《實(shí)用任務(wù)型學(xué)術(shù)寫作》課件Unit 16 GRE

UnitSixteen

GREInthisunityouwilllearnhowtowriteforGREtests.GRE寫作的分析性寫作(AnalyticalWriting)分兩部分。第一部分為觀點(diǎn)題(issuetask),內(nèi)容通常是對于社會、科學(xué)、歷史、哲學(xué)、政治等方面的觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行評論；第二部分為回應(yīng)題(argumenttask)，內(nèi)容通常是對給定情景中推理的駁斥。觀點(diǎn)題的基本要素包括：1.立論：提出論點(diǎn)。總結(jié)作者的觀點(diǎn)，某種程度肯定該觀點(diǎn)，并指出該觀點(diǎn)的片面性。2.論證:提出論證。結(jié)合作者的觀點(diǎn)，表達(dá)自己的觀點(diǎn)并給出理由和例子進(jìn)行論證。3.結(jié)論:總結(jié)論證并重述觀點(diǎn)。回應(yīng)題的基本要素包括：4.立論:找出邏輯錯誤，歸納論點(diǎn)；判斷邏輯推理過程中的隱含假設(shè)；概括論據(jù)中的他因。5.論證：論證具體的他因及反例；加條件討論；提出改進(jìn)方案，攻擊邏輯錯誤。6.結(jié)論：

通過論證說明作者的論點(diǎn)漏洞，指出其在作出結(jié)論前需考慮其他情況。。TaskObjective觀點(diǎn)題有短有長，沒有具體字?jǐn)?shù)限制，注重的是觀點(diǎn)、邏輯和語言。短的有400字左右，長的有600字左右，通常在550字左右，高分作品平均在660字左右。一般分為4段來寫?；貞?yīng)題也沒有具體字?jǐn)?shù)限制，同樣注重的是觀點(diǎn)、邏輯和語言。短的有400字左右，長的有500字左右，通常在450字左右，高分作品平均在600字左右。一般分為5段來寫。ReadSample1

andFill?in?the?following?table?using?one?key?sentence.TaskPreparation1WritingtypesIssueArgumentAuthor’sopinion

Writer’sview

Conclusion

KeyWritingtypesIssueArgumentAuthor’sopinionTechnologycannotchangetheconditionofhumanity.Itmakesfinancialsenseforemployerstomaketheworkplacesafer.Writer’sviewTheauthor’sopinionappearstobeanincorrectstatement.Thereareseveralassumptionsthatmaynotnecessarilyapplytothisargument.Conclusion

Weshouldnotignoretheobvioustremendousadvancesthathavebeenmadeoverthepastonehundredyearsbythehumanraceinanarrowsense.Financialsensemaynotbetheonlyissueacompanyfaces.Othertypesofanalysesmustbemadesuchasthesocialramificationsofanunsafeworkenvironmentandtheoverallabilityofacompanytoimprovethatenvironment(i.e.,coalmine)ReadSample2andanswerthequestions.TaskPreparation21.Issue：1.Whatistheissueoftheessay?2.Whatistheopinionoftheauthor?3.Whatistheconclusionoftheessay?Argument：4.Doesthisauthor’sargumentmakeacogentcaseforincreased

resourcesbasedon

riveruse?5.Howmanyotherfactorshasthewritermentionedthatgovernmentmaydecideto

investinimprovingriversiderecreationalfacilities?Whatarethey?6.Isthereaconcreteconnectionbetweentheresident’slackofriveruseandtheriver’s

currentstate?Issue:1.Whatistheissueoftheessay?2.Whatistheopinionoftheauthor?3.Whatistheconclusionoftheessay?KeyEducationchoicebetweencontemporaryculturalcoursesandpastones.Collegesanduniversitiesshouldoffermorecontemporaryculturalcourses,becausetheyhavemuchgreaterrelevanceforstudentsthandoartsandliteratureofthepast.Aproperlyeducateduniversitystudentmustfindabalancebetweenstudyingcontemporaryculturewithoutneglectingthestudyofartsandliteratureofthepast.Argument:1.Doesthisauthor’sargumentmakeacogentcaseforincreasedresourcesbasedonriveruse?2.Howmanyotherfactorshasthewritermentionedthatgovernmentmaydecidetoinvestinimprovingriversiderecreationalfacilities?Whatarethey?3.Isthereaconcreteconnectionbetweentheresident’slackofriveruseandtheriver’scurrentstate?No,itdoesnot.Thewriterhasmentionedthreefactorsthatmaydecidetoinvestinimproving

riversiderecreationalfacilities.Theyarethescopeandvalidityofthatsurvey,uncertain

complaintsfromawiderangeofpeople,orperhapsfromoneortwoindividualswho

madenumerouscomplaintsandtherealreasoncausedthestrongsmelloftheriver.Thereisnoconcreteconnectionbetweentheresident’slackofriveruseandtheriver’s

currentstate.ReadSample3andjudgewhetherthestatementsaretrueorfalse(1-5forissues,6-10forarguments).TaskPreparation3Peopleworkmoreproductivelyinteamsratherthanasindividualisgoingtovarygreatlyonlybecauseofthetypesofteamsthatareorganizedandtheendrewardormotivationforboththeteam.()“TypeA”personalitiesrefertopeoplewhoarebornwiththedesiretosucceed,nomatterwhatthesituationortaskthattheyarefacing.()3.Peoplewhoarehighlymotivatedbysocialinteractionandthedesiretoworkwithotherstowardsacollectiveeffortwillbemosteffectivewhenworkingaspartofateam.()4.Oneperson’sperformanceinsideofateamwillbeproductivewithrespecttotheentireteam,whetherhowtheperformanceisrewarded.()FTFTTaskPreparation35.Fromapureproductivitystandpoint,thepresenceorabsenceofacharismaticandexceptionalleadercanmakenodifferenceswhetherapersonwouldbemoreproductiveasapartofateamorasanindividual.()6.Thedecisiontorestorethetimedevotedtoweatherandlocalnewstoitsformerlevelisonethatshouldbemadewithmorecarefulconsiderationofevidence,andviewer/clientfeedbackbythebusinessmanagerofthistelevisionstation.()7.Manyassumptionshavebeenmadeonthebusinessmanager’spartabouttheexactcauseoftheproblemswiththeprogram.()FFTTaskPreparation38.Thememorandumstatedthatmorecomplaintsreceivedfromviewerswereconcernedwiththestation’scoverageofweatherandlocalnews,butitdidnotstatethenatureofthecomplaints.()9.Sometimesitisthepersonalitiesandthechemistryofthebusinessmanagerthatgovernpeople’sdecisionsaboutwhichstation’snewstheywatch.()10.Thestationcannotexpecttogobacktotheprogrammingitoncehadandbesuccessful.()TFTDataBankPracticethesepatternsandexpressionsoftenusedinGREwriting.1.1Patternsandexpressionsinissues1.1.1論點(diǎn)1)Thespeakerclaimsthatsocietyshouldmakeeffortstosaveendangeredspeciesonlycausedbyhumanactivities.Iagreedwiththespeakerinsofarassavingendangeredspeciesistheresponsibilityofhumanbeings.

2)Thearguerassertsthatmostpeoplechooseacareernotonthebasisofhisorhernaturaltalentsorinterestinaparticularkindofworkbutonlyonpragmaticconsiderations.AsfarasIamconcerned,Iconcedethattherearequiteafewofpeoplechooseacareeronpragmaticconsiderationinthispragmaticworld.However,therearestillsomanyindividualschooseacareerbasedontheirnaturaltalentsandinterest.3)Theoptimalapproach,inmyview,isabalancedonethatimposesabasiccurriculumyetleavestherestuptoeachstateorcommunity.4)

Ifundamentallyagreewiththespeakerthatthereal“trulyeducated”shouldbebasedonthelearningawidescopeofknowledge.However,closescrutinyrevealsthatoverstateeithertheimportanceoftheprofessionalknowledgeortheinformationoutsidewillleadintojeopardizedsituation.5)

Admittedly,fundamentalknowledge,socialskillsandmoraleducationshouldbeinstilledineveryschoolbeforeuniversity.6)

Itistruethatthegeneralwelfareofitsallpeopleisareliableindicatorofagreatnation.7)

Ontheotherhand,however,theachievementsofitsrulers,artistsandscientistsareofequalimportance,whichbytheirwaybringtheaimofwelfareofitspeopleintofruition.8)Iconcedethatunduediscordcanimpede/hamperlearning.Otherwise,inmyview,welearnfarfromdiscourseanddebatewiththoseideasweopposethanfrompeoplewhoseideasareinaccordwithourown.9)Inthisstatement,theargueractuallyhasadualclaim.First,nomatterinwhichprofession,thoseinpowershouldstepdownafterfiveyears.Second,revitalizationthroughnewleadershipisthesurestwaytosuccessforanyenterprise.10)Thediscussionofthisstatementturnsonwhatmeantby“l(fā)ittlerealprogress”fromthefirstsentence.1.1.2論證1)Firstofall,thephrase“l(fā)ittlerealprogress”fromthefirstsentencemustbedefined.Secondly,thephrase“theoverallconditionofhumanity”and“theconditionofhumanity”

mustbedefined.2)Secondlyandmostobviously,thecompoundswereonlytestedonrats.Ratsmayhaveasimilargeneticstructuretohumans,buttheyaremostcertainlynotthesameashumans.3)Additionally,thearguerbeginshisorherargumentbystatingthat

“aspeoplegrowolder”,PEPbreaksdowntheneuropeptidechemicalsinvolvedinlearningandmemory.4)Whenfacingaquestion,peopleareinclinedtotalkwiththosewhoareinaccordwiththeminsteadofwiththoseopposingthem.5)Whataboutthecoverageofasingleeventinsomeone’slife,forexample,aweddingorthebirthofababy?Isthemediacoverageoftheheroicdeathofafirefighterorpoliceofficerinthelineofdutyevergoingtodiminishthatperson’sreputation?Itseemshighlyunlikelythatintheexamples,althoughthesepeoplemayhavebeensubjectedtomediascrutiny.6)

Thereisnodoubtthattherearealargenumberofpeoplewhohavebeenhurtinonewayoranotherbyparticularlyintensemediascrutiny.7)

Lookingbacktothepasttoseethevariouseffectsofvarioushumanbehaviorsontheenvironmentcanshowvaluablelessonsonwhatcanhappenifproperprecautionsarenottaken.8)

OrganizationalbehavioralstudieshaveshownthatAsianculturearemuchmorelikelytodevelopthistypeofcollectivebehaviorasopposedtothemoreindividualisticbehaviorassociatewithWesterncultures.9)

Thisisanattempttoshifttheburdenofproofbackontothenonbelieversoftheargument.10)

Attimes,itisdifficulttodeterminewhatexactlyisthedifferencebetweencontemporarycultureandtheartsandliteratureofthepast.1.1.3結(jié)論1)Yettheachievementsofartistsandscientist,whileintegral,areinsufficient.Themilitaryanddiplomaticaccomplishmentofitsleaderscouldneitherbeignoresinthegeneralwelfareofanation.2)Themostreasonablewayofdecisionmakingconcerningcareerseekingistobestfulfillone’spragmaticconcernswithoutviolatingone’svalue,talentandinterests.Ifwecannotfulfillboth,wemustchoosetheonewhichweconcernmuchmoremorethantheother.3)Takeabalance.Auniversityshouldoffervariousdisciplinestostudentswhileensurethatthestudentscanlearntheirmajorwell.4)Therestrictionsplacedbygovernmentonscientificresearchshouldbejudgedaccordingtothedifferentnatureofvariousresearchprojects.5)Insummary,fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove,

itisnotdifficulttodrawtheconclusionthattostrengthentheargument,thearguermustshowadirectlinkbetweenthebreakingapartofneuropeptidesandlossofmoneyandlearningability.6)

Beingskepticisnotaradicalwayofthinking,butalogicalthoughtprocess.Itisimportantforhealthyskepticismtokeepourmindsopentonewideas,

andtopreventusfrombecomingunthinkingdogmatistswithnoindividuality.7)

Tomaketheargumentconvincing,theauthorwouldhavetoprovideevidencethatMayorDurantapprovedafaultybridgedesignoranunqualifiedconstructioncompanythatcausedthebridge’sdamageandtrafficproblems.8)

Thereisnoproofgiveneitherthattelevisionviolenceofanykindcausesteenagecrimeorthatareductioninprimetimeviolencewillkeepteenagersfrombreakingthelaw.9)

Butnotallgovernmentalproceedingsshouldbetelevised.Therearetimeswhensecrecyisanabsoluterequirementformakingsurethatthecorrectdecisionsaremade.1.2Patternsandexpressionsinarguments1.2.1論點(diǎn)1)Thisargumentstatesthatitmakesfinancialsenseforemployerstomaketheworkplacesaferbecausebymakingtheworkplacesaferthenlowerwagescouldbepaidtoemployees.2)Thisconclusionisbasedonthepremisethatasthelistofphysicalinjuryincreases,thewagespaidtoemployeesshouldalsoincrease.3)However,thereareseveralassumptionsthatmaynotnecessarilyapplytothisargument.4)Itiseasytounderstandwhycityresidentswouldwantacleanerriver,butthisargumentisrifewithholesandassumptions,andthus,notstrongenoughtoleadtoincreasedfunding.5)Whiletheargumentappearssuperficiallyplausible,therearecertaincripplingobjectionsthatmustberaisedastoitslogic,particularlyregardingtheconclusion.6)

Eventhemostcursoryofexaminationsrevealstheseassumptionstobewhollyunreliable.7)

Unfortunately,thewritermakesanumberofunreliableassumptionsthatunderminehisargument.8)

Theargumentaboveiswell-presentedandappearstoberelativelysoundatfirstglance:

becauseofthehospitalstatisticsregardingpeoplewhogototheemergencyroomafterroller-skatingaccidents.9)

However,asmorelightisshedontheissueandmoredetailedfactsareconcerned,itiseasytoseethattheargumentsuffersfromseveralgravefallaciesinitsassumptionsaswellascommitsafalseanalogy.10)Itassumesthatlackofprotectivegearisthemaincauseofsevereinjuryinrollerskates,whichisnotnecessarilytrueunderanycircumstance.1.2.2論據(jù)1)Thefirstissuetobeaddressediswhetherincreasedlaborcostsjustifylargecapitalexpenditurestoimprovetheworkenvironment.2)Ialsofeelthatalthoughacostbenefitanalysisshouldbethedeterminingfactorwithregardtothesedecisionsmakingfinancialsense,itmaynotbethedeterminingfactorwithregardtomakingsocial,moralandethicalsense.3)Thisargumentalsoreliesontheideathatcompaniessolelyusefinancialsenseinanalyzingimprovingtheworkenvironment.4)Additionally,theauthorimpliesthatresidentsdonotusetheriverforswimming,boating,andfishing,despitetheirprofessedinterest,becausethewaterispollutedandsmelly.5)Forexample,Toyotaspendslargeamountsofmoneyimprovingitsenvironmentbecausewhileitsgoalistobeprofitable,italsopridesitselfonhighemployeemoraleandanalmostperfectlysafeworkenvironment.6)Finally,onemustunderstandthatnotallworkenvironmentscanbemadesafer.7)Whileapolluted,smellyriverwouldlikelycutdownonriversports,aconcreteconnectionbetweentheresident’slackofriveruseandtheriver’scurrentstateisnoteffectivelymade.8)Thoughtherehavebeencomplaints,wedonotknowiftherehavebeennumerouscomplaintsfromawiderangeofpeople.9)Buildingupontheimplicationthatresidentsdonotusetheriverduetothequalityoftheriver’swaterandthesmell,theauthorsuggeststhatarivercleanupwillresultinincreasedriverusage.10)Regardlessofwhethertheriver’squalityisabletobeimprovedornot,theauthordoesnoteffectivelyshowaconnectionbetweenwaterqualityandriverusage.

1.2.3總結(jié)1)Inconclusion,whileatfirstitmayseemtomakefinancialsensetoimprovethesafetyoftheworkenvironmentsometimesittrulydoesnotmakefinancialsense.2)Thestationcannotexpecttogobacktotheprogrammingitoncehadandbesuccessful.3)Obviously,somethingaboutthepreviousprogrammingmustnothavebeenworking;otherwisetheywouldnothavechangedtheirstructurethelasttime.4)CarefulanalysisofallthefactorsIhavepresentedisthebestfirststeptomakingachangeinthestructureoftheirnewsprogram.5)Overall,theargumentisfarfromforcefulenoughtopersuadetherollerskatersshouldinvestinhigh-qualityprotectivegearandreflectiveequipmentinordertoreducetheirrisk.6)Asitstands,

theargumenthastoomanyholeswithwhichitcanbetornapart.7)Clearly,then,weneedtohaveadditionalevidenceinordertogetamorecompleteunderstandingofthestrengthsandweaknessesofDr.Karp’sarticle.8)Theyneedtolookcarefullyatactualnumbers,bothofviewershipandofpositivereviews.Theyalsoneedtoidentifytherelationshipthattheirtargetaudiencehaswithmoviereviewersanddeterminehowtheirtargetaudiencefeelsabouttheirmovies.Finally,theyneedtotakeanuancedlookatthemoviereviewsthattheyuseintheiradvertising.9)Moreresearchshouldbeconductedtoseeifindeedsuchchangestocutoperationcostswillbeeffective,andifnot,whatshouldbedoneinstead.10)Overall,themanagementmakesapredictionthatisuntrustworthyandpotentiallydamaging.2.ReadthefollowingtipsforGREwriting.

Somepointstokeepinmindduring

GREwriting:觀點(diǎn)最重要：GRE作文注重觀點(diǎn)和邏輯思維能力，而不僅是注重語言能力。語言需要有保障：第一，必須要用學(xué)術(shù)寫作的方法，而不能出現(xiàn)口語化的表達(dá)。第二，整散結(jié)合，長短句交替出現(xiàn)，有節(jié)奏音韻，不至于顯得空洞乏味。最后，避免單詞的重復(fù)。邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)很關(guān)鍵：建議全篇是以總分總的結(jié)構(gòu)來書寫，同時，段落中也采用總分總的結(jié)構(gòu)，這樣使得文章嚴(yán)密完整。也就是，先要有Topicsentence,之后跟上Supportingsentence,而Supportingsentence又要用Developingsentence來對應(yīng)支撐。另外，要學(xué)會靈巧正確地運(yùn)用連接詞，例如However,so,because等等。Presentaninsightfulpositionontheissue.Developthepositionwithcompellingreasonsand/orpersuasiveexamples.Sustainawell-focused,well-organizedanalysis,connectingideaslogically.Expressideasfluentlyandprecisely,usingeffectivevocabularyandsentencevariety.Demonstratefacilitywiththeconventions(i.e.Grammar,usageandmechanics)ofstandardwrittenEnglishbutmayhaveminorerrors.好的GRE作文是一套完整的思維過程，在這一點(diǎn)上，如果中文作文寫的出色的同學(xué)，在考慮文章寫作的連貫性角度講就要更勝一籌。所以，對于GRE寫作的考察，要避免單詞羅列以及不知所云，而是盡量提出獨(dú)特觀點(diǎn)。1.1.Readthefollowingissueandargumentwritingcarefully.IdentifythesentencesorparagraphsthatcorrespondtotheelementsinGREwriting.TaskRealizationKeySentence1:issueSentence2:pointSentence3:pointSentence4:argumentSentence5:argumentSentence6:conclusionParagraph1:pointParagraph2:argument1Paragraph2:argument2Paragraph3:argument3Paragraph4:conclusion2.Readthetwoexamplesbelowandidentifyagoodopeningissueandargument.3.Read?the?three?samples?in?Task?Preparation?closely.?Examine?the?verb?tensegenerallyusedforinformationelementbothinissueandargumentwritingandthencompletethefollowingtablebywritingdownthetenseoftheverb(s).Issue/argumentPointDemonstrationConclusionTenseofverbs(動詞時態(tài))Presenttense/presentperfecttensePresenttense/pasttense/presentperfecttensePresenttense5.CompletethefollowingsentencesbytranslatingChineseintoEnglish.

1)(通常情況下)，

theartistisseenasanindivi