1069控制煙草廣告挑戰(zhàn)

ChallengestoRegulatoryControlofTobaccoAdvertisingandPromotion

規(guī)范、控制煙草廣告的挑戰(zhàn)Overview概述Cross-borderadvertising跨國廣告Industrylobbying煙草業(yè)疏通Industryself-regulation煙草業(yè)自律Internationaltradelaw國際貿易法Newharmreductioninitiatives新的減少危害的啟動Enforcementoflawsagainst“hidden”formsof

promotion;promotionbythirdparties,etc.第三方變相促銷Datagatheringandanalysis信息收集和分析Cross-borderadvertising跨國廣告RequirementsofArticles13.2,13.3,13.6,13.7,13.8oftheFCTC框架公約13.213.313.613.713.8Workingpartybeganaddressingadoptionofaprotocol,accordingtoArticle13.8Researchunderway正在進行的研究Keyissues關鍵信息IndustryLobbying煙草公司的活動NoobligationforpublichealthpolicymakerstoseekagreementofprivatetobaccocompaniesTobaccocompanyinterestsexclusivelycommercial;usuallyseektoshaperegulatorypolicysoastoavoidrestrictions,allowingcontinuedexpansionandgrowth=increasedpopulationharm

公共衛(wèi)生政策的制定者沒有義務尋求私有煙草部門的同意煙草公司通常是尋求政治上的規(guī)范：減少限制，允許擴張＝增加對人類的危害IndustryLobbying煙草公司的努力Article5.3FCTCrequiresgovernmentsto“protect[tobaccocontrolpolicy]fromcommercialandothervestedinterestsofthetobaccoindustry”WHO,andSouthEastAsianTobaccoControlAlliance,havedevelopeddraftprinciplesforconsultingwiththetobaccoindustry公約的5.3條款要求政府使”控煙政策“不受商業(yè)和煙草業(yè)的影響世界衛(wèi)生組織，東南亞控煙聯(lián)盟發(fā)展和煙草業(yè)打交道的原則草案。DraftPrinciples原則草案“DraftethicalprinciplesanddraftguidelinesforWHO/TFIcollaborationandpartnershipswithprivatesectorenterprises”“Sothetobaccoindustrywantstomeetwithanddiscusswithyou…Proposedethicalguidelinesonhowatobaccocontroladvocateshouldrespond”WHO/TFI和私有部門打交道的“倫理原理草案和規(guī)范草案”“如果煙草業(yè)代表希望會見并和你討論問題…給煙草控制倡導者如何反應提供幫助IndustrySelf-Regulation行業(yè)自律Widelyrejectedbytobaccocontroladvocatesbecauseofhistoryofpliancebyindustry“InternationalTobaccoProductsMarketingStandards”Discussion–WHOpublication2001:“FatalDeception;Thetobaccoindustry’s“new”globalstandardsfortobaccomarketing”控煙倡導者應該拒絕因為煙草業(yè)以往不服從的歷史“國際煙草產品市場標準”討論－WHO2001年出版物“欺騙－煙草工業(yè)新的全球市場標準”InternationalTradeLaw國際貿易法Whatare“internationaltradeagreements”?Alsocalled“freetradeagreements”Agreementsbetweengovernments,whichcontainmutualpromisestoeliminatebarrierstotradebetweencountries

什么是國際貿易協(xié)議所謂的“自由貿易協(xié)議”政府之間的協(xié)議，減少國家貿易之間的障礙

InternationalTradeLaw國際貿易法Barrierstotradeincludeimportfees(tariffs),customsfeesandprocedures,quantitativerestrictionsonimports,regulatorymeasuresFreetradeagreementsmayapplytotradeingoods,tradeinservices,orboth,i.e.theycouldapplytolawsonprovisionofadvertisingservices障案包括：進口稅，海關費用，產品和數量的限制自由貿易既包括物品也包括服務，他們可以應用于廣告服務中。FreeTradeAgreementsandFreedomtoRegulate

自由貿易協(xié)定和從自由到規(guī)制RegulatorymeasuresmayhavearestrictiveeffectontradeMostfreetradeagreementsaimtoeliminatelaws,regulationsandpoliciesthat:

規(guī)制包括限制貿易大多數自由貿易協(xié)定是減少各類規(guī)制FreeTradeAgreementsandFreedomtoRegulate

自由貿易協(xié)定和從自由到規(guī)制

prejudiceoverseassuppliers,oracategoryofsuppliers,ofgoodsorservices;orunnecessarilyrestrictopportunitiestomarketandsellaproductorserviceExamples對國外廠商或是他們提供商品或服務的歧視不必要的限制例如FreeTradeAgreementsandFreedomtoRegulate

自由貿易協(xié)定和從自由到規(guī)制Q.Arecontrolmeasurespermittediftheyarenon-discriminatory?Often,yes,BUT:問題：如果沒有差異，是否還要控制？常常是，但是

FreeTradeAgreementsandFreedomtoRegulate

自由貿易協(xié)定和從自由到規(guī)制

Discriminationisjudgedaccordingtotheeffectofdomesticrules,nottheirwording,orpresence/absenceofintentiontodiscriminate.(Example:DominicanRepublic-Cigarettes)Othertradeagreementscontainrequirementsthatgofarbeyondnon-discrimination:按照國內條例判定歧視，沒有他們的措詞、存在或是不存在歧視（案例，多美尼加共和國－煙草）其他貿易協(xié)定包含要求沒有歧視FreeTradeAgreementsandFreedomtoRegulate

自由貿易協(xié)定和從自由到規(guī)制“Scientificjustification”:Tradebodieshaverequiredthewithdrawalofoutright,non-discriminatorybansonproductsadoptedtoprotectpublichealth,becausetheydidnotaccepttheunderlyingscientificanalysis(Example:EC-MeatHormones)”科學判定”貿易體可以出于保護健康的角度，限制一些產品（如：歐共體的肉類激素案例）FreeTradeAgreementsandFreedomtoRegulate

自由貿易協(xié)定和從自由到規(guī)制InternationalintellectualpropertyrulesHarmonization:domesticstandards(eveniftheyapplyequallytodomesticandoverseassuppliers)mustbebasedoninternationalstandardsandmustnotbeanystricter國際知識產權條例一致性：國內規(guī)定必須服從國際條例沒有例外FreeTradeAgreementsandFreedomtoRegulate自由貿易協(xié)定和從自由到規(guī)制Q.Whatabouttheexceptionclausesinmosttradeagreementsformeasuresnecessarytopursuepolicyobjectives,suchasprotectinghumanhealth?問：貿易協(xié)定中大都含有例外條款以適應不同的政治情況，如：保護人類健康Theseexceptionstendtobesubjecttoconditionsthatarehardtosatisfy.答：這些例外條款允許成員在確有困難的情況下有所變通FreeTradeAgreementsandFreedomtoRegulate自由貿易協(xié)定和從自由到規(guī)制Example:DominicanRepublic–Cigarettescase(WTO).如：多米尼加共和國－－香煙案例Example:Thailand-Cigarettescase(GATT1947).如：泰國－－香煙案例（關貿總協(xié)定1947）OfthemanypartiestoWTOdisputesthathavetriedtorelyonthegeneralexceptionclauseinGATT1994(ArticleXX),veryfewhavemetallthenecessarytests一些政黨向世貿組織爭辯，他們盡量遵守1994年制定的關貿總協(xié)定的例外條款，但這些條款沒有經過必要的檢驗。The“ChillingEffect”激冷效應Governments,especiallypartiestotheFCTC,mayhesitatetochallengeeachothers’tobaccocontrolmeasuresontradegrounds簽署FCTC的政府、政黨可能不愿意違反彼此有關貿易方面控煙措施Somefreetradeagreementsincludearightforprivateparties/corporationstobringactionsagainstgovernmentsthatviolatecertaintradeobligations,e.g.NAFTA(NorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement)一些自由貿易協(xié)定規(guī)定，如果某些條款侵犯了某個黨派、法人有權利，他們可以采取措施反抗（如：北美自由貿易協(xié)定）The“ChillingEffect”激冷效應Ifgovernmentsanticipateatradechallengeinresponsetonewtobaccocontrollegislation,thismaypreventadoptionofthenewlaws–the“chillingeffect”如果政府預計到新的控煙法規(guī)會違背貿易協(xié)定，他們可能不采取新的法規(guī)Examples:Canada–genericpackagingandbanninguseofmisleadingdescriptors如：加拿大－－樸素的煙盒包裝、禁止使用誤導性的描述語Freetradeagreementsandadvertisinglaws自由貿易協(xié)議和廣告法DiscussionofGouldarticle“ReducedHarm”Products“減害產品”Claiminghealthbenefitsisaformofproductpromotion聲稱有益健康是一種促銷形式Whataboutclaimsbycigarettemanufacturersandmakersofothertobacco/nicotineproductsthattheyhavediscoveredalessharmfulproduct?生產煙草產品/尼古丁產品的廠家聲稱他們發(fā)現(xiàn)了減害產品？“ReducedHarm”Products“減害產品”Shouldtheybeallowedtomarkettheproduct?可以允許他們行銷這種產品嗎？Shouldtheybeallowedtomake“reducedharm”claims?可以允許他們將這種煙草制品稱為“減害產品”嗎？“ReducedHarm”Products“減害產品”Complexissuesarise,including:Identifyingpublichealthgoal:overallpopulationharmreductionorindividualharmreduction?(WhatiftheproductISlessharmful,butmanymorepeopleuseit?)確定公共衛(wèi)生目標：減少總人群、還是個體的健康危害？（如果這種產品減害了，但更多的人使用呢？）Reducingharmtonicotineusersv.endingallnicotineuse–dowecondonenicotineaddictionwithouttheharmcausedbytobacco