中國礦業(yè)大學(北京)2013-2014年博士基礎英語考試資料合集

科技英語翻譯1.當今社會，選擇的觀念無孔不入，種種選擇會導致人們越發(fā)感到焦慮不安和力不從心。總有人向我們灌輸這樣的理念：我們可以選擇自己的生活方式，可以選擇自己的身材，甚至可以選擇子女的未來。我們因為這種無所不能的虛假承諾而洋洋得意，同時卻忘記了，自己做出的選擇往往并不理智——要么受到別人選擇(社會認同)的影響，要么受到自己內心無意識動機的影響。.Theideologyofchoiceisall-pervasiveintoday’ssociety,andhascontributedtogrowingfeelingsofanxietyandinadequacyamongconsumers.We’retoldthatwecanchoosethetypeoflifewelive,thetypeofbodywehave,eventhewayourkidswillturnout.Butwhilewebaskinthefalsepromiseofmastery,weforgetthatthechoiceswemakeareoftenirrational-eitherlinkedtootherpeople’schoices(whatissociallyacceptable),orourownunconsciousmotives..鑒于甲方擁有合同產品的生產及銷售所涉及的技術信息，包括設計、技術、工藝、配方、技能和其他資料的專有權；鑒于乙方以生產、使用和銷售合同產品為目的，希望獲得使用上述協(xié)助的許可權利；鑒于乙方希望使用甲方所有的下述商標；雙方茲就下列內容達成一致：.WhereasPartyApossessesproprietarytechnicalinformationincludingdesigns,techniques,workmanship,formulas,skillsandotherdatausefulinthemanufactureandmarketingofcertainproducts;andwhereasPartyBdesirestoacquiretherightandlicencetousetheabove-mentionedtechnicalassistanceforthepurposeofmanufacturing,usingandsellingsuchproducts;andwhereasPartyBdesirestousethefollowingtrademarksownedbyPartyA.NowTherefore,thepartiesherebyagreeasfollows:.版權是一種無形資產。正如其字面所示，它所擁有的是一種權利。這種權利包括兩個方面，即復制權和對復制權的使用控制。版權是對作品創(chuàng)造者實行的一種法律保護。最初僅限于對書籍方面，而今已擴大到對各種雜志、報紙、地圖、戲劇、電影、電視節(jié)目、電腦軟件、繪畫、圖片、雕塑、音樂作品、舞蹈動作設計等類作品的保護。實質上，版權保護的是知識或藝術財產。版權這種財產與眾不同，因為它旨在為公眾所利用，為公眾所享受。如果一個讀者買一本版權受保護的書，這本書就歸其所有。但是如果他將此書復制或散發(fā)，那便屬違法，因為這種權利屬出版商、作者或擁有其版權的人所有。.Copyrightisanintangibleformofproperty.Whatisowned,asthewordsuggests,isaright.Thisrighthastwoaspects-therighttocopyandtherighttocontrolcopying.Copyrightisalegalprotectionextendedtothosewhoproducecreativeworks.Originallyonlyforbooks,copyrightnowextendstomagazines,newspapers,maps,plays,motionpictures,televisionprograms,computerprogramsoftware,paintings,photographs,sculpture,musicalcompositions,choreographeddances,andsimilarworks.Essentiallyacopyrightprotectsanintellectualorartisticproperty.Thistypeofpropertyisunusualbecauseitisnormallyintendedforpublicuseorenjoyment.Ifanindividualbuysacopyrightedbook,itbelongstohimasanobject.Butmakingcopiesofittosellorgiveawayisillegal.Thisrightbelongstothepublisher，author,orwhoeverholdsthecopyright..承租人同意將所租建筑保持良好狀態(tài)，并不得任其損壞。如果承租人對出租房屋作任何調整或增添任何設施，事先必須征得出租人的書面同意。房內任何增添和裝修過的設施都成為出租人的財產，而且承租人不得以此向出租人提出補償要求。如果發(fā)生火災，本租賃合同立即終止。.TheLesseeagreestomaintaintheleasedbuildingingoodconditionandshallnotallowittofurtherdeteriorate.AnymodificationsoradditionscarriedoutontheleasedbuildingbytheLesseemaybedoneonlywiththeLessor'spriorwrittenpermission.Anynewstructureresultingfrommodification,additionorrepairtotheleasedbuildingbecomesthepropertyoftheLessor,andtheLesseecannotclaimanydamages.Thisleasecontractisterminatedshouldtheleasedbuildingbesubjecttoafiredisaster..闡述了2000年以來，中國經濟和能源快速增長的態(tài)勢，以及能源消費構成變化情況和石油消費形式，探討了2050年前幾種不同情境下的中國經濟增長前景、能源消費增長趨勢、能源消費構成變化趨勢和石油需求總量。.Thispaperillustratestherapidgrowthofchina’seconomyandenergyconsumption,thechangeofenergyconsumptionstructureandthesituationofoilconsumptionsince2000.Italsodiscussedtheprospectofchina'seconomicgrowth,theincreasingtrendofenergyconsumption,thechangingtrendofenergyconsumptionstructureandthetotaldemandofoilindifferentsituationsbefore2050..加速發(fā)展常規(guī)天然氣、頁巖氣、煤層氣等氣體能源，即能緩解我國面臨的能源安全、環(huán)境保護和減排等多重壓力，又能培育新的經濟增長點。為此應提升氣體能源在我國能源戰(zhàn)略中的地位，加快能源領域的市場改革，建立完善準入和礦業(yè)權管理制度，放寬氣體能源的行業(yè)標準，改革能源價格形成機制，并加大對頁巖氣開采等技術開發(fā)的支持，從而改變我國能源供應和消費的結構，支持可持續(xù)發(fā)展和生態(tài)文明建設。Theacceleratingdevelopmentofgasenergysuchasnaturalgas,shalegasandcoalbedmethanecanrelievepressuresfromenergysecurity,environmentalprotectionandemissionreductionaswellascreateneweconomicgrowthpoints.Therefore,methodssuchaspromotingthepositionofgasenergyinenergystrategy,acceleratingthemarketreforminenergyfield,establishingandperfectingthemanagementsystemofaccessandminingright,relaxingtheindustrystandardofgasenergy,reformingenergypriceformingmechanismandincreasingthesupportofkeyshalegasextractiontechnologiesshouldbetakentochangethestructureofenergysupplyandconsumptioninourcountryandsupportthesustainabledevelopmentandecologicalcivilizationconstruction..本刊只接受全部用英文寫成的稿件。來稿在5000字左右為宜。論文必須另頁附200字以內的中文摘要、100詞以內英文摘要和不少于3個的主題詞。正文格式應符合以下要求：1、英文12磅字體；2、雙倍行距；3、左右兩邊空白各不少于3.5厘米；4、單面打印；5、段落第一行行首縮進四個字符；6、加入頁碼；7、文內引語和參考書目采用美國心理學會(APA)的論文格式。ThisjournalonlyacceptsEnglishpapers.Keepthepaperabout5000words,withanabstractof200wordsinChineseand100wordsinEnglishwithatleast3keywordsinaseparatepage.Thefollowingistheformatofthetextsubmitted:Usefontsize12inEnglish;Writeondouble-space;Leavemarginsatleast3.5cmontherightandleftsides;Typeononlyonesideofthepaper.Indentthefirstlineofeverynewparagraphwith4spaces;Numberthepaperwiththepages.AdopttheformatofAPAforthequotationsandreferences.課后題答案Unit2（P19）1.對于許多人來說，在當今計算機時代還需要由人來作翻譯似乎不合情理。既然現代計算機能裝入詞典和語法，為什么不讓計算機來作翻譯呢?計算機是可以作一些非常簡單的語際轉換工作，條件是事前和事后都要進行大量的編輯。但是無論廣告小冊子還是抒情詩都絕不可能歸結為計算機所要求的那種邏輯。計算機打印出來的譯文常常是可以看懂的——如果有關人員早就知道原文的大概。但是機器翻譯出來的東西，其語言形式通常是不自然的，而且有時候簡直令人不可思議。再者，僅僅修改程序或者增加規(guī)則也不會使譯文有真正的改觀。人的大腦不僅具有數字功能和模擬功能，而且還有內存價值系統(tǒng)，這個系統(tǒng)在語言成分分析上比起計算機來有著不可估量的優(yōu)勢。對于任何文體引人入勝、語義復雜的文本——包括大多數值得在另一種語言中表達出來的東西，非得由人來進行翻譯不可。2.Translationmeanstheconversionofanexpressionintoanotherlanguage．Tosayplainlyitisanarttoreproducetheexactideaoftheauthorbymeansofalanguagedifferentfromtheoriginal.Fromtheabovedefinitionoftranslationweknowthattheoriginalthoughtoftheexpressionmustbekeptasexactlyaspossible.Nothingshouldbeaddedtoortakenawayfromtheoriginalwork.Thedutyofthetranslatorissimplytochangethevocabularynotthethought.Intranslationtherefore,therearetwoessentialelements:accuracyandexpressiveness.Accuracyisthefirstrequisiteoftranslation.Thetranslatormuststicktotheauthor'sidea.Wordsselectedandsentencesconstructedmustbeofsuchnatureaswillconveytheexactoriginalthought.Expressivenessistomakethetranslationreadilyunderstood.Inotherwords,thetranslatormustexpresshisauthor'sideaasclearlyandasforciblyashecanbythemediumheemploys.Accuracyistomakethethoughtdefiniteandexact;whileexpressivenessistomakethetranslationvividandattractive.Unit3（P25）.獨立宣言包括三個部分：第一部分闡明政治哲學—民主與自由哲學，內容深刻動人；第二部分列舉若干具體的不平事例，以證明喬治三世破壞了美國的自由；第三部分宣布獨立，并宣誓支持該項政策。.接到來函后，不到十分鐘，我騎馬動身了。到達坎特布里，換乘四輪馬車進鎮(zhèn)，但一場雨把我渾身淋濕，患了重感冒，一時不能痊愈。大約中午到達財務委員會，要做的第一件事，就是刮臉換衣。不久，打聽到在委員會前樹碑的內情。可是我尚未接到通知，不過從送信者口里獲悉翌日上午會有通知的。我一回到小旅館就吃了晚飯，然后就上床睡覺。第2天一早，吃過早飯，換好衣服，我就及時出發(fā)去打聽有關紀念碑的事情。一得到消息，我就坐上馬車，在3點之前回到了坎特布里。沒給你帶來什么，再見吧。Unit11（P94）作為一種重要的知識儲備手段，各類文獻已成為寶貴的資源寶藏，大大促進了人類社會的進步。專業(yè)文獻一向被認為是全世界的“無形財產”。因為一方面它們是對前人的經驗或研究成果的總結、概括和發(fā)展；另一方面，又是人類長期積累、世代相傳的遺產。因此，從這種意義上講，一切文獻都是前人的研究發(fā)現和學術成就的寶貴記載，是人類文明的結晶。Unit12（P105）1．版權是一種合法權力，旨在保護創(chuàng)造性作品在未得到允許的情況下不得加以復制、演出、展出或傳播。版權擁有者具有這樣一些專有權：復制版權受保護的作品；根據版權保護的作品制作其他作品將保護作品的拷貝出售、出租或借給公眾使用在公眾場合演出以及公開展出版權受保護的作品。版權擁有者的以上種種基本專有權也有例外的情況，這往往要根據作品的種類以及他人怎樣使用作品而定。版權法中“作品”一詞指的是以固定形式存在于有形媒介的原作者的創(chuàng)作物。這樣，能受版權保護的作品就包括文學作品、音樂作品、戲劇選集、舞蹈、照片、繪畫、雕刻、圖形、廣播、地圖、電影、電臺和電視節(jié)目、錄音以及計算機軟件程序等。版權不保護某種想法或概念，只對作者表達想法或概念的方法加以保護。例如，要是某科學家發(fā)表了一篇文章，闡述生產某種藥品的新的制作過程，那么版權可以阻止他人抄襲該文章，但不能制止任何人用上述過程配備藥品。要想保護上述制作過程，該科學家就必須獲得專利。Unit13（P116）.對于因履行本合同所發(fā)生的一切爭議，本合同雙方應友好協(xié)商解決，如協(xié)商無法解決爭議，則應將爭議提交中國國際經濟貿易仲裁委員會（北京），依據仲裁規(guī)則仲裁。仲裁裁決是終局性的，對雙方都有約束力。仲裁費用應由敗訴方承擔，但仲裁委員會另有裁定的除外。.IfthisAgreementisterminatedforanyreasonwhatsoever,allsuchdrawings,transparencies,specifications,andanyothermanufacturingorengineeringinformationasaresuppliedbyPartyA,includingallthecopiesthereof,shallbereturnedtoPartyA,andPartyBshallceasetomanufacturethesaidLicensedProductsorComponents,orpartsoftheLicensedProducts.Unit14（P120）以上定義中提到的指定的管理計劃通常稱為“管理建議”。一般來說，管理建議向預期的客戶準準確確地解釋整個項目將如何進行管理，以及管理人員的姓名等，并為完成該項目提出一個時間進度表。管理建議的重要目的之一是讓客戶相信，該項工作在每個階段都將由能勝任的人員來完成，這就是說，如果是“硬件”項目，就要從原型設計研究到整個制造階段；如果是“軟件”項目，則要從初始的探索性研究到最終解決方案（“軟件”一詞在此上下文中指的是一份能解決某一基本問題或若干問題的可行性報告）。此外，建議中有關管理的部分應當在質量和可靠性問題上分清職責，措辭要盡量清晰果斷，便于客戶與供應商交換意見。2013-科2技0英1語4作業(yè)

漢譯英部分（作業(yè)）對農民工的管理和服務要到位雇工要給工錢，古今皆然，中外同理。但是，就在國務院已經下發(fā)了用工單位不得以任何名目拖欠和克扣農民工工資的通知后，有些急于拿到工錢返鄉(xiāng)過春節(jié)的農民工仍拿不到錢。忙碌了一年的血汗錢，農民工要把每個前掰成兩瓣兒花的：蓋新房、娶媳婦、備耕買種子、化肥、子女來年的學費都指望著它呢。拿不到工錢，已經夠讓農民工煩心的了，但鬧心的事遠不止這一件。諸如受了工傷，老板不予治療，欲訴諸法律，有打不起官司；受了老板或包工頭的侮辱，想討個說法卻又擔心丟了飯碗只好忍氣吞聲；勞動環(huán)境惡劣，勞動強度超負荷，有毒有害物質和氣體嚴重戕害身體，卻投告無門；各種名目的管理費多如牛毛，是個穿制服的就敢向農民工收費，不交就可能被驅逐出城。凡此種種，都發(fā)出了一個訊號：各地政府對農民工的管理和服務要盡早到位，不然就有可能出亂子甚至是大亂子。DoagoodjobinadministeringandservinglaborersfromthecountrysideYouhavetopaythepeopleyouhire.Thereisnoexceptiontothisinmodernorancienttimes,athomeorabroad.However,someofthehiredlaborershaven’tgottheirpaythoughtheyareanxioustogohomeforthespringFestivaldespitethefactthattheStateCouncilhasissuedanoticeforbiddingemployersdocklaborers’wagesinwhatevername.thelaborersplantospendtheirmoneysparinglyassomanythingshangonthemoneyearnedwiththeirbloodandsweat:tobuildnewhouses,togetmarried,tobuyseeds,chemicalfertilizer,andpesticidestogetreadyforthespringplough,andtopayfortheirchildren’seducationofthenextyear.Itwasalreadybotheringthemthattheyfailtogetthemoneyduetothem.Buttherearefarmoretroubles.Forexample,theirbossesrefusetopayfortheirmedicaltreatmentwhensomeofthelaborersgetinjuredduringwork,andtheysimplycannotaffordtolaunchanylawsuiteveniftheywantto.Sometimestheyreallywanttoseekjusticewhentheyarebulliedbythebossortheforeman,butveryoftentheyhavetoswallowitlesttheyshouldlosetheirjobs.Theysufferfromadverseworkingenvironment,unbearablelaborintensity,andtoxicandharmfulmaterialandgaseswhichseriouslyaffectingtheirhealth,butthereisnoplacewheretheycancomplainaboutthese.Miscellaneousfeesareimposedontheminvariousnamesandexcuses-anyonewearingauniformorevenanarmbandcanlevyfeesfromthemandrefusalmayresultinthelaborers’beingdrivenoutofthecity.Allthesearesendingoutwarningstous:therewillbetroubles,evenbigtroublesunlessgovernmentsatdifferentlevelsdoagoodjobinadministeringandservinglaborersfromthecountryside.近幾年來，國債資金重點用于水利、交通、通信、能源、環(huán)保等方面的建設，取得了重大成效。在基礎設施落后的狀況已有改變的情況下，產業(yè)結構的優(yōu)化升級應成為經濟發(fā)展的首要任務。要用現代技術改造傳統(tǒng)產業(yè)，加快發(fā)展高新技術產業(yè)，改變第三產業(yè)發(fā)展明顯滯后的狀況。能不能完成這一階段性任務，關系到加入世貿組織后我國國際競爭力的提高，關系到經濟的持續(xù)快速健康發(fā)展和第三步戰(zhàn)略目標的實現。實現結構調整的目標，技術是最大的制約因素。許多符合產業(yè)升級要求的好的建設項目，由于缺乏技術，雖然有資金也無法進行。所以，打破技術這一瓶頸制約，是實現產業(yè)升級目標的關鍵。當前，必須加大對科研開發(fā)的投入，繼續(xù)引進國外的先進技術和裝備，加強消防、吸收和創(chuàng)新。Greatresultshavebeenachievedinrecentyearsthroughgivingpriorityintheallocationoffundsgatheredthroughgovernmentalbondstotheconstructionofwaterconservancy,transportation,communication,industriesofenergyresources,andenvironmentalprotection.Nowtheoptimizationandupgradingofindustrialstructurehavebecomethemostimportanttaskasthebackwardinfrastructurehasbeenremarkablyimproved.Weshouldreformtraditionalindustriesbyadaptingmoderntechniques,speedingupindustrieswithadvancednewtechniques,soastochangethesituationthatthetertiaryindustrylagsbehind.ThesuccessfulfulfillmentofthistaskhasadirectbearingonwhetherChinacanraiseherinternationalcompetitiveness,maintainthecontinuous,rapidandhealthydevelopmentofhernationaleconomy,andrealizethetargetssetirdforherthirdstrategicplan.Thegreatestrestrictivefactorinachievingthetargetofthisindustrialstructuralreadjustmentistechnology.Manyfineprojectscannotbeupgradedbecauseoflackoftechnique,thoughtheymeetthedemandsforupgradingandthereisnolackoffunds.Therefore,ithasbecomeakeytotherealizationofsuchupgradingtobreakthroughthistechnicalbottleneck.Atpresent,itisimperativetoputinmoreinscientificresearch,continuetointroduceinadvancedforeigntechniquesandequipment,anddoabetterjobindigestingandabsorptionofsuchtechniquesandatthesametimeblazenewtrails.英譯漢部分（作業(yè)）Untilrecently,scientistsknewlittleaboutlifeinthedeepsea,norhadtheyreasontobelievethatitwasbeingthreatened.Now,withthebenefitoftechnologythatallowsfordeeperexploration,researchershaveuncoveredaremarkablearrayofspeciesinhabitingtheoceanflooratdepthsofmorethan660feet,orabout200meters.Atthesametime,however,technologyhasalsoenabledfishermentoreachfardeeperthaneverbefore,intoareaswherebottomtrawlscandestroyinminuteswhathastakennaturehundredsandinsomecasesthousandsofyearstobuild.Manyoftheworld'scoralspecies,forexample,arefoundatdepthsofmorethan200meters.Itisalsoestimatedthatroughlyhalfoftheworld'shighestseamounts—areasthatrisefromtheoceanfloorandareparticularlyrichinmarinelife—arealsofoundinthedeepocean.Thesedeepseaecosystemsprovideshelter,spawningandbreedingareasforfishandothercreatures,aswellasprotectionfromstrongcurrentsandpredators.Moreover,theyarebelievedtoharborsomeofthemostextensivereservoirsoflifeonearth,withestimatesrangingfrom500,000to100millionspeciesinhabitingtheselargelyunexploredandhighlyfragileecosystems.Yetjustaswearebeginningtorecognizethetremendousdiversityoflifeintheseareas,alongwiththepotentialbenefitsnewlyfoundspeciesmayholdforhumansocietyintheformofpotentialfoodproductsandnewmedicines,theyareatriskofbeinglostforever.Withenhancedabilitybothtoidentifywherethesespecies-richareasarelocatedandtotrawlindeeperwaterthanbefore,commercialfishingvesselsarenowbeginningtoreachdownwithnetsthesizeoffootballfields,catchingeverythingintheirpathwhilesimultaneouslycrushingfragilecoralsandbreakingupthedelicatestructureofreefsandseamountsthatprovidecriticalhabitattothecountlessspeciesoffishandothermarinelifethatinhabitthedeepoceanfloor.Becausedeepseabottomtrawlingisarecentphenomenon,thedamagethathasbeendoneisstilllimited.Ifstepsaretakenquicklytopreventthiskindofdestructiveactivityfromoccurringonthehighseas,thebenefitsbothtothemarineenvironmentandtofuturegenerationsareincalculable.Andtheyfaroutweightheshort-termcoststothefishingindustry.前不久，科學家們對深海生物還知之甚少，也不太相信它們正受到威脅。現在，隨著深海探測技術的發(fā)展，研究人員發(fā)現660多英尺，即200米深的海底生存著大量多種多樣的物種。但與此同時，捕魚人員也可以依靠技術到達比以前更深的地方，進行海底拖網捕撈，而此種深海捕撈則可在幾分鐘內就把大自然幾百年乃至幾千年的積累毀滅。例如，世界上的許多種珊瑚在二百多米深的海底才能找到。此外，據估計世界上一些最高的海底山約有一半位于深海海底。這些海底隆起的地方，海洋生物特別豐富。這些深海生態(tài)系統(tǒng)為魚類和其它生物提供生存、產卵、繁殖的場所，從而保護它們免遭大海流和獵食者的侵襲。此外，據信這些深海生態(tài)系統(tǒng)蘊藏著世界上最豐富的生命寶庫，估計有五十萬至一億種生物生活在這些大體上未經勘探并且極脆弱的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中。當我們現在剛剛開始認識這些地區(qū)極其豐富的生物多樣性，并發(fā)現這些新物種可能為人類社會帶來好處時——如新食品和新藥品，這些地區(qū)卻面臨著永遠消失的危險。由于確定物種豐富地區(qū)的能路增強，由于拖網捕撈能到達比過去更深的區(qū)域，商業(yè)漁船可把足球場大小的拖網撒入海中，碰上什么捕撈什么，同時損壞了脆弱的珊瑚，破壞礁石和海底山的脆弱結構，而正是這些東西為生活在深海海底的無數魚類和其它海洋生物提供了賴以生存的場所。因為深海海底拖網捕撈是最近才出現的一種現象，它所造成的損害還是有限的。如能趕緊采取措施防止這些在公海上的破壞活動，它為海洋環(huán)境和子孫后代帶來的好處將是無法估量的。這些好處將遠遠超過漁業(yè)短期內需承擔的花費。ThefirstoutlineofTheAscentofManwaswritteninJuly1969andthelastfootoffilmwasshotinDecember1972.Anundertakingaslargeasthis,thoughwonderfullyexhilarating,isnotenteredlightly.Itdemandsanunflaggingintellectualandphysicalvigour,atotalimmersion,whichIhadtobesurethatIcouldsustainwithpleasure;forinstance,IhadtoputoffresearchesthatIhadalreadybegun;andIoughttoexplainwhatmovedmetodoso.Therehasbeenadeepchangeinthetemperofscienceinthelast20years:thefocusofattentionhasshiftedfromthephysicaltothelifesciences.Asaresult,scienceisdrawnmoreandmoretothestudyofindividuality.Buttheinterestedspectatorishardlyawareyethowfar-reachingtheeffectisinchangingtheimageofmanthatsciencemoulds.Asamathematiciantrainedinphysics,Itoowouldhavebeenunaware,hadnotaseriesofluckychancestakenmeintothelifesciencesinmiddleage.Ioweadebtforthegoodfortunethatcarriedmeintotwoseminalfieldsofscienceinonelifetime;andthoughIdonotknowtowhomthedebtisdue,IconceivedTheAscentofManingratitudetorepayit.TheinvitationtomefromtheBritishBroadcastingCorporationwastopresentthedevelopmentofscienceinaseriesoftelevisionprogrammestomatchthoseofLordClarkonCivilisation.Televisionisanadmirablemediumforexpositioninseveralways:powerfulandimmediatetotheeye,abletotakethespectatorbodilyintotheplacesandprocessesthataredescribed,andconversationalenoughtomakehimconsciousthatwhathewitnessesarenoteventsbuttheactionsofpeople.Thelastofthesemeritsistomymindthemostcogent,anditweighedmostwithmeinagreeingtocastapersonalbiographyofideasintheformoftelevisionessays.Thepointisthatknowledgeingeneralandscienceinparticulardoesnotconsistofabstractbutofman-madeideas,allthewayfromitsbeginningstoitsmodernandidiosyncraticmodels.Thereforetheunderlyingconceptsthatunlocknaturemustbeshowntoariseearlyandinthesimplestculturesofmanfromhisbasicandspecificfaculties.Andthedevelopmentofsciencewhichjoinstheminmoreandmorecomplexconjunctionsmustbeseentobeequallyhuman:discoveriesaremadebymen,notmerelybyminds,sothattheyarealiveandchargedwithindividuality.Iftelevisionisnotusedtomakethesethoughtsconcrete,itiswasted.《人類的進程》寫作淵源《人類的進程》一書的提綱初稿是1969年7月完成的，影片的最后一部分是在1972年12月拍攝的。像這樣大的一個項目，雖然異常精彩，令人激動，卻并不是輕易上馬的。它要求我保持旺盛的腦力和體力，專心致志地投入工作。我必須確保持之以恒，并從中得到樂趣；比方說，我不得不停下已經開始的研究工作；我還應當說明一下，究竟是什么促使我承擔這項工作的。二十年來，科學的發(fā)展趨勢發(fā)生了深刻的變化：關注的焦點已經從自然科學轉移到生命科學。結果，便把科學越來越吸引到個體特征的研究上來。然而感興趣的旁觀者幾乎沒有意識到此事對于改變科學塑造的人的形象產生了多么深遠的影響。我是一個研究數學的人，以前學過物理學，若不是中年有幸有幾次機會涉足生命科學，我也不會有所認識。我應當感謝我交的好運，是它使我在一生中參與了兩個啟發(fā)性的科學領域。盡管我并不知道應該向誰表示感謝，我編寫了《人類的進程》一書，以表示我的感激之情。英國廣播公司邀請我做的是通過一套電視節(jié)目來表現科學的發(fā)展過程，以與克拉克勛爵制作的關于文明的電視節(jié)目相匹配。通過電視來進行解說有幾大好處：它有力、直觀，能使觀眾身臨其境或親身參與所描述的過程；它的語言親切，能使觀眾覺得他所看到的是人們的行動而不是事件。這些優(yōu)點之中，我認為最后一點最為突出，它是一股最大的動力促使我同意以電視散文的方式從個人的角度來講述各種思想的發(fā)展史。重要的是知識總體，尤其是科學知識不是由抽象的思想構成的，而是由人的思想構成的，自有知識開始直到現代千奇百怪的模式莫不是如此。所以介紹打開自然界之門的基本思想，必須表現出它們很早就已產生，而且是產生在人類最淳樸的文化之中，產生于人類基本的、具體的感官之中。同時還必須表現出使種種思想形成越來越復雜的結合體的科學的發(fā)展也同樣是人類的貢獻：種種發(fā)現都是人的產物，而不僅僅是頭腦的產物，因此它們都是有生氣的，而且具有個人的特色。如果電視未能把這些思想表現得很具體，那豈不是浪費！學術與技術英語PartIDefinethefollowingterms（名詞解釋10分）Abstract（摘要）：Arestatementofthemainfindingsandconclusionsofadocument.Indicativeabstract:Anindicativeabstractmerelydescribeswhatthereportisabout.Informativeabstract:Itgivessomespecificinformationabouttheproblem,method,result,orconclusions.Abstract與summary的不同?Standingalone?TheveryfirstpartCategory（分類）:descriptive/indicativeabstract;information/informativeabstract;information-indicativeabstractfunctions：miniaturizingthetext;deciding“Yes”or“No”;ExpandingthecirculationContent（主要內容）：statementoftheproblem;statementoftheapproach;theprincipalresult;thesignificance3partstructure:Topicsentence;supportingsentence;concludingsentence寫作要求：Integrity;Conciseness;Consistency;Concentrationsteps:Underliningkeywordsandsentences;Listingessentialpointsofthepaper;Boilingdowneachsectiontoasentenceortwo;Draftingtheabstract;Checkingthefinaldraft5Astrategy:background;maintopic;specificinvestigation;resultandsuggestion;conclusionandcontributionSummaryisarestatementofthemajorfindingsandconclusionsofadocument,placedafterthetextFindingissomethingthatisfoundbyanalysisandexperiment.Resultsareusuallypresentedtogetherwiththecorrespondinganalysisconcerned,andinthissectiontheauthorpresenttheessentialresultanddateandthengeneralizethemtoatheoreticalheight.Quantitativeresults（定量分析）arereportedbytables/graphs/figurescoupledwithaverbal,andprovidethereaderswithparallelinformation,numericandnarrativeQualitativeresults（定性分析）areprimarilypresentedinanarrativeformbutoccasionallysupplementedbyafigureoratableConclusion:Asummaryoftheauthor（s）’sviewpointsbasedontheinvestigation,experiments,inferences,discussionsandsoon.Contents:Summingup;statementsofconclusions;statementsofrecommendations;gracefulterminationAcknowledgemen（t致謝）ismainlyusedtoexpresstheauthor’sappreciationandextendtheauthor’sindebtednesstothehelpfulsupportorconcernfromtheircolleagues（orinstitutions）inofferinganyusefulmaterial,specimen,technicalknow-how,suggestions,anyotherenlightenment,etc.totheauthor.Contents:gratitudetopersonalorinstitutionalassistance;gratitudetofinancialsupportfromdifferentsourcesReferences參考書目Referenceswouldnormallyincludeonlythoseworksthatareactuallyreferredtointhemaintext.twosystemofthereferences:nameandyearsystem;citationordersystemBibliography參考文獻Bibliographygenerallycontainsworksrelevanttothesubjectmatteroftheassignmentwhichtheauthorhasread,butnotnecessarilyandspecificallyreferredtointhetext.Plagiarism剽竊Theunauthorizeduseorcloseimitationofthelanguageandthoughtsofanotherauthorandthepresentationofthemasone’sownoriginalwork;somethingusedandrepresentedinthismannerHandlecitation:directquotation;paraphrasing;summarizingTechnicalwritingAwrittendocumentthatdealswithengineeringandscientifictopicsinindustryandbusinessTraditionalresumeTraditionalresumeisadocumentthatsummarizesyourpersonaldate,careerobjective,educationalandworkhistoryforapositioninyourfield.MeetinganassemblyofpeoplefortalkinganddiscussingonatopicConferenceaformalmeetingorganizedonaparticularsubject,oftenlastingforafewdaysSymposiumthemeetingforspecializedacademicdiscussion,usuallynarrowandspecificintherangeoftopicsCongressagatheringtodiscussissues,ideas,andpoliciesofpublicinterestConventionaroutinemeetingoralargegatheringtodiscussthebusinessoftheirorganizationorpoliticalgroupForumapublicmeetingtoexchangeideasanddiscussissues,especiallyimportantpublicissuesSeminar研討會aclass-likemeeting,todiscussaparticulartopicorsubjectpresentedbyseveralmajorspeakersTitle（文章題目）Writingrequirements:Bebriefandconcise;bespecific;avoidquestiontitles;beunified;bestandardfunctions:Generalizingthetext;attractingthereader;facilitatingtheretrievalKeywords（關鍵詞）Functions:easinessofretrieval;easinessofhighlightingnumbers:fourtosixkeywordsaretheaverage.Ingeneral,thereshouldbeatleast2andatmost8.Linguisticfeatures:Nominalization;Limitednumber;DesignatedchoiceIntroduction（概述）functions:introducingthesubject;limitingtheresearchscope;statingthegeneralpurpose;showingthewritingarrangementprocess:Startingwiththeresearchbackground;Transitingtotheexistingproblem;Focusingonthepresentresearch;Thestructureofathesis例題：what'sthe"PLAGIARISM"exactlymean?Plagiarismisakindofstealing.Itisusingsomeoneelse’swordsand/orideasandputthemintoyourwritingasthoughtheyareyours.What'sthemeaningof"abstract"and"summary"?Anabstractisabriefsummaryofaresearcharticle,conferenceproceedingoranyin-depthanalysisofaparticularsubject,andisoftenusedtohelpthereaderquicklyascertainthepaper'spurpose.Anabstractsisreadbeforeareaderstudiesthetext.Abstractsaredesignedtostandalone.Asummaryisarestatementofthemajorfindingsandconclusionsofadocumentplacedafterthetextofthebodyandintendtohelpreaderscomprehendandreviewthetext.twokindsofabstractsIndicativeabstractslistthesectionsofanarticle;Informativeabstractsbrieflyexplainthearticle’smainpointandthemainsupportforthatpoint.what'sthemeaningof"findings"and"results”inresearchpaper?Findingsrefertoallthefindingsfromthestudy.Somefindingsmaynotdirectlyaddresstheresearchquestions.Resultsfocusonthefindingsthatanswertheresearchquestions.twomajorreferencessystemNameandyearsystem,alsocalledHarvardSystem,isregardedassimpleandstraightforward,andisalphabeticallyarrangedandheadedbytheauthor’sname,theyearofpublication,thetitleofthepublication,thepublisher,andthepagenumberandsoon.Citationordersystem,referencesareorganizedbyorderofcitation.referenceandbibliographyAlistentitledreferenceswouldnormallyincludeonlythoseworksthatareactuallyreferredtointhemaintext.Alistentitledbibliographygenerallycontainsworksrelevanttothesubjectmatteroftheassignmentwhichtheauthorhasread,butnotnecessarilyandspecificallyreferredtointhetext.recommendationandfeasibilityreportsRecommendationreportschoosebetweentwoclearalternatives.Feasibilityreportsinvestigateoneoptionanddecideyesorno.Recommendationreportstendtobeshorter.其他類（不考分類，只考名詞解釋2013）ClassificationofProfessionalpapersReportpapers,researchpaper,coursepaper,thesispaperWaysofpreparingProfessionalpapersSearchingforgoodideas,findingtopics,consideringaudienceandpurpose,movingfrombrainstormingtodrafting,editingandrefiningGeneralFunctionsofAbstractGeneralizingthetext,attractingthereader,facilitatingtheretrievalAbstract的寫作要求Bebriefandconcise,bespecific,avoidquestiontitles,beunified,bestandardKeywords有幾個Generally2-8words,but4-6preferredLengthofAbstractNormally200words,butnevermorethan500words,50-100wordsforshortarticle.Approximately3-5%ofthelengthofthepaper.CategoriesofabstractDescriptive,informationalandinformationalindicativeInformationalabstract應一般包含的內容Astatementoftheproblem;Astatementoftheapproachtosolvingtheproblem;Theprincipleresult;thesignificanceAbstractsentencestructureA1:background;A2:maintopic;A3:specificinvestigation;A4:resultandinvestigation;A5:conclusionandcontributionWritingRequirementsforAbstractIntegrity;conciseness;consistency;concentrationAbstract寫作的5步(5steps)Underliningkeywordsandsentences;2)Listingessentialpointsofthepaper3)Boilingdowneachsectiontoasentenceortwo4)DraftingtheabstractCheckingthefinaldraftGeneralfunctionofintroductionIntroducingthesubject;2)LimitingtheresearchscopeStartingthegeneralpurpose;4)ShowingthewritingarrangementStructuralfunctionofintroductionStartingtheresearchbackground;2)TransitingtotheexistingproblemFocusingonthepresentresearchDiscussionincludesfactorsAnalyzingthedata;2)Pointingthedoubts;3)Expoundingviewpoints;4)Statingthesignificance;5)ArrivingataconclusionGeneralFunctionsandMainElementsofConclusionSummingup;2)statementsofconclusion;3)Statementofrecommendations;4)GracefulterminationAfullresearchreportincludesTitle,author,affiliation,abstract,keywords,introduction,theoreticalanalysisand/orexperimentaldescription,resultanddiscussionorconclusion,acknowledgment,reference,etc.ClassificationofprofessionaljournalsJournal,Acta,Bulletin,CircularorGazette,Rapidcommunications/letters,Review,ProceedingsCategoryofmeetingsMeetings,conference,Symposium,Congress,Convention,Forum,SeminarLetterscategoryforconferenceLettersforinquiry;2）Lettersforinvitation;3）Lettersforacceptanceofinvitation;4）Lettersfordeclinationofinvitation;5）Financialapplication;6）Coverletters;7）Post-conferencecorrespondence;8）Lettersofthanks信由哪幾部分組成Theheading,insideaddress,salutation,body,complimentaryclose,signature.Part2Revisethefollowingsentences（句子改寫10分）句子改寫，閱讀p41-43,P47-50,P55-56[1a]Managementguaranteesthattheoldsystemwillbereplacedandtoconsiderthenewproposal.[1b]Managementguaranteesthattheoldsystemwillbereplacedandthatthenewproposalwillbeconsidered.[2a]Usethecylinderwithadiameterof33/16inchesand11/2incheshigh.[2b]Usethecylinderwithadiameterof33/16inchesandaheightof11/2inches.[3a]Asuccessfulfirmiscapableofmanufacturingaproduct,marketingit,andmakeaprofit.[3b]Asuccessfulfirmiscapableofmanufacturingaproduct,marketingit,andmakingaprofit.Thememowassentbythemanager.（被動passivevoice）Themanagersentthememo.（主動activevoice）Anyloosebubblescanbedetectedinthisway.（被動passivevoice）Youcandetectanyloosebubblesinthisway.（主動activevoice）Theworkercandetectanyloosebubblesinthisway.Theheatedwaterissentintothechamber.（被動passivevoice）Theheatedwaterflowsintothechamber.[1a]Therobotisusedinrepetitiveactivities.[1b]Companiesuserobotsinrepetitiveactivities.[2a]Theinkisforcedthroughthestencilbyasqueegee.[2b]Asqueegeeforcestheinkthroughthestencil.AterwehaveHavingcarriedthroughtheformulismofLagrangemultipliersfor27variableswith18equationsofconstraints,weobtaintheequationsofthreemajoraxes.Theyproposedthatthefactoryshouldbefined,finingthatfactoryforithasseriouslypollutedtheriversnearby.Afteritisbeingboiled,waterreadilygivesoffwatervapor.Weclearlyobservestheenhancement,andnumericallyanalyzedtheangular-distributionmomentsoftheconstantandfoundfindingthattheenhancementisconstant.Wewanttominimizefriction,soweshouldgreasethemetallicsurface.Thewateriscooledsothatitcantobeusedinthecondenser.Thematerialthatwearegoingtobeusedisagoodconductor.SuppliesofrubberwhichRubbersupplieswererequiredbyindustrycamefromfaraway.TheresearchthatisnowbeingcarriedoutinNMRimagingisextensiveandmeaningful.Theplanewhich■is-flyingatanaltitudeof2140metersissubjectedtopressuresof80kilometerspersquaremeter.Thescrewrevolvedonce,anditraiseraisingtheloadby30mm.Thecontractorsareresponsibleforthedamage,sincetheyhavinginstalledthemachinery.IftheyareGivenachance,thehegemonieswouldstageacomeback.It-ismystrongdesireistojoininyourwork,inthehopehopingthatwillbeinthefieldofmirrortheory.Herespondedinahastymanner.Hastily.P50Inthisformula,wehaveneglectedthefrictionlossescausedbyfriction.Webegantheexperiment,andhopedthattheexperimentcouldbesuccessful,hopefulofsuccess.ConnectMtoNbyusinggears.MisgearedtoN.Thegoodswillbetransportedbymeansoftrucked.Ifwehavehavingnofaith,w