英語(yǔ)專八考試輔導(dǎo)提分訓(xùn)練

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SECTIONA

MINI-LECTURE

Inthissection,youwillhearamini-lecture.YouwillhearthelectureONCEONLY.Whilelistening,takenotesontheimportantpoints.Yournoteswillnotbemarked,butyouwillneedthemtocompleteagap-fillingtaskafterthemini-lecture.Whenthelectureisover,youllbegiventwominutestocheckyournotes,andanother10minutestocompletethegap-fillingtask.Nowlistentothemini-lecture.

Inthislecture,welldiscussEnglishvocabulary.First,letsdefinetheterm"vocabulary'.Whatisvocabulary?Itusuallyreferstoacompleteinventoryofthewordsinalanguage.Butitmayalsorefertothewordsandphrasesusedinthevariantsofalanguage,suchasdialect,register,terminology,etc.Thevocabularycanbepidedintoactivevocabularyandpassivevocabulary.Theactivevocabularyreferstolexicalitemswhichapersonuses.Thepassivevocabularyreferstothewordswhichheunderstands.TheEnglishvocabularyischaracterizedbyamixtureofnativewordsandborrowedwords.First,aboutthenativewords.MostofthenativewordsareofAnglo-Saxonorigin.TheyformthebasicwordstockoftheEnglishlanguage.Inthenativestock,wefindwordsdenotingthecommonestthingsnecessaryforlife,suchasthosewordsdenotingnaturalphenomena,pisionsoftheyear,partsofthebody,animals,foodstuffs,trees,fruits,humanactivity.Andalsootherwordsdenotingthemostindispensablethings.Thenativestockalsoincludesauxiliaryandmodalverbs,pronouns,mostnumerals,prepositionsandconjunctions.Thoughtheyaresmallinnumber,thesewordsplaynosmallpartinlinguisticperformanceandcommunication.Next,wecometoborrowedwords.Borrowedwordsarealsoknownasloan-words.Theyrefertolinguisticformstakenoverbyonelanguageordialectfromanother.TheEnglishvocabularyhasreplenisheditselfbycontinuallytakingoverwordsfromotherlanguagesoverthecenturies.TheadoptionofforeignwordsintotheEnglishlanguagebeganevenbeforetheEnglishcametoEngland.WeknowthattheAnglesandSaxonsformedapartoftheGermanicpeople.LongbeforetheAnglo-SaxonscametoEngland,theGermanicpeoplehadbeenincontactwiththecivilizationofRome.Thus,WordsofLatinorigindenotingobjectsbelongingtotheRomancivilizationgraduallyfoundtheirwayintotheEnglishlanguage.Forexample,wine,butter,cheese,inch,mile,mint,etc.WhentheEnglish,ortheAnglo-Saxons,weresettledinEngland,theycontinuedtoborrowwordsfromLatin,especiallyafterRomanChristianitywasintroducedintotheislandinthesixthandseventhcenturies.AconsiderablenumberofLatinwordswereadoptedintotheEnglishlanguage.Thesewordschieflysignifythingsconnectedwithreligionortheservicesofthechurch,suchasbishop,candle,creed,monk,priest,andagreatmanyothers.TheEnglishvocabularyalsoowesagreatdealtotheDanesandNorthmen.Fromthesesettlers,EnglishadoptedasurprisingnumberofwordsofScandinavianoriginthatbelongtothecore-vocabularytoday.Suchasthey,them,their,both,ill,die,egg,knife,low,skill,take,till,though,want,etc.TheNormanConquestin1066introducedalargenumberofFrenchwordsintotheEnglishvocabulary.Frenchadoptionswerefoundinalmosteverysectionofthevocabulary.Forexample,inthesectionoflaw,therearesuchwordsasjustice,evidence,pardon;inthesectionofwarfare,thereareconquer,victory;inreligion,therearegrace,repent,sacrifice;inarchitecture,therearecastle,pillar,tower;infinance,therearepay,rent,ransom;inrank,thereareprince,princess;inclothing,therearecollar,mantlet;infood,therearedinner,feast,sauce,etc.Inthefirst43linesoftheProloguetoChaucersCanterburyTales,thereare39wordsofFrenchorigin.WecanseetheEnglishvocabularytakesinsomanywordsfromFrench.Andinthefourteenth,fifteenthandsixteenthcenturies,theRenaissancesweptEurope.ItwasarevivalofartandliteraturebasedonancientGreeklearning.TheRenaissanceopenedupanewsourcefortheEnglishvocabularytoenrichitself.AndEnglishborrowedmanywordsfromGreekthroughthemediumofLatin,suchascrisis,topic,coma,etc.awiderangeoflearnedaffixesarealsofromGreek,suchasbio-,geo-,hydro-,auto-,homo-,para-,-ism,-logy,-graph,-meter,-gramandmanyothers.Fromthesixteenthcenturyforward,therewasagreatincreaseinthenumberoflanguages,andEnglishborrowedmanywordsfromtheselanguages.Frenchcontinuedtoprovideaconsiderablenumberofnewwords,forexample,trophy,vase,moustache,unique,soup.EnglishborrowedalotofwordsfromItalianinthefieldofart,musicandliterature,forexample,model,sonnet,opera,quartet,etc.therewasalsoaSpanishelementinEnglish,forexample,potato,cargo,parade,cigar.Besides,German,PortugueseandDutchwerealsofertilesourcesofloanwords,forexample,dock,zincandplunderarefromGerman;cobra,buffaloandpagodaarefromPortuguese;tackle,buoyandskipperarefromDutch.Attheturnofthenineteenthandtwentiethcenturies,withagrowthofinternationaltradeandtheurgetocolonizetheknownworld,EnglishmadeanumberofdirectadoptionsfromlanguagesspokenoutsideEurope.Someexamplesare:sultanandghoulfromArabic,lichiandtyphoonfromChinese,shahandshawlfromPersian,yoghurtfromTurkish,czarfromRussian.SincetheendoftheSecondWorldWar,stillmoreloanwordshavebeenincorporatedintotheEnglishvocabularyForexample,cuisinefromFrench,sushifromJapanese,maotaifromChinese,andmanyothers.Inthetwentiethcentury,itshouldbeobservedthatEnglishhascreatedmanywordsoutofLatinandGreekelements,especiallyinthefieldofscienceandtechnology,suchasantibiotic,astronaut,auto-visual,autolysis,etc.AlthoughalltheseLatinandGreekderivedwordsaredistinctlylearnedortechnical,theydonotseemand,inthisrespect,theyareverydifferentfromtherecentloanwordsfromlivinglanguages,suchascappuccino,angst,andsputnik.Thus,fortheModernEnglishperiodadistinctionmustbemadebetweentheadoptionsfromlivinglanguagesandtheformationsderivedfromthetwoclassicallanguages.Thatstheendoftodayslecture.NexttimewellconcentrateonEnglishwordformation.Thankyouforyourattention!

SectionB

INTERVIEW

InthissectionyouwillheareverythingONCEONLY.Listencarefullyandthenanswerthequestionsthatfollow.Questions1to5arebasedonaninterview.Attheendoftheinterview,youwillbegiven10secondstoanswereachofthefollowing5questions.Nowlistentotheinterview.

InterviewerM:Mrs.Hobson,wouldyoupleasedescribesomeofthethingsyoudowithaggressivechildreninthisspecialschool?

Mrs.HobsonW:Well,youmustrealizethatwhenhecomeshereheismeetingotheraggressivechildren,andaggressivechildrenalltogetherusuallygumeachotherup.

M:Umm.

W:Andtheyfindthataggressiveheredoesntpayoffbecauseyoucanbejollysuretheresonetougherandworsethanheis.

M:Umm.

W:SoIusuallyhaveohm...Sometimeshaveorganizedfights.

M:Organizedfights?Youactually...

W:Yes.

M:Youactuallyencouragethechildrento.

W:Wehavearingandwehaveabell.

M:Aboxingring?

W:Yes!Theymustconform,theymustkeeptotherules,andwhentheyhaveeitherlostorwon,wediscusswhatitistobethewinnerandwhatitisliketolose.Andwecarryonwithourdiscussionandgoontowhatitislikeinlife.

M:Umm.

W:Wemustwinorloseandwemustdoeachverygracefully.

M:Wouldyoupleasedescribesomechildrenyouhavehadproblemswith?

W:Ihadoneboywhocutoffhisdogsears.

M:Cutoffhisdogsears?Goodlord!

W:Yes.Andputastonearoundhisneckanddrownedhim.

M:Thedog?

W:Yes.Thentherewasanotherboythatusedtoattackme.

M:Attackyou?

W:Yes.Umm...withanythingathand.Ihidscissors.Umm...hetriedtocutmyhaironce.And...

M:Whenyouwerentlooking?

W:Yes.Youhavetobestrong.Andofcourse...er...

M:Bystrongyoumean...

W:Physicallystrongandmentally.

M:Sothatyoucanshovethemaway?

W:Well,sothatyoucandefendyourself.IalwayssaytothemImgoingtowin.AndonceIveestablishedthat,wereallright.

M:Mrs.Hobson,whydoyouthinksomechildrenareaggressive?

W:Ifachildisoneofsixorsevenchildreninafamily,itsprettysurethatheisnaughtyandaggressivebecauseheiscryingoutforattentionandinthislargefamilyhesfoundthatajollygoodwayofgettingattentionistoshout,benaughty.Atleastmummyturnsroundandsays,Bequiet,beagoodboy,oryoullgetthisorthat.

M:Sosomechildrenareaggressivesimplyinorder...

W:Togainattention!Aggressivenessusuallyisthat.Itsreallythechildrencryingoutandsaying,Lookatme,please.

M:Umm.

W:Imnotsayingitstheanswerinallcircumstancesbutitusuallyis.

M:Whataretheadvantagesofyourschool,ascomparedwithordinaryschool?

W:Theclassesaresmallerforonething.

M:Howsmall?

W:Er...weonlyhavegroupsuptofiveorsix.

M:Andinanormalschool?

W:Oh.thatvariesofcoursebutitcouldbethirtytoforty.

M:Umm.

W:Herehedoeshaveinpidualattentioneveryday.

M:Doyouthinktheworkisimportant?

W:Ido.Withoutourunitorsomethingsimilar.

M:Theunitistheschool?

W:Yes,thewholeunit.Ithinkalotofchildrenwouldbeleftandthenperhapsattheageofsixteenwewouldhaveourjuveniledelinquent.Imnotsayingwerecuringthemall,butIthinkatleastwiththeunitavailabletothesechildren,theyhavehadachancetomakegood.

M:Umm.

W:Imnotsayingitalwayspaysoff,buttheyhavehadachance.

SectionCNEWSBROADCAST

Inthissection,youwillheareverythingONCEONLY.Listencarefullyandthenanswerthequestionsthatfollow.Questions6to7arebasedonthefollowingnews.Attheendofthenewsitem,youwillbegiven10secondstoanswereachofthetwoquestions.Nowlistentothenews.

NowthattheU.S.spaceshuttleDiscoveryisbackonEarth,futureshuttlemissionsarepostponeduntilthespaceagencyNASAsolvestheproblemoflaunchdebrisendangeringtheorbiters.Whenevermissionsresume,theywillcontinuebuildingtheInternationalSpaceStation,whichtheUnitedStatesoperateswithRussiaandthesupportofEurope,Canada,andJapan.ButthereisalegalobstaclethatmaykeeptheU.S.astronautsofftheSpaceStation.Theissuedatesbackto1996,whenthetwocountriesagreedthatRussiawouldprovidetheUnitedStatesfreecrewandcargotransportationtothestationuntilnextApril.ThisprovisionprovedcrucialduringthelongbanonshuttleflightsaftertheColumbiadisasterin2022,fortheUnitedStateshadnootherwaytogetitsastronautsandsuppliestothestation.Question8isbasedonthefollowingnews.Attheendofthenewsitem,youwillbegiven10secondstoanswerthequestion.Nowlistentothenews.MalaysianPresidentAbdullahBadawisaystheMuslimworldshoulddomoretoimprovetheeconomicstandingofallMuslims.HetoldbusinessleadersgatheredinHongKongMondaythattheIslamicworldmustdoallitcantoendpovertyamongallMuslims.Mr.Abdullah,whocurrentlychairsthe57-nationOrganizationofIslamicConference,saysthetimehascomefortheOICtoemphasizetheeconomicdevelopmentofitsmembers.HesaysMuslimpopulationsmustnotonlystriveforpeace,butalsoforeconomicvitality.ManyoftheOICsmembersaredevelopingcountriesinAfricaandtheMiddleEast.Malaysiahasrecentlybeentaking