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UnitSixteen
GREInthisunityouwilllearnhowtowriteforGREtests.GRE寫作的分析性寫作(AnalyticalWriting)分兩部分。第一部分為觀點(diǎn)題(issuetask),內(nèi)容通常是對于社會、科學(xué)、歷史、哲學(xué)、政治等方面的觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行評論;第二部分為回應(yīng)題(argumenttask),內(nèi)容通常是對給定情景中推理的駁斥。觀點(diǎn)題的基本要素包括:1.立論:提出論點(diǎn)。總結(jié)作者的觀點(diǎn),某種程度肯定該觀點(diǎn),并指出該觀點(diǎn)的片面性。2.論證:提出論證。結(jié)合作者的觀點(diǎn),表達(dá)自己的觀點(diǎn)并給出理由和例子進(jìn)行論證。3.結(jié)論:總結(jié)論證并重述觀點(diǎn)。回應(yīng)題的基本要素包括:4.立論:找出邏輯錯誤,歸納論點(diǎn);判斷邏輯推理過程中的隱含假設(shè);概括論據(jù)中的他因。5.論證:論證具體的他因及反例;加條件討論;提出改進(jìn)方案,攻擊邏輯錯誤。6.結(jié)論:
通過論證說明作者的論點(diǎn)漏洞,指出其在作出結(jié)論前需考慮其他情況。。TaskObjective觀點(diǎn)題有短有長,沒有具體字?jǐn)?shù)限制,注重的是觀點(diǎn)、邏輯和語言。短的有400字左右,長的有600字左右,通常在550字左右,高分作品平均在660字左右。一般分為4段來寫?;貞?yīng)題也沒有具體字?jǐn)?shù)限制,同樣注重的是觀點(diǎn)、邏輯和語言。短的有400字左右,長的有500字左右,通常在450字左右,高分作品平均在600字左右。一般分為5段來寫。ReadSample1
andFill?in?the?following?table?using?one?key?sentence.TaskPreparation1WritingtypesIssueArgumentAuthor’sopinion
Writer’sview
Conclusion
KeyWritingtypesIssueArgumentAuthor’sopinionTechnologycannotchangetheconditionofhumanity.Itmakesfinancialsenseforemployerstomaketheworkplacesafer.Writer’sviewTheauthor’sopinionappearstobeanincorrectstatement.Thereareseveralassumptionsthatmaynotnecessarilyapplytothisargument.Conclusion
Weshouldnotignoretheobvioustremendousadvancesthathavebeenmadeoverthepastonehundredyearsbythehumanraceinanarrowsense.Financialsensemaynotbetheonlyissueacompanyfaces.Othertypesofanalysesmustbemadesuchasthesocialramificationsofanunsafeworkenvironmentandtheoverallabilityofacompanytoimprovethatenvironment(i.e.,coalmine)ReadSample2andanswerthequestions.TaskPreparation21.Issue:1.Whatistheissueoftheessay?2.Whatistheopinionoftheauthor?3.Whatistheconclusionoftheessay?Argument:4.Doesthisauthor’sargumentmakeacogentcaseforincreased
resourcesbasedon
riveruse?5.Howmanyotherfactorshasthewritermentionedthatgovernmentmaydecideto
investinimprovingriversiderecreationalfacilities?Whatarethey?6.Isthereaconcreteconnectionbetweentheresident’slackofriveruseandtheriver’s
currentstate?Issue:1.Whatistheissueoftheessay?2.Whatistheopinionoftheauthor?3.Whatistheconclusionoftheessay?KeyEducationchoicebetweencontemporaryculturalcoursesandpastones.Collegesanduniversitiesshouldoffermorecontemporaryculturalcourses,becausetheyhavemuchgreaterrelevanceforstudentsthandoartsandliteratureofthepast.Aproperlyeducateduniversitystudentmustfindabalancebetweenstudyingcontemporaryculturewithoutneglectingthestudyofartsandliteratureofthepast.Argument:1.Doesthisauthor’sargumentmakeacogentcaseforincreasedresourcesbasedonriveruse?2.Howmanyotherfactorshasthewritermentionedthatgovernmentmaydecidetoinvestinimprovingriversiderecreationalfacilities?Whatarethey?3.Isthereaconcreteconnectionbetweentheresident’slackofriveruseandtheriver’scurrentstate?No,itdoesnot.Thewriterhasmentionedthreefactorsthatmaydecidetoinvestinimproving
riversiderecreationalfacilities.Theyarethescopeandvalidityofthatsurvey,uncertain
complaintsfromawiderangeofpeople,orperhapsfromoneortwoindividualswho
madenumerouscomplaintsandtherealreasoncausedthestrongsmelloftheriver.Thereisnoconcreteconnectionbetweentheresident’slackofriveruseandtheriver’s
currentstate.ReadSample3andjudgewhetherthestatementsaretrueorfalse(1-5forissues,6-10forarguments).TaskPreparation3Peopleworkmoreproductivelyinteamsratherthanasindividualisgoingtovarygreatlyonlybecauseofthetypesofteamsthatareorganizedandtheendrewardormotivationforboththeteam.()“TypeA”personalitiesrefertopeoplewhoarebornwiththedesiretosucceed,nomatterwhatthesituationortaskthattheyarefacing.()3.Peoplewhoarehighlymotivatedbysocialinteractionandthedesiretoworkwithotherstowardsacollectiveeffortwillbemosteffectivewhenworkingaspartofateam.()4.Oneperson’sperformanceinsideofateamwillbeproductivewithrespecttotheentireteam,whetherhowtheperformanceisrewarded.()FTFTTaskPreparation35.Fromapureproductivitystandpoint,thepresenceorabsenceofacharismaticandexceptionalleadercanmakenodifferenceswhetherapersonwouldbemoreproductiveasapartofateamorasanindividual.()6.Thedecisiontorestorethetimedevotedtoweatherandlocalnewstoitsformerlevelisonethatshouldbemadewithmorecarefulconsiderationofevidence,andviewer/clientfeedbackbythebusinessmanagerofthistelevisionstation.()7.Manyassumptionshavebeenmadeonthebusinessmanager’spartabouttheexactcauseoftheproblemswiththeprogram.()FFTTaskPreparation38.Thememorandumstatedthatmorecomplaintsreceivedfromviewerswereconcernedwiththestation’scoverageofweatherandlocalnews,butitdidnotstatethenatureofthecomplaints.()9.Sometimesitisthepersonalitiesandthechemistryofthebusinessmanagerthatgovernpeople’sdecisionsaboutwhichstation’snewstheywatch.()10.Thestationcannotexpecttogobacktotheprogrammingitoncehadandbesuccessful.()TFTDataBankPracticethesepatternsandexpressionsoftenusedinGREwriting.1.1Patternsandexpressionsinissues1.1.1論點(diǎn)1)Thespeakerclaimsthatsocietyshouldmakeeffortstosaveendangeredspeciesonlycausedbyhumanactivities.Iagreedwiththespeakerinsofarassavingendangeredspeciesistheresponsibilityofhumanbeings.
2)Thearguerassertsthatmostpeoplechooseacareernotonthebasisofhisorhernaturaltalentsorinterestinaparticularkindofworkbutonlyonpragmaticconsiderations.AsfarasIamconcerned,Iconcedethattherearequiteafewofpeoplechooseacareeronpragmaticconsiderationinthispragmaticworld.However,therearestillsomanyindividualschooseacareerbasedontheirnaturaltalentsandinterest.3)Theoptimalapproach,inmyview,isabalancedonethatimposesabasiccurriculumyetleavestherestuptoeachstateorcommunity.4)
Ifundamentallyagreewiththespeakerthatthereal“trulyeducated”shouldbebasedonthelearningawidescopeofknowledge.However,closescrutinyrevealsthatoverstateeithertheimportanceoftheprofessionalknowledgeortheinformationoutsidewillleadintojeopardizedsituation.5)
Admittedly,fundamentalknowledge,socialskillsandmoraleducationshouldbeinstilledineveryschoolbeforeuniversity.6)
Itistruethatthegeneralwelfareofitsallpeopleisareliableindicatorofagreatnation.7)
Ontheotherhand,however,theachievementsofitsrulers,artistsandscientistsareofequalimportance,whichbytheirwaybringtheaimofwelfareofitspeopleintofruition.8)Iconcedethatunduediscordcanimpede/hamperlearning.Otherwise,inmyview,welearnfarfromdiscourseanddebatewiththoseideasweopposethanfrompeoplewhoseideasareinaccordwithourown.9)Inthisstatement,theargueractuallyhasadualclaim.First,nomatterinwhichprofession,thoseinpowershouldstepdownafterfiveyears.Second,revitalizationthroughnewleadershipisthesurestwaytosuccessforanyenterprise.10)Thediscussionofthisstatementturnsonwhatmeantby“l(fā)ittlerealprogress”fromthefirstsentence.1.1.2論證1)Firstofall,thephrase“l(fā)ittlerealprogress”fromthefirstsentencemustbedefined.Secondly,thephrase“theoverallconditionofhumanity”and“theconditionofhumanity”
mustbedefined.2)Secondlyandmostobviously,thecompoundswereonlytestedonrats.Ratsmayhaveasimilargeneticstructuretohumans,buttheyaremostcertainlynotthesameashumans.3)Additionally,thearguerbeginshisorherargumentbystatingthat
“aspeoplegrowolder”,PEPbreaksdowntheneuropeptidechemicalsinvolvedinlearningandmemory.4)Whenfacingaquestion,peopleareinclinedtotalkwiththosewhoareinaccordwiththeminsteadofwiththoseopposingthem.5)Whataboutthecoverageofasingleeventinsomeone’slife,forexample,aweddingorthebirthofababy?Isthemediacoverageoftheheroicdeathofafirefighterorpoliceofficerinthelineofdutyevergoingtodiminishthatperson’sreputation?Itseemshighlyunlikelythatintheexamples,althoughthesepeoplemayhavebeensubjectedtomediascrutiny.6)
Thereisnodoubtthattherearealargenumberofpeoplewhohavebeenhurtinonewayoranotherbyparticularlyintensemediascrutiny.7)
Lookingbacktothepasttoseethevariouseffectsofvarioushumanbehaviorsontheenvironmentcanshowvaluablelessonsonwhatcanhappenifproperprecautionsarenottaken.8)
OrganizationalbehavioralstudieshaveshownthatAsianculturearemuchmorelikelytodevelopthistypeofcollectivebehaviorasopposedtothemoreindividualisticbehaviorassociatewithWesterncultures.9)
Thisisanattempttoshifttheburdenofproofbackontothenonbelieversoftheargument.10)
Attimes,itisdifficulttodeterminewhatexactlyisthedifferencebetweencontemporarycultureandtheartsandliteratureofthepast.1.1.3結(jié)論1)Yettheachievementsofartistsandscientist,whileintegral,areinsufficient.Themilitaryanddiplomaticaccomplishmentofitsleaderscouldneitherbeignoresinthegeneralwelfareofanation.2)Themostreasonablewayofdecisionmakingconcerningcareerseekingistobestfulfillone’spragmaticconcernswithoutviolatingone’svalue,talentandinterests.Ifwecannotfulfillboth,wemustchoosetheonewhichweconcernmuchmoremorethantheother.3)Takeabalance.Auniversityshouldoffervariousdisciplinestostudentswhileensurethatthestudentscanlearntheirmajorwell.4)Therestrictionsplacedbygovernmentonscientificresearchshouldbejudgedaccordingtothedifferentnatureofvariousresearchprojects.5)Insummary,fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove,
itisnotdifficulttodrawtheconclusionthattostrengthentheargument,thearguermustshowadirectlinkbetweenthebreakingapartofneuropeptidesandlossofmoneyandlearningability.6)
Beingskepticisnotaradicalwayofthinking,butalogicalthoughtprocess.Itisimportantforhealthyskepticismtokeepourmindsopentonewideas,
andtopreventusfrombecomingunthinkingdogmatistswithnoindividuality.7)
Tomaketheargumentconvincing,theauthorwouldhavetoprovideevidencethatMayorDurantapprovedafaultybridgedesignoranunqualifiedconstructioncompanythatcausedthebridge’sdamageandtrafficproblems.8)
Thereisnoproofgiveneitherthattelevisionviolenceofanykindcausesteenagecrimeorthatareductioninprimetimeviolencewillkeepteenagersfrombreakingthelaw.9)
Butnotallgovernmentalproceedingsshouldbetelevised.Therearetimeswhensecrecyisanabsoluterequirementformakingsurethatthecorrectdecisionsaremade.1.2Patternsandexpressionsinarguments1.2.1論點(diǎn)1)Thisargumentstatesthatitmakesfinancialsenseforemployerstomaketheworkplacesaferbecausebymakingtheworkplacesaferthenlowerwagescouldbepaidtoemployees.2)Thisconclusionisbasedonthepremisethatasthelistofphysicalinjuryincreases,thewagespaidtoemployeesshouldalsoincrease.3)However,thereareseveralassumptionsthatmaynotnecessarilyapplytothisargument.4)Itiseasytounderstandwhycityresidentswouldwantacleanerriver,butthisargumentisrifewithholesandassumptions,andthus,notstrongenoughtoleadtoincreasedfunding.5)Whiletheargumentappearssuperficiallyplausible,therearecertaincripplingobjectionsthatmustberaisedastoitslogic,particularlyregardingtheconclusion.6)
Eventhemostcursoryofexaminationsrevealstheseassumptionstobewhollyunreliable.7)
Unfortunately,thewritermakesanumberofunreliableassumptionsthatunderminehisargument.8)
Theargumentaboveiswell-presentedandappearstoberelativelysoundatfirstglance:
becauseofthehospitalstatisticsregardingpeoplewhogototheemergencyroomafterroller-skatingaccidents.9)
However,asmorelightisshedontheissueandmoredetailedfactsareconcerned,itiseasytoseethattheargumentsuffersfromseveralgravefallaciesinitsassumptionsaswellascommitsafalseanalogy.10)Itassumesthatlackofprotectivegearisthemaincauseofsevereinjuryinrollerskates,whichisnotnecessarilytrueunderanycircumstance.1.2.2論據(jù)1)Thefirstissuetobeaddressediswhetherincreasedlaborcostsjustifylargecapitalexpenditurestoimprovetheworkenvironment.2)Ialsofeelthatalthoughacostbenefitanalysisshouldbethedeterminingfactorwithregardtothesedecisionsmakingfinancialsense,itmaynotbethedeterminingfactorwithregardtomakingsocial,moralandethicalsense.3)Thisargumentalsoreliesontheideathatcompaniessolelyusefinancialsenseinanalyzingimprovingtheworkenvironment.4)Additionally,theauthorimpliesthatresidentsdonotusetheriverforswimming,boating,andfishing,despitetheirprofessedinterest,becausethewaterispollutedandsmelly.5)Forexample,Toyotaspendslargeamountsofmoneyimprovingitsenvironmentbecausewhileitsgoalistobeprofitable,italsopridesitselfonhighemployeemoraleandanalmostperfectlysafeworkenvironment.6)Finally,onemustunderstandthatnotallworkenvironmentscanbemadesafer.7)Whileapolluted,smellyriverwouldlikelycutdownonriversports,aconcreteconnectionbetweentheresident’slackofriveruseandtheriver’scurrentstateisnoteffectivelymade.8)Thoughtherehavebeencomplaints,wedonotknowiftherehavebeennumerouscomplaintsfromawiderangeofpeople.9)Buildingupontheimplicationthatresidentsdonotusetheriverduetothequalityoftheriver’swaterandthesmell,theauthorsuggeststhatarivercleanupwillresultinincreasedriverusage.10)Regardlessofwhethertheriver’squalityisabletobeimprovedornot,theauthordoesnoteffectivelyshowaconnectionbetweenwaterqualityandriverusage.
1.2.3總結(jié)1)Inconclusion,whileatfirstitmayseemtomakefinancialsensetoimprovethesafetyoftheworkenvironmentsometimesittrulydoesnotmakefinancialsense.2)Thestationcannotexpecttogobacktotheprogrammingitoncehadandbesuccessful.3)Obviously,somethingaboutthepreviousprogrammingmustnothavebeenworking;otherwisetheywouldnothavechangedtheirstructurethelasttime.4)CarefulanalysisofallthefactorsIhavepresentedisthebestfirststeptomakingachangeinthestructureoftheirnewsprogram.5)Overall,theargumentisfarfromforcefulenoughtopersuadetherollerskatersshouldinvestinhigh-qualityprotectivegearandreflectiveequipmentinordertoreducetheirrisk.6)Asitstands,
theargumenthastoomanyholeswithwhichitcanbetornapart.7)Clearly,then,weneedtohaveadditionalevidenceinordertogetamorecompleteunderstandingofthestrengthsandweaknessesofDr.Karp’sarticle.8)Theyneedtolookcarefullyatactualnumbers,bothofviewershipandofpositivereviews.Theyalsoneedtoidentifytherelationshipthattheirtargetaudiencehaswithmoviereviewersanddeterminehowtheirtargetaudiencefeelsabouttheirmovies.Finally,theyneedtotakeanuancedlookatthemoviereviewsthattheyuseintheiradvertising.9)Moreresearchshouldbeconductedtoseeifindeedsuchchangestocutoperationcostswillbeeffective,andifnot,whatshouldbedoneinstead.10)Overall,themanagementmakesapredictionthatisuntrustworthyandpotentiallydamaging.2.ReadthefollowingtipsforGREwriting.
Somepointstokeepinmindduring
GREwriting:觀點(diǎn)最重要:GRE作文注重觀點(diǎn)和邏輯思維能力,而不僅是注重語言能力。語言需要有保障:第一,必須要用學(xué)術(shù)寫作的方法,而不能出現(xiàn)口語化的表達(dá)。第二,整散結(jié)合,長短句交替出現(xiàn),有節(jié)奏音韻,不至于顯得空洞乏味。最后,避免單詞的重復(fù)。邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)很關(guān)鍵:建議全篇是以總分總的結(jié)構(gòu)來書寫,同時,段落中也采用總分總的結(jié)構(gòu),這樣使得文章嚴(yán)密完整。也就是,先要有Topicsentence,之后跟上Supportingsentence,而Supportingsentence又要用Developingsentence來對應(yīng)支撐。另外,要學(xué)會靈巧正確地運(yùn)用連接詞,例如However,so,because等等。Presentaninsightfulpositionontheissue.Developthepositionwithcompellingreasonsand/orpersuasiveexamples.Sustainawell-focused,well-organizedanalysis,connectingideaslogically.Expressideasfluentlyandprecisely,usingeffectivevocabularyandsentencevariety.Demonstratefacilitywiththeconventions(i.e.Grammar,usageandmechanics)ofstandardwrittenEnglishbutmayhaveminorerrors.好的GRE作文是一套完整的思維過程,在這一點(diǎn)上,如果中文作文寫的出色的同學(xué),在考慮文章寫作的連貫性角度講就要更勝一籌。所以,對于GRE寫作的考察,要避免單詞羅列以及不知所云,而是盡量提出獨(dú)特觀點(diǎn)。1.1.Readthefollowingissueandargumentwritingcarefully.IdentifythesentencesorparagraphsthatcorrespondtotheelementsinGREwriting.TaskRealizationKeySentence1:issueSentence2:pointSentence3:pointSentence4:argumentSentence5:argumentSentence6:conclusionParagraph1:pointParagraph2:argument1Paragraph2:argument2Paragraph3:argument3Paragraph4:conclusion2.Readthetwoexamplesbelowandidentifyagoodopeningissueandargument.3.Read?the?three?samples?in?Task?Preparation?closely.?Examine?the?verb?tensegenerallyusedforinformationelementbothinissueandargumentwritingandthencompletethefollowingtablebywritingdownthetenseoftheverb(s).Issue/argumentPointDemonstrationConclusionTenseofverbs(動詞時態(tài))Presenttense/presentperfecttensePresenttense/pasttense/presentperfecttensePresenttense5.CompletethefollowingsentencesbytranslatingChineseintoEnglish.
1)(通常情況下),
theartistisseenasanindivi
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