainstyoungblackmales.Citationstyle(VII)CitingIndirectSources(I)Sometimesthewriterofabookorarticlewillquoteanotherpersonfromanintervieworpersonalcorrespondence.Forexample,inanewspaperarticleinUSAToday,page9A,KarenS.Petersonwritesthispassageinwhichshequotestwootherpeople.Monitortheamountoftimehighschoolersspendworkingformoney,EileenShiffsuggests,“Workisimportant,butschoolmustbethepriority.〞Parentalinterventioninachild’sschoolcareerthatworkedinjuniorhighmaynotworkinhighschool,psychiatristMartinGreenburgadds.“Theinterventionscanbeconstruedbytheadolescentasnegativeandoverburdening.〞Headds,“Beencouraging,notcritical.Criticismcanbedevastatingfortheteenager.〞Citationstyle(VIII)CitingIndirectSources(II)SupposethatyouwanttousethequotationabovebyMartinGreenburg.YouwillneedtoquotethewordsofGreenburgandalsoputPeterson’snameintheparentheticalcitationasthepersonwhowrotethearticle,asshowninthefollowing:Afterstudentsgetbeyondmiddleschool,theybegintoresentinterferencebytheirparents,especiallyinschoolactivities.TheyneedsomespacefromMomandDad.MartinGreenburgsays,“Theinterventionscanbeconstruedbytheadolescentasnegativeandoverburdening〞(qtd.inPeterson9A).OntheWorksCitedpage,Peterson’snamewillappearonabibliographyentry,butGreenburg’snamewillnotappear.WithoutthereferencetoPeterson,nobodycouldfindthearticle.Ifpossible,alwayscitetheoriginalsource.Citationstyle(IX)TwoorMoreWorksbytheSameWriterThecompletetitlesofthetwoworksbyCampbellthatarereferencedinthefollowingexampleareTheHerowithaThousandFacesandTheMasksofGod,afour-volumework.Becausehestressesthenobilityofman,JosephCampbellsuggeststhatthemythicheroissymbolicofthe“divinecreativeandredemptiveimagewhichishiddenwithinusall...〞(Hero39).Theheroelevatesthehumanmindtoan“ultimatemythogeneticzone—thecreatoranddestroyerofallthegods〞(Masks472).ThomasHardyremindsreadersinhisprefacesthat“anovelisanimpression,notanargument〞andthatanovelshouldbereadas“astudyofman’sdeedsandcharacter〞(Tessxxii;Mayor1).Citationstyle(X)LongQuotations(I)Setofflongprosequotationsoffourlinesormorebyindentingusually0.74cm.Donotusequotationmarkswiththeindentedmaterial.Ifyouquoteonlyoneparagraphorthebeginningofone,donotindentthefirstlineanextra0.74cm.Placetheparentheticalcitationafterthefinalmarkofpunctuation.Citationstyle(XI) Televisiongivesussymbolicrealitybutdressesitintherobesof“real〞or“objective〞r(shí)eality.Twopoliticalcommentatorsmakethisobservation: Everydaythenetworknewsorganizationsfacethetaskofreducingcomplex,multi-facetedissuestosimple,unambiguousstoriesthatconsumenomorethanaminuteortwoofpreciousairtime.Toavoidtheaccusationofbeingunfair,theyalsofacethepressuretopresent“bothsides〞ofthecontroversiestheycover.(KuklinskiandSigelman814) EvenOprahhasestablishedacommerciallyviablestructurethattheshowmustsqueezeinto.Sometimesalittlerealityfallsoutwhenthissqueezingoccurs.Citationstyle(XII)LongQuotations(III)Ifyouquotemorethanoneparagraph,indentthefirstlineanextra0.74cmforallparagraphsunlessthefirstsentencequoteddoesnotbeginaparagraphintheoriginalsource.

Ziglermakesthisobservation:

Withmanyothers,IamoptimisticthatournationwilleventuallydisplayitsinherentgreatnessandsuccessfullycorrectthemanyillsthatIhavetoucheduponhere. Ofcourse,muchremainsthatcouldandshouldbedone,includingincreasedeffortsintheareaoffamilyplanning,thewidespreadimplementationofEducationforParenthoodprogramsandareexaminationofourcommitmenttodoingwhatisinthebestinterestofeverychildinAmerica.(42)Citationstyle(XIII)CitingPoetrySetoffthreeormorelinesofpoetrybyindenting148mm,asshownbelow.

ThekingcautionsPrinceHenry: Thyplaceincouncilthouhasrudelylost, Whichbythyyoungerbrotherissupplied, Andartalmostanalientothehearts Ofallthecourtandprincesofmyblood. (3.2.32-35)Citationstyle(XIV)ShortPassagesofPoetryIncorporateoneortwolinesofpoetryintoyourtext.Eliot’s“TheWasteLand〞(1922)remainsaspringtimesearchfornourishingwater:“SweetThames,runsoftly,forIspeaknotloudorlong〞(3.12)saysthespeakerin“TheFireSermon〞whileinPart5thespeakerof“WhattheThunderSaid〞yearnsfor“adampgust/Bringingrain〞(5.73-74).Setoffshortquotationswithquotationmarks.Indicateseparatelinesbyusingavirgule(/)withaspacebeforeandaftertheslashmark.Placelinedocumentationwithinparenthesesimmediatelyfollowingthefinalquotationmarkandinsidetheperiod(Arabicnumeralsforacts,scenes,andlinesofplays;cantos,stanzas,andlinesofpoetry).Omission(I)OmissionattheBeginningMoststyleguidesdiscouragetheuseofellipsispointsformaterialomittedfromthebeginningofasource,thatis,theuseofomissionatthebeginningofasentences.Hestates,“...thenewparenthaslostthewisdomanddailysupportofolder,moreexperiencedfamilymembers〞(Zigler34).Thepassagewouldreadbetterwithouttheellipsispoints:Hestatesthat“thenewparenthaslostthewisdomanddailysupportofolder,moreexperiencedfamilymembers〞(Zigler34).Omission(II)OmissionintheMiddleUsethreespacedellipsispoints(periods)tosignalmaterialomittedfromwithinasentence:PhilJohnsonobjectstotheideathat“suchepisodesareintendedtodemonstratethatVere...hastheintelligenceandinsighttoperceivethedeeperissue〞(118).Omission(III)OmissionattheEndIfanellipsisoccursattheendofyoursentence,usefourpointswithnospacebeforethefirst.R.W.B.Lewis(62)declaresthat“ifHesterhassinned,shehasdonesoasanaffirmationoflife,andhersinisthesourceoflife....〞Butifapagecitationalsoappearsattheendinconjunctionwiththeellipsis,usethreespacedellipsispoints,addthepagecitation,andthenaddtheperiod.R.W.B.Lewisdeclaresthat“ifHesterhassinned,shehasdonesoasanaffirmationoflife,andhersinisthesourceoflife...〞(62).Omission(IV)OmissionofSentence/sWhenyouomitanentiresentenceormore,evenacompleteparagraphormore,usefourellipsispointswithnospacebeforethefirst.Justbesurethatyoumaintaingrammaticalintegritywithcompletesentencesbeforeandaftertheellipsispoints.Ziglerremindsusthat“childabuseisfoundmorefrequentlyinasingle(female)parenthomeinwhichthemotherisworking....Theunavailabilityofqualitydaycarecanonlymakethissituationmores