生化課件華科-與分子

Biochemistry&Molecular楊廣笑 中 工程 學(xué)時(shí)/學(xué)分：88/5.5（一學(xué)年教學(xué)目標(biāo):介紹生物化學(xué)與分子生物學(xué)的基本原理、研究方法和研究進(jìn)展，通過(guò)學(xué)習(xí)使學(xué)生理解生物分子特別是生物大分子的結(jié)構(gòu)、性質(zhì)與功能以及生物分子在體內(nèi)的代謝、表達(dá)及其調(diào)控的規(guī)律，了解教學(xué)方式：多成績(jī)計(jì)算：3%(出勤/課堂提問(wèn)/作業(yè)/測(cè)驗(yàn))參 .現(xiàn)代分子生物學(xué)(2ndedition高等教育出版社,2002 元等譯.分子生物學(xué)— DavidL.Nelson,MichaelM.Cox.LehningerPrinciplesBiochemistry,FourthEdition,BenjaminLewin,GeneIX,EMBOBiochem.Biophys.Res.Biochem.CellBIOCHEMJ.Biochem.Mol.J.BIOL.CurrentOpinioninCurrentOpinioninCellCurrentOpinioninCurrentOpinionCurrentOpinioninCurrentOpinioninCurrent緒論糖與脂氨基酸肽

教學(xué)內(nèi)

組組34.36.37. 概生物化學(xué)（Biochemistry、Biological 分子生物學(xué)（Molecular 研究生命體的元素組成第三類元素：包括、、、n和Zn。是生和四種元素是根據(jù)適合性（fitness)被以認(rèn)為這些元素是根據(jù)可得性（availability)而生物體的化學(xué)組成生物分子DNA、生物和進(jìn)化過(guò)程中選擇碳化合2）生物大分子及其有機(jī)物稱為構(gòu)件分子（block-buildingmolecule)組核苷酸等,相對(duì)分子量為≤500Da。經(jīng)過(guò)一系列代謝反應(yīng)形成中間代謝物如：酸、復(fù)合物或集裝體（supermoleculecomplexorassembly);Molecularorganizationinthecellisa生化與分子生物ThreekeyeventshasshapedSynthesisofurea(1828,FredrichWohler,compoundsfoundexclusivelyinlivingorganismscouldbesynthesizedfromcommoninorganicRolesofenzymes(1897,EduardBuchner’scell-freefermentation;Emil ’sworkonRolesofnucleicacids(1944,Avery-Macleod-McCarty’sexperimentonthetransformationprinciplesofbacterialcells).第一階段遺傳的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ) 第二階 化學(xué)性質(zhì)第三階段Watson和CrickA模型； Jacob乳 Temin和Baitimore逆轉(zhuǎn)錄的發(fā)現(xiàn)；SangerA 20世紀(jì)九十以來(lái)，開始了全球 組計(jì)劃（1990）large-scalesequencingonmodel(August)NIHNationalInstitutesofHealthbeginslarge-scalesequencingtrialsonfourmodelorganisms:Mycoplasmacapricolum(支原體Escherichiacoli(大腸桿菌）Caenorhabditiselegans(線蟲),Saccharomycescerevisiae(啤酒酵母)and……….（1995）publishedthesequenceHaemophilus(July)VenterandClaireFraserofTIGRandHamiltonSmithofJohnsHopkinspublishthefirstsequenceofafree-livingorganism,Haemophilusinfluenzae,(流 桿菌1.8Mb（2000）publishedthesequenceofDrosophilamelanogaster(MarchCeleraandacademiccollaboratorssequencethe180-MbgenomeofthefruitflyDrosophilamelanogaster(果蠅)(left),thelargestgenomeyetsequencedandavalidationofVenter'scontroversialwholegenomeshotgunmethod(Science).（2000）publishedthesequenceofArabidopsisthaliana(December)Aninternationalconsortiumcompletesthesequencingofthefirstplant,Arabidopsisthaliana(擬南芥)125Mb（1991）ricegenomesequencingTheJapanesericesequencingeffort(2002)ADraftSequenceofRiceGenomewaspublishedbyscientistfromChinaandSyngenta,USA(2001)DraftSequenceofHumanGenomePublished?TheHGPconsortiumpublishesitsworkingdraftNature(15February),andCelerapublishesits?inScience(16CompletePublishedGenomeProjects:BacteriaArchaeaEukaryaOngoingBacteriaArchaeaEukarya 物理物理序列1/2ofallgenes“identified”havenoknown era)”,即產(chǎn)生了功能 （FunctionalGenomicsandProteomics—anewfieldwithanewvocabularyOmics:meansofresearch

(DNAchip）及SAGE(Serial ysisofgeneexpression) 較，并從整體水平上對(duì)闡述，力求從細(xì)胞水乎上解決組問(wèn)題；蛋白質(zhì)組學(xué)技術(shù)旨在快速、高效、大規(guī)模鑒定產(chǎn)后組時(shí)代將對(duì)生命科學(xué)、醫(yī)學(xué)和農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn) 二十一世紀(jì)是 物科學(xué)的世“科學(xué)引文索引（SCI）”指數(shù)（Impactfactor）在10以上的超一流學(xué)術(shù)，80%左右是 平 指302052107

生態(tài)平衡破 環(huán)境污 能源緊 人口膨生化與分子生物學(xué)研究領(lǐng)域 Twocategories:PhysiologyorMedicine;1902 (sugarandpurine1907EduardBuchner(cell-free1910AlbrechtKossel(cellchemistrymadethroughworkonproteins,includingthenucleicsubstances).1915RichardWillst?tter(plant1922ArchibaldV.Hill(productionofheatinthemuscle),OttoMeyerhof(fixedrelationshipbetweentheconsumptionofoxygenandthemetabolismoflacticacidinthemuscle)1923FrederickG.Banting,JohnMacleod1927HeinrichWieland(bile1928AdolfWindaus1929ArthurHarden,HansvonEuler-Chelpin(fermentationofsugarandfermentativeenzymes).1929ChristiaanEijkman uriticvitamin-VB1),FrederickHopkins(growth-stimulating1930 (haemin(血晶素)and1931OttoWarburg(natureandmodeofactionof1937AlbertSzent-Gy?rgyi(biologicalcombustion,vitaminandthecatalysisoffumaricacid反丁烯二酸(富馬酸)1937NormanHaworth(carbohydratesandvitaminC),Karrer(carotenoids,flavinsandvitaminsAand1938RichardKuhn(carotenoidsand1939AdolfButenandt(sexhormones),LeopoldRuzicka1943HenrikDam,Edward sy(vitamin1945SirAlexanderFleming,ErnstB.Chain,SirFlorey1946JamesB.Sumner,JohnH.Northrop,WendellStanley(enzymeandprotein1947CarlCori,GertyCori(catalyticconversionofBernardoHoussay(hormoneoftheanteriorlobe(垂體前葉)inthemetabolismof1947SirRobertRobinson1948ArneTiselius(electrophoresis,serum1950EdwardC.Kendall,TadeusReichstein,PhilipS.Hench(hormonesoftheadrenalcortex).1952SelmanA.Waksman1952ArcherJ.P.Martin,RichardL.M.Synge(partition1953HansKrebs(citricacidcycle),FritzLipmann(co-enzymeA).1953HermannStaudinger(macromolecular1954LinusPauling(structureofcomplex1955HugoTheorell(natureandmodeofactionofoxidation1955VincentduVigneaud(biochemicallyimportantsulphur1957LordTodd(nucleotidesandnucleotideco-1958GeorgeBeadle,EdwardTatum(genesactbyregulatingdefinitechemicalevents),JoshuaLederberg(geneticbinationandtheorganizationofthegeneticmaterialofbacteria).1958FrederickSanger(structureof1959SeveroOchoa,ArthurKornberg(biologicalsynthesisribonucleicacidanddeoxyribonucleic1961MelvinCalvin(carbondioxideassimilationin1962FrancisCrick,JamesWatson,MauriceWilkins(molecularstructureofnucleicacids).1962MaxF.Perutz,JohnC.Kendrew(structuresofglobular1964KonradBloch,F rLynen(cholesterolandfattyacid1964DorothyCrowfootHodgkin(structuresofimportantbiochemicalsubstances).1965Fran?oisJacob,AndréLwoff,JacquesMonod(geneticcontrolofenzymeand 1968RobertW.Holley,H.GobindKhorana,MarshallW.Nirenberg(interpretationofthegeneticcodeanditsfunctioninproteinsynthesis).1969MaxDelbrück,AlfredD.Hershey,SalvadorE.Luria(replicationmechanismandthegeneticstructureof1970LuisLeloir(sugar1971EarlW.Sutherland,Jr(mechanismsoftheactionof1972GeraldM.Edelman,RodneyR.Porter(chemicalstructureofantibodies).1972ChristianAnfinsen(aminoacidsequenceandthebiologicallyactiveconformation),StanfordMoore,WilliamH.Stein(catalyticactivityoftheactivecentreofthe1975DavidBaltimore,RenatoDulbecco,HowardM.Temin(interactionbetweentumour esandthegeneticmaterialofthecell).1975JohnCornforth(stereochemistryofenzyme-catalyzed1977RogerGuillemin,AndrewV.Schally,RosalynYalow(peptidehormones)1978WernerArber,DanielNathans,HamiltonO.Smith(restrictionenzymes).1978PeterMitc (chemiosmotictheoryofbiologicalenergy1980PaulBerg( binant-DNA),WalterGilbert,FrederickSanger(nucleicacidsequencing).1982SuneK.Bergstr?m,BengtI.Samuelsson,JohnR.Vane1982AaronKlug(structuralelucidationofimportantnucleicacid-protein1983BarbaraMcClintock(mobilegenetic1984BruceMerrifield(chemicalsynthesisofpolypeptides1985MichaelS.Brown,JosephL.Goldstein(regulation1986StanleyCohen,RitaLevi-Montalcini(growth1987SusumuTonegawa(generationofantibody1988SirJamesW.Black,GertrudeB.Elion,GeorgeHitchings(principlesfordrug1988JohannDeisenhofer,RobertHuber,Hartmut1989J.MichaelBishop,HaroldE.Varmus1989SidneyAltman,ThomasR.Cech(catalyticproperties1991ErwinNeher,BertSakmann(singleion1992EdmondH. ,EdwinG.Krebs(reversibleprotein1993RichardJ.Roberts,PhillipA.Sharp(splitgenes,裂 1993KaryB.Mullis(polymerasechainreaction),Smith(site-directed1994AlfredG.Gilman,MartinRodbell(G-1995EdwardB.Lewis,ChristianeNüsslein-Volhard,EricF.Wieschaus(geneticcontrolofearlyembryonicdevelopment).1997StanleyB.Prusiner(Prions, 1997PaulD.Boyer(synthesisofATP),JohnE.Walker,C.Skou(ion-transporting1998RobertF.Furchgott,LouisJ.Ignarro,Ferid(nitric1999GünterBlobel(protein2000ArvidCarlsson,PaulGreengard,EricR.Kandel(signaltransductioninthenervoussystem).2001LelandH.Hartwell,TimHunt,SirPaulNurse(regulatorsofthecellcycle).2002SydneyBrenner,H.RobertHorvitz,JohnE.Sulston(regulationoforgandevelopmentandprogrammedcell2003PeterAgre,RoderickMacKinnon(channelsin2002JohnB.Fenn,KoichiTanaka,Kurt

ysesofbiological2004RichardAxel,LindaBBuck(odorantreceptors,嗅覺受體2004AaronCiechanover,AvramHershko,Irwin2005BarryJMarshall,JRobinWarren(DiscoveryHelioBacte