TheSouth-美國社會與文化

TheSouthofAmericaTeammembers:VioletOliviaAngelaVivianFaithSourceofinformation:mainlyfromWikipediaandthetextbook1.

GeographyGeographytheSouth—commonlyreferredtoastheSouthernUnitedStates,theAmericanSouth,Dixie.TheSouthdoesnotexactlymatchthegeographicsouth,butispredominantlylocatedinthesoutheasterncorner.Asof2010,anestimated114,555,744people,or37%ofallU.S.residents,livedintheSouth,thenation'smostpopulousregion.Climate:theSouthisadiversemeteorologicalregionwithnumerousclimaticzones,includingtemperate,sub-tropical,tropical,andarid.-----contributetoitsagriculture.TheSouthinHistory紅色：代表曾加入聯(lián)盟國（confederate）的州分，并且長期以來在習慣上和傳統(tǒng)上也一直被視為是“南部”，有時候這些州分又被統(tǒng)一稱為“迪克西”。加上斜線條紋：是那些屬于“邊緣”的州分，這些州分并不一定會被所有人視為屬于南部，尤其因為她們在內(nèi)戰(zhàn)期間并沒有加入聯(lián)盟國。這張圖表描繪歷史上最初的南部，也因此并不包括后來獨立建州的西弗吉尼亞州TheModernSouth深紅色：表示這些州分在現(xiàn)代的標準中都會被劃為南部的州。紅色：表示大多會被包含在內(nèi)的州。加上斜線條紋：代表這些州分在有時候或偶爾會被視為南部。SubregionsAsdefinedbytheUnitedStatesCensusBureau,theSouthernregionoftheUnitedStatesincludes16states.TheCensusBureaudefinedtheminto3smallerdivisions:1.TheSouthAtlanticStates:Florida（佛羅里達州）,Georgia（喬治亞州）,Maryland,NorthCarolina（北卡萊羅納州）,SouthCarolina（南卡萊羅納州）,Virginia,WestVirginia,andDelaware(特拉華州)2.TheEastSouthCentralStates:Alabama（阿拉巴馬州）,Kentucky,Mississippi（密西西比州）andTennessee（田納西州）3.TheWestSouthCentralStates:Arkansas（阿肯色州）,Louisiana（路易斯安那州）,Oklahoma（俄克拉荷馬州）,andTexas（德克薩斯州）.Subregions1.theDeepSouth:Georgia,Alabama,Mississippi,SouthCarolina,Louisiana,Florida(1).Agicultureisimportant.(2).Blacksarenumerous.2.theUpperSouth:Virginias,NorthCarolina,Kentucky,Tennessee3.theSouthwest:Texas,Oklahoma,Arkanasas2.

HistoryHistory1.NativeAmericanculture2.Europeancolonization(Spanish,French,British)3.AmericanRevolution4.Antebellumyears(南北戰(zhàn)爭前)5.CivilWar6.ReconstructionandJimCrow（美國黑人）7.Late19thand20thcentury—industrializationandGreatMigration8.Presidentialhistory9.GrowthandpovertyEuropeancolonization1.ThepredominantcultureoftheSouthwasrootedinthesettlementoftheregionbyBritishcolonists.2.TheSpanishandFrenchestablishedcoloniesinFlorida,TexasandLouisiana.slavery殖民地初期，當歐洲人初到美洲大陸之時，白種人占據(jù)統(tǒng)治地位。1619年，一艘荷蘭船把20名非洲黑人載至詹姆士敦。同年,弗吉尼亞成立自由民議院，實現(xiàn)了白人政治自由的愿望。由于南部大面積的種植園需要大量的黑人勞動力，17世紀和18世紀初，黑人奴隸人口迅速增長，促進了殖民地時期的經(jīng)濟繁榮，同時也使白人統(tǒng)治階級感覺到黑人人口的威脅，于是，奴隸制便作為南方特有的經(jīng)濟體制和種族壓迫的手段而出現(xiàn)。CivilWar到了1855年，由于北方人口的優(yōu)勢，南方逐漸失去對聯(lián)邦政府權力的控制，并且在有關州權和奴隸狀態(tài)的議題上與北方爭論不休。民主黨的總統(tǒng)JamesKnoxPolk在1846年推行了降低關稅的法案，結果激怒了賓夕法尼亞州的產(chǎn)業(yè)界，使北方政客們以封殺聯(lián)邦政府用以道路建設和港口改善的預算作為報復。等到1861年北方的共和黨人掌權之后，許多南方人決定他們應該從聯(lián)邦分離。在林肯于1860年美國總統(tǒng)選舉勝利后，七個以種植棉花為主的州分決定脫離聯(lián)邦，組成了美利堅聯(lián)盟國(ConfederateStatesofAmerica)。在1861年，他們又吸引了另外四個州加入。美國政府拒絕承認脫離州分成立的國家，并且繼續(xù)駐守聯(lián)邦軍隊在南方殘存的幾個堡壘，直到南方邦聯(lián)在1861年4月于桑特堡戰(zhàn)役中攻下了最后一個堡壘。這場戰(zhàn)役也引燃了內(nèi)戰(zhàn)。CivilWar在接下來的四年戰(zhàn)爭中，大多數(shù)的戰(zhàn)役都是在南方的土地上進行的，全部總共只有兩場戰(zhàn)役是發(fā)生在南方以外的地區(qū)。南方政府一直采取對歐洲進口產(chǎn)品的低關稅政策，但對于所有來自北方的產(chǎn)品收取額外的一些關稅。然而合眾國海軍實行的海上封鎖有效阻止了大多數(shù)進出南方的商貿(mào)活動，因此南方的低關稅政策也沒有發(fā)揮作用。南方的運輸網(wǎng)絡大多依賴于河川以及沿岸的船只運輸，然而這兩種管道都被聯(lián)邦海軍所阻撓，少數(shù)的鐵路運輸則也完全無法負荷。因此到了1864年南方內(nèi)部的運輸已經(jīng)幾乎癱瘓，使得南方的經(jīng)濟活動幾近停擺。在整場內(nèi)戰(zhàn)中北方聯(lián)邦最后擊敗了南方邦聯(lián)。南方承受了遠比北方要來的多的損失，因為幾乎所有主要戰(zhàn)斗都是在南方土地上進行的。ReconstructionAftertheCivilWar,theSouthwasdevastatedintermsofpopulation,infrastructureandeconomy.Rebuildingwasdifficultaspeoplegrappledwiththeeffectsofanewlaboreconomyofafreemarketinthemidstofawidespreadagriculturaldepression.Therewerethousandsofpeopleonthemove,asAfricanAmericanstriedtoreunitefamiliesseparatedbyslavessales,andsometimesmigratedforbetteropportunitiesintownsorotherstates.Otherfreedpeoplemovedfromplantationareastocitiesortownsforachancetogetdifferentjobsandoutofwhitecontrol.Atthesametime,whitesreturnedfromrefugestoreclaimplantationsortowndwellings.

Withpassageofthe13th,14th,15thAmendmentstotheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates,

theslaverywasabolished.

AfricanAmericansintheSouthweremadefreecitizensandweregiventherighttovote.Northernerscamesouthtoparticipateinpoliticsandbusiness.

KuKluxKlantheGreatMigrationand

theAmericanCivilRightsMovementTheSouthwitnessedtwomajoreventsinthelivesof20thcenturyAfricanAmericans:

theGreatMigrationandtheAmericanCivilRightsMovement.1.TheGreatMigrationbeganduringWorldWarI,hittingitshighpointduringWorldWarII.Duringthismigration,blackslefttheSouthtofindworkinNorthernfactoriesandothersectorsoftheeconomy.2.ThemigrationalsoempoweredthegrowingCivilRightsMovement.

MostofthemajorcivilrightsmovementeventsoccurredintheSouth.PresidentialhistoryTheSouthproduced9

ofthefirst12U.S.PresidentsbeforetheCivilWar.(GeorgeWashington,ThomasJeffersonetc.)FormorethanacenturyaftertheCivilWar,noSouthernerbecamePresidentunlessheeithermovedNorthorwasvicepresidentwhenthepresidentdiedinoffice.In1976,JimmyCarterdefiedthistrendandbecamethefirstSouthernertobreakthepatternsinceZacharyTaylorin1848.TheSouthproduced5ofthelast9AmericanPresidents:LyndonB.Johnson,JimmyCarter,GeorgeH.W.Bush,BillClintonandGeorgeW.Bush

.presidentialhistory民主共和黨：弗吉尼亞州的托馬斯·杰斐遜，1800年。民主黨：南卡羅來納州/田納西州的安德魯·杰克遜，1828年。輝格黨：弗吉尼亞州的威廉·亨利·哈里森，1840年。共和黨：原先來自肯塔基州，后移居伊利諾伊州的亞伯拉罕·林肯，1860年。（值得注意的是，美國第一名總統(tǒng)—喬治·華盛頓是來自弗吉尼亞州，雖然他不隸屬于任何政黨。）3.

Politics從重建時期開始后的整整一個世紀里，南部的白人都一面倒的堅定支持民主黨，這種強烈的政治傾向還使南部被人稱為民主黨的“南方基地”（SolidSouth）.當民主黨的總統(tǒng)LyndonB.Johnson簽下了1964年的民權法案后，南部民主黨人對于民權法案的不滿終于暴發(fā)。同時，共和黨開始了他們所謂的“南方策略”（Southernstrategy），以拉攏保守派的南部白人選民支持為目標。在接下來的數(shù)十年里美國南部開始戲劇性的轉向共和黨。4.

EconomyEconomyAgriculture,plantationsystemInthelate20thcentury,theSouthchangeddramatically.Itsawaboominitsserviceeconomy,manufacturingbase,hightechnologyindustries,andthefinancialsector.Eg.inautomobileindustry:1.Mercedes-BenzinTuscaloosa,Alabama;2.HyundaiinMontgomery,Alabama;3.theBMWproductionplantinSpartanburg,SouthCarolina;4.ToyotaplantsinGeorgetown,Kentucky,BlueSprings,MississippiandSanAntonioThiseconomicexpansionhasenabledpartsoftheSouthtoreportsomeofthelowestunemploymentratesintheUnitedStates.ButintheU.S.top10ofpoorestbigcities,theSouthisrepresentedintherankingsby2cities:Miami,FloridaandMemphis,Tennessee.In2011,9outof10pooreststateswereintheSouth.5.

EducationEducationInthepast,Southernpublicschoolsrankedinthelowerhalfofsomenationalsurveys.However,newerdatasuggeststhateducationinthesouthisonparwith(與...同等水平)thenation,with72%ofhighschoolersgraduatingcomparedto73%nationwide.杜克大學DukeUniversity：2013~2014年《美國新聞與世界報道》將杜克大學列為全美第7，與麻省理工學院和賓夕法尼亞大學并列，在美國南部居于首位。威廉瑪麗學院CollegeofWilliamandMary：南部最早的一所大學，在1693年于維吉尼亞州成立，這所大學以政治經(jīng)濟學方面的教學聞名，并且培養(yǎng)出了未來的數(shù)名美國總統(tǒng)杰佛遜、門羅以及泰勒。Overall,theSouthhashadlowerpercentagesofhighschoolgraduates,lowerhousingvalues,lowerhouseholdincomes,andlowercostoflivingthantherestoftheUnitedStates.弗吉尼亞州首府里士滿6.

CulturetheSouthiseconomicallybackwardbutisculturallyrich.Becauseofitsuniquehistoricalbackground,theSouthgenerateditsuniqueculture,whichdiffersfromtherestpartoftheUnitedStates.

1.culturediversitiesTakenasawhole,theSouthernculturalregionmaybeunderstoodasoneconsistingofavarietyofelementsarrivingalongseveralpathswithoutanytruelycoherentstructure.Eg.(P128,para.1)Reasons:1.colonization2.slavery/Blacks3.migrationetc2.About"past"MostofthecharacteristictraitsoftheSouthernmindareaheritagefromthepast.TheSouthistheonlyregioninAmericathatistiedtogetherbyitspastandbyitcherishesandfears.1.TheoldaristocracydreamedoftheSouthasanautonomousnation---aGreekrepublicrisingfromthecottonfields,builtfirmlyonthe

economicbaseoftheplantationsystemandthesocialbaseofslavery.2.The"newSouth"thatHenryGradyevokedinthe1880swasinfactturnedtowardthepast."Newsouth"NewSouth,NewSouthDemocracyorNewSouthCreedisasloganinthehistoryoftheAmericanSouth,after1877.Reformersuseittocallforamodernizationofsocietyandattitudes,tointegratemorefullywiththeUnitedStates,andrejecttheeconomyandtraditionsoftheOldSouthandtheslavery-basedplantationsystemoftheantebellumperiod.ThetermwascoinedbyitsleadingspokesmanandAtlantaeditorHenryW.Grady."OldSouth"Geographically,theOldSouthisasubregionoftheAmericanSouth,differentiatedfromotherstatesbybeinglimitedtothoseSouthernstatesrepresentedamongtheoriginal13Britishcolonieswhichbecamethefirst13U.S.states.Culturally,"OldSouth"isusedtodescribetherural,agriculturally-based,pre-CivilWareconomyandsocietyintheSouthernUnitedStates."NoSouth"?3.LiteratureIntheprocessofreconciliationwiththepastinarapidlychangingsociety,SouthernersdemonstratedtheircreativenessinwritingthatplaceditwiththebestAmericanwritingofmoderntimes.Eg.WilliamFaulkner-----NobelPrize1949MargaretMitchell-----Gonewiththewind《飄》（20世紀最知名的南方小說）4.PeoplePartlybecauseofitsemphasisonliterarytradition,partlybecauseofitslegacyofagriculturalsociety,andpartlybecauseofitsstressonfamilyandcommunity,thesouth,amongAmericanregions,hasbeennoted1.foritshospitalityandfriendliness,2.andalsoforitsrelativelyrelaxedandunhurriedwayoflife.3.empahasisonpersonalhonorandvalorthatisnotcharacteristicallyAmerican.---militarytraditionalandofliteraryeleganceandgracealandofsocialviolenceandsadism（虐狂）+5.ReligionTheSouthhasbeenseenlargelyasastrongholdofProtestantChristianity.So,theregionisalsocalledtheBibleBelt